Bakteri dapat bereproduksi secara aseksual melalui pembelahan biner dan secara seksual melalui transformasi, transduksi, dan konjugasi dimana bakteri saling bertukar materi genetik.
Nukleoid adalah inti DNA dan RNA bakteri yang mengatur aktivitas sel, sementara plasmid adalah materi genetik tambahan yang berfungsi untuk reproduksi dan resistensi antibiotik.
Kapsul adalah lapisan pelindung bakteri yang terdiri atas karbohidrat, protein dan lemak. Kapsul berfungsi sebagai pelindung bakteri dari benda asing, alat untuk melekat pada substrat dan sel bakteri lain, serta penghindar bakteri dari kekeringan.
Eubacteria adalah bakteri modern yang ukurannya bervariasi mulai dari Mycoplasma yang kecil sekitar 0,1 μm hingga Thiomargarita yang besar sekitar 750 μm.
Fase litik menyebabkan inang mati setelah virus memanfaatkan materi genetik inang, sementara fase lisogenik memungkinkan inang tetap hidup dengan virus terintegrasi ke dalam genom inang dan dapat diaktivasi di kemudian hari. Perbedaan utama antara fase litik dan lisogenik adalah dampaknya terhadap kelangsungan hidup inang.
Fase litik meliputi 5 tahapan yaitu: 1) adsorpsi dimana virus menempel pada reseptor sel inang, 2) penetrasi dimana materi genetik virus dimasukkan ke dalam membran sel, 3) sintesis dimana mRNA diproduksi untuk mensintesis protein virus baru, 4) perakitan dimana bagian-bagian virus baru dirakit, dan 5) lisis dimana virus-virus baru dilepaskan dari sel inang yang kemudian mati.
Bakteri dapat bereproduksi secara aseksual melalui pembelahan biner dan secara seksual melalui transformasi, transduksi, dan konjugasi dimana bakteri saling bertukar materi genetik.
Nukleoid adalah inti DNA dan RNA bakteri yang mengatur aktivitas sel, sementara plasmid adalah materi genetik tambahan yang berfungsi untuk reproduksi dan resistensi antibiotik.
Kapsul adalah lapisan pelindung bakteri yang terdiri atas karbohidrat, protein dan lemak. Kapsul berfungsi sebagai pelindung bakteri dari benda asing, alat untuk melekat pada substrat dan sel bakteri lain, serta penghindar bakteri dari kekeringan.
Eubacteria adalah bakteri modern yang ukurannya bervariasi mulai dari Mycoplasma yang kecil sekitar 0,1 μm hingga Thiomargarita yang besar sekitar 750 μm.
Fase litik menyebabkan inang mati setelah virus memanfaatkan materi genetik inang, sementara fase lisogenik memungkinkan inang tetap hidup dengan virus terintegrasi ke dalam genom inang dan dapat diaktivasi di kemudian hari. Perbedaan utama antara fase litik dan lisogenik adalah dampaknya terhadap kelangsungan hidup inang.
Fase litik meliputi 5 tahapan yaitu: 1) adsorpsi dimana virus menempel pada reseptor sel inang, 2) penetrasi dimana materi genetik virus dimasukkan ke dalam membran sel, 3) sintesis dimana mRNA diproduksi untuk mensintesis protein virus baru, 4) perakitan dimana bagian-bagian virus baru dirakit, dan 5) lisis dimana virus-virus baru dilepaskan dari sel inang yang kemudian mati.
Exocytosis is the process by which cells actively transport liquids or solids out of the cell using vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane, requiring energy in the form of ATP. It involves the fusion of vesicles containing substances with the cell surface membrane, allowing the contents to be released outside the cell. Exocytosis is an active transport process that requires ATP to move vesicles to and fuse with the cell membrane.
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are two types of endocytosis. Phagocytosis involves the uptake of solid material by cells through bulk engulfment, while pinocytosis involves the bulk uptake of liquid material. Both are important cellular processes used to ingest nutrients, remove debris, and participate in cellular signaling and immunity.
Endocytosis is a process where particles are actively transported into a cell by enclosing them in a vesicle made from the cell's plasma membrane. Endocytosis can involve phagocytosis, where large particles are engulfed, or pinocytosis, where small particles and fluids are brought into the cell.
Bulk transport allows for large molecules, parts of cells, or even whole cells to be transported across the membrane through mechanisms like endocytosis and exocytosis. These mechanisms provide for the bulk transport of large amounts of materials either into or out of cells and require energy, making bulk transport a form of active transport.
Passive transport involves the movement of materials across a cell membrane without using energy and is driven by concentration gradients. It can work in both directions to move substances in or out of the cell. The three main types of passive transport are diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
Channel and carrier proteins help large polar molecules and ions cross cell membranes. Large molecules like glucose and amino acids cannot diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer on their own, nor can ions such as sodium and chloride. These substances require channel proteins, which form pores in the membrane, or carrier proteins, which bind to the substance and change shape to transport it across, in order to cross the membrane.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to lower water potential. It occurs when there is a difference in concentration of a solute like sugar on either side of a membrane, with water moving from the area with less solute concentration toward the area with more solute concentration to equalize the balance. The document discusses osmosis and its effects on plant and animal cells.
A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution, while a hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes. A hypotonic solution has more solvent than solute, and a hypertonic solution has more solute than solvent.
Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient from an area of low concentration to high concentration. It uses energy to transfer molecules or ions across a membrane via carrier proteins like the sodium-potassium pump. Active transport allows substances to move against their natural diffusion gradient.
Movement of substances into and out of cells.pptxFikriZulfikar8
The cell membrane forms an effective barrier around cells while allowing some essential exchange. There are three basic mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane: passive transport which moves substances down a concentration gradient without energy usage; active transport which moves substances against a concentration gradient requiring energy; and bulk transport which moves many molecules at once through channel proteins without transporting individual molecules.
The cell membrane is primarily composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins arranged in a bilayer structure. Phospholipids are the main building blocks that form the bilayer structure of the membrane. Cholesterol and proteins are also embedded throughout the phospholipid bilayer, contributing to the structure and function of the cell membrane.
The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as fluid and allowing lateral movement of its components to adjust to environmental conditions. The membrane pieces can move around and exchange places with one another. This fluid and viscous nature allows the membrane to respond to its surroundings.
The plasma membrane contains carbohydrates as another component. Carbohydrates are always found on the exterior surface of cells and are bound to either proteins or lipids. Some glycoproteins serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by membrane proteins of other cells.
Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences found at the ends of chromosomes that protect genes from being lost during cell division. They allow chromosomes to fully replicate without losing vital genes. With each cell division, telomeres get shorter until they no longer protect the DNA, resulting in cell death, which may be one mechanism behind the aging process in humans.
Cancer is a group of diseases caused by uncontrolled cell division forming tumors that can spread to other parts of the body. Cancers start due to mutations in genes that control cell division, causing certain cells to multiply uncontrollably and form tumors. Mutation is a change in any gene that disrupts the usual control mechanisms regulating the cell cycle.
The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, surrounds all cells and separates the interior of the cell from its external environment. It regulates the transport of materials moving in and out of the cell by controlling their passage through the membrane. The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded and attached proteins that give the membrane its semipermeable properties and allow for selective transport across the membrane.
Cell division is the process by which living organisms are able to grow and reproduce through the distribution of genetic material to new cells. All multicellular organisms rely on cell division for growth, maintenance, and repair of tissues. Most cell divisions function to distribute identical genetic material in the form of DNA and chromosomes to two new daughter cells.
Chromosomes are threadlike structures that become visible in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell just before it divides. Chromosomes are made up of chromatin, which consists primarily of DNA wrapped around histone proteins. Chromatin and histone proteins allow for the compact packaging of DNA into chromosomes.
Universitas Negeri Jakarta banyak melahirkan tokoh pendidikan yang memiliki pengaruh didunia pendidikan. Beberapa diantaranya ada didalam file presentasi
Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka - [abdiera.com]Fathan Emran
Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka - abdiera.com. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka.
Exocytosis is the process by which cells actively transport liquids or solids out of the cell using vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane, requiring energy in the form of ATP. It involves the fusion of vesicles containing substances with the cell surface membrane, allowing the contents to be released outside the cell. Exocytosis is an active transport process that requires ATP to move vesicles to and fuse with the cell membrane.
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are two types of endocytosis. Phagocytosis involves the uptake of solid material by cells through bulk engulfment, while pinocytosis involves the bulk uptake of liquid material. Both are important cellular processes used to ingest nutrients, remove debris, and participate in cellular signaling and immunity.
Endocytosis is a process where particles are actively transported into a cell by enclosing them in a vesicle made from the cell's plasma membrane. Endocytosis can involve phagocytosis, where large particles are engulfed, or pinocytosis, where small particles and fluids are brought into the cell.
Bulk transport allows for large molecules, parts of cells, or even whole cells to be transported across the membrane through mechanisms like endocytosis and exocytosis. These mechanisms provide for the bulk transport of large amounts of materials either into or out of cells and require energy, making bulk transport a form of active transport.
Passive transport involves the movement of materials across a cell membrane without using energy and is driven by concentration gradients. It can work in both directions to move substances in or out of the cell. The three main types of passive transport are diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
Channel and carrier proteins help large polar molecules and ions cross cell membranes. Large molecules like glucose and amino acids cannot diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer on their own, nor can ions such as sodium and chloride. These substances require channel proteins, which form pores in the membrane, or carrier proteins, which bind to the substance and change shape to transport it across, in order to cross the membrane.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to lower water potential. It occurs when there is a difference in concentration of a solute like sugar on either side of a membrane, with water moving from the area with less solute concentration toward the area with more solute concentration to equalize the balance. The document discusses osmosis and its effects on plant and animal cells.
A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution, while a hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes. A hypotonic solution has more solvent than solute, and a hypertonic solution has more solute than solvent.
Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient from an area of low concentration to high concentration. It uses energy to transfer molecules or ions across a membrane via carrier proteins like the sodium-potassium pump. Active transport allows substances to move against their natural diffusion gradient.
Movement of substances into and out of cells.pptxFikriZulfikar8
The cell membrane forms an effective barrier around cells while allowing some essential exchange. There are three basic mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane: passive transport which moves substances down a concentration gradient without energy usage; active transport which moves substances against a concentration gradient requiring energy; and bulk transport which moves many molecules at once through channel proteins without transporting individual molecules.
The cell membrane is primarily composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins arranged in a bilayer structure. Phospholipids are the main building blocks that form the bilayer structure of the membrane. Cholesterol and proteins are also embedded throughout the phospholipid bilayer, contributing to the structure and function of the cell membrane.
The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as fluid and allowing lateral movement of its components to adjust to environmental conditions. The membrane pieces can move around and exchange places with one another. This fluid and viscous nature allows the membrane to respond to its surroundings.
The plasma membrane contains carbohydrates as another component. Carbohydrates are always found on the exterior surface of cells and are bound to either proteins or lipids. Some glycoproteins serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by membrane proteins of other cells.
Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences found at the ends of chromosomes that protect genes from being lost during cell division. They allow chromosomes to fully replicate without losing vital genes. With each cell division, telomeres get shorter until they no longer protect the DNA, resulting in cell death, which may be one mechanism behind the aging process in humans.
Cancer is a group of diseases caused by uncontrolled cell division forming tumors that can spread to other parts of the body. Cancers start due to mutations in genes that control cell division, causing certain cells to multiply uncontrollably and form tumors. Mutation is a change in any gene that disrupts the usual control mechanisms regulating the cell cycle.
The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, surrounds all cells and separates the interior of the cell from its external environment. It regulates the transport of materials moving in and out of the cell by controlling their passage through the membrane. The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded and attached proteins that give the membrane its semipermeable properties and allow for selective transport across the membrane.
Cell division is the process by which living organisms are able to grow and reproduce through the distribution of genetic material to new cells. All multicellular organisms rely on cell division for growth, maintenance, and repair of tissues. Most cell divisions function to distribute identical genetic material in the form of DNA and chromosomes to two new daughter cells.
Chromosomes are threadlike structures that become visible in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell just before it divides. Chromosomes are made up of chromatin, which consists primarily of DNA wrapped around histone proteins. Chromatin and histone proteins allow for the compact packaging of DNA into chromosomes.
Universitas Negeri Jakarta banyak melahirkan tokoh pendidikan yang memiliki pengaruh didunia pendidikan. Beberapa diantaranya ada didalam file presentasi
Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka - [abdiera.com]Fathan Emran
Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka - abdiera.com. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka.
Modul Ajar Matematika Kelas 11 Fase F Kurikulum MerdekaFathan Emran
Modul Ajar Matematika Kelas 11 SMA/MA Fase F Kurikulum Merdeka - abdiera.com. Modul Ajar Matematika Kelas 11 SMA/MA Fase F Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Matematika Kelas 11 SMA/MA Fase F Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Matematika Kelas 11 SMA/MA Fase F Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Matematika Kelas 11 SMA/MA Fase F Kurikulum Merdeka.
Pendidikan inklusif merupakan sistem pendidikan yang
memberikan akses kepada semua peserta didik yang
memiliki kelainan, bakat istimewa,maupun potensi tertentu
untuk mengikuti pendidikan maupun pembelajaran dalam
satu lingkungan pendidikan yang sama dengan peserta didik
umumlainya
Modul Ajar Matematika Kelas 8 Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka - [abdiera.com]
Archaebacteria.pptx
1. Archaebacteria
• merupakan bakteri purba/kuno, karena Archaebacteria ditemukan di
daerah-daerah dengan kondisi ekstrim, mirip dengan kehidupan bumi
purba