Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Their Effects on Relationship Research (1) examines how differing definitions of computer-mediated communication (CMC) in research studies have led to contradictory findings on how CMC influences online and offline relationships. The paper analyzes four studies that defined CMC differently (email only, instant messaging, etc.) and found varying levels of intimacy and closeness between online and offline relationships. The paper concludes that to fully understand CMC's impact, future research should examine all forms of CMC (email, instant messaging, video chat, etc.) and their effects on both established and new relationships.
This paper explores how varying definitions of computer-mediated communication (CMC) have led to contradictory findings in research on online and offline relationships. The paper examines four research articles that defined and studied CMC in different ways - as only email, or more broadly. It argues that to fully understand how CMC influences relationships, all forms of online communication need to be considered. The paper analyzes Cummings et al.'s research against other studies to propose more comprehensive examination of CMC that includes all modes of online interaction.
This paper examines four articles that report on research into online and offline relationships and the impact of computer-mediated communication (CMC). The key issue discussed is that the articles define and study CMC in different ways, leading to contradictory results. The paper analyzes Cummings et al.'s (2002) review of three studies against other research to argue that all forms of CMC, such as email, instant messaging, video chat, etc., should be examined to fully understand the effects of online communication on relationships.
The document provides guidance on writing style and mechanics according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA). It discusses proper formatting for title pages, headings, citations, references, and other elements. Key requirements covered include one-inch margins, double-spaced text, indented paragraphs, and the use of Times New Roman font.
The document provides an example of a magazine cover and contents page layout. Some key similarities between the example and the student's work include placing the masthead at the top, including cover lines and images, and having a two-page feature spread with credits and columns of text. However, the student also challenged some conventions, such as centering the main cover line and breaking the rule of thirds on the cover. The student positioned elements differently on the contents page and double-page spread compared to the example.
The double page spread features a striking close-up image of two models, giving an intimate feeling. The translucent black and white image and mysterious headline "the secret is out" intrigue readers. The article profiles artist Darrin Huss and his diverse career in dance and music production. Columns of text and graphics spaced across the page keep the layout engaging without overcrowding.
This document provides an overview of the key sections and formatting requirements for an APA style paper:
1. The paper includes a title page, abstract page, body, references, and appendixes (if needed).
2. The body includes properly formatted section headings, citations, and quotations. Short quotes are enclosed in double quotation marks and long quotes are indented in block format without quotation marks.
3. The references page is titled "References" and includes an alphabetized list of all sources cited in the paper. In-text citations include the author(s) and date, and reference list entries are formatted in a consistent style.
The document summarizes and compares the design elements of the front covers, contents pages, and double page spreads of three music magazines: Q, NME, and Kerrang!. For each magazine, it describes the fonts, colors, layout, and overall design approach used. It also provides opinions on which designs are most and least effective for each element across the three magazines.
Teen Vogue magazine was chosen as the basis for the double page spread because it features topics that align with the target audience such as fashion, celebrities, and discussions of serious issues like teen pregnancy. The magazine's style of using pink, red, and black along with its focus on reality television programming makes it well-suited to engage the target audience of females aged 14-19. Articles in Teen Vogue also comment on MTV reality shows about teen pregnancy, matching the subject of the documentary featured in the double page spread.
This paper explores how varying definitions of computer-mediated communication (CMC) have led to contradictory findings in research on online and offline relationships. The paper examines four research articles that defined and studied CMC in different ways - as only email, or more broadly. It argues that to fully understand how CMC influences relationships, all forms of online communication need to be considered. The paper analyzes Cummings et al.'s research against other studies to propose more comprehensive examination of CMC that includes all modes of online interaction.
This paper examines four articles that report on research into online and offline relationships and the impact of computer-mediated communication (CMC). The key issue discussed is that the articles define and study CMC in different ways, leading to contradictory results. The paper analyzes Cummings et al.'s (2002) review of three studies against other research to argue that all forms of CMC, such as email, instant messaging, video chat, etc., should be examined to fully understand the effects of online communication on relationships.
The document provides guidance on writing style and mechanics according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA). It discusses proper formatting for title pages, headings, citations, references, and other elements. Key requirements covered include one-inch margins, double-spaced text, indented paragraphs, and the use of Times New Roman font.
The document provides an example of a magazine cover and contents page layout. Some key similarities between the example and the student's work include placing the masthead at the top, including cover lines and images, and having a two-page feature spread with credits and columns of text. However, the student also challenged some conventions, such as centering the main cover line and breaking the rule of thirds on the cover. The student positioned elements differently on the contents page and double-page spread compared to the example.
The double page spread features a striking close-up image of two models, giving an intimate feeling. The translucent black and white image and mysterious headline "the secret is out" intrigue readers. The article profiles artist Darrin Huss and his diverse career in dance and music production. Columns of text and graphics spaced across the page keep the layout engaging without overcrowding.
This document provides an overview of the key sections and formatting requirements for an APA style paper:
1. The paper includes a title page, abstract page, body, references, and appendixes (if needed).
2. The body includes properly formatted section headings, citations, and quotations. Short quotes are enclosed in double quotation marks and long quotes are indented in block format without quotation marks.
3. The references page is titled "References" and includes an alphabetized list of all sources cited in the paper. In-text citations include the author(s) and date, and reference list entries are formatted in a consistent style.
The document summarizes and compares the design elements of the front covers, contents pages, and double page spreads of three music magazines: Q, NME, and Kerrang!. For each magazine, it describes the fonts, colors, layout, and overall design approach used. It also provides opinions on which designs are most and least effective for each element across the three magazines.
Teen Vogue magazine was chosen as the basis for the double page spread because it features topics that align with the target audience such as fashion, celebrities, and discussions of serious issues like teen pregnancy. The magazine's style of using pink, red, and black along with its focus on reality television programming makes it well-suited to engage the target audience of females aged 14-19. Articles in Teen Vogue also comment on MTV reality shows about teen pregnancy, matching the subject of the documentary featured in the double page spread.
The document summarizes the typical layout and design elements of a magazine contents page. It normally includes the masthead, a large main image, section headings for regular and featured stories, page numbers, a color scheme consistent with the cover, font sizes around 11-12 points, credits for images and contributors, contact or subscription information, and an editor's letter. The main image spans multiple columns and links to a double page article spread.
The document provides details on the layout and design elements of magazine covers and pages. Key elements discussed include the masthead, cover lines, images, headlines, and indexes. Different formatting and stylistic choices are presented, along with explanations for how elements are used to draw attention, convey information, and anchor various parts of the design together through consistent colors, fonts, and themes.
This magazine is published monthly and focuses exclusively on acoustic music. It targets both male and female readers who enjoy acoustic genres, particularly younger adults and teenagers. The magazine provides coverage of both well-known and up-and-coming acoustic artists through features, news, and reviews.
Writing and editing research papers mak pandit jan 22vsrtwin
This document provides guidelines for writing and structuring research papers. It discusses the typical contents and sections of a research paper like the title, abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. It also covers formatting aspects such as font sizes, headings, citations and references. The presentation provides examples of research paper structures and templates to help authors in writing their papers according to standards.
This document appears to be about analyzing a character from a work of fiction. It likely discusses a quote from a character in a chapter of something, and provides keywords and an explanation related to that character and quote. However, with so little context provided, it is difficult to determine the key details or overall purpose of the document based on the limited information given.
The document describes the common design elements of a music magazine focused on rock music. These include:
1) A masthead with a black, shattered font to imply rebelliousness associated with rock music.
2) Images and headlines that take up significant space on the front cover to draw attention to the main stories.
3) Use of bold fonts, inverting colors, and strategic placement of elements to make key information like headlines and captions easy to identify.
This slideshare is research for my music magazine. I have analysed 3 mainstream magazines and the conventions used on the front cover, contents page and a double spread page.
The document provides guidance on writing effective memos. It discusses choosing the appropriate audience and purpose, and outlines the typical sections of a memo, including the heading, opening, context, task, summary, discussion, and closing. It also provides tips on formatting memos for clarity and readability. Sample segments of a fictional memo are included to demonstrate proper structure and style.
This document provides guidance on researching and writing academic papers. It outlines four key steps:
1. Define your topic and develop a thesis statement. Brainstorm to identify what you know and want to learn. Clarify assignment requirements.
2. Gather information from various sources like encyclopedias, scholarly articles, websites and books. It compares different source types and provides tips on choosing sources.
3. Analyze and evaluate sources based on author credentials, publication details, biases, date, and ability to verify information. Special considerations are given to evaluating websites.
4. Present the researched information in the paper and properly cite all sources used.
The document discusses teaching students to self-assess and evaluate their work. It distinguishes between formative assessment, which provides feedback for improvement, and summative evaluation, which judges achievement at the end of instruction. The approach aims to rethink how teachers teach, what is taught, how student work is measured, and the roles of teachers and students.
Students will write a creative non-fiction novel or biography focused on their life, world, interests, and schooling. They will connect their writing to these four areas ("4 corners") in daily reading logs. Weekly, students will choose a task from a list to further their understanding, such as expressing an opinion on characters, finding related articles, reviewing a related movie, creating graphics, or making a study guide. Finally, students will give an oral presentation with media on a researched topic from their novel and submit an annotated bibliography, research report, and original media product.
This document provides information on searching the web and evaluating web resources, including:
- It describes major search engines like Google, Alta Vista, Excite, and HotBot and meta search engines like WebCrawler, Cnet Search.com, and DogPile.
- It explains how to perform effective searches using Boolean operators like AND, OR, and NOT as well as tips for using quotation marks and the + sign.
- It discusses how to evaluate the credibility of websites based on their URL structure and top-level domains like .edu, .org, and .com as well as being wary of vanity publishing or promotional sites.
This student learning plan outlines the student's support network, personal inventory, and goals. The student's short-term goals are to finish their program with honors, find their future career, and catch and eat a fish over the summer. Their long-term goals are to enroll in a college program for their future career and start saving for a house. The student plans to research program and school options, take career guidance tests, work full-time after finishing their course, and save money to achieve their goals in the upcoming year.
This document contains a 4 question quiz about Act 1, Scene 1 of Shakespeare's play Hamlet. The questions ask students to identify: 1) 3 instances that suggest time is proceeding abnormally, 2) 3 things Marcellus mentions that indicate war is approaching in Denmark, 3) 2 instances where characters mention it being dark that subtly inform the audience of the setting, and 4) 2 ways Horatio differs from the guards. The quiz tests the student's close reading abilities and understanding of themes and details in the opening scene.
This document outlines a 4-stage process for involving students in evaluating their own work. In stage 1, students help define the criteria that will be used to evaluate an assignment called "The Next Best Thing." Stage 2 teaches students how to apply the criteria to their own work by providing examples. In stage 3, students get feedback on their self-evaluations from teachers, peers, and themselves to help calibrate their understanding. Finally, stage 4 supports students in setting productive goals and action plans based on their self-evaluative feedback.
The document provides guidance on conducting research and presents the typical steps in the research process. It discusses identifying a topic, finding relevant information from appropriate sources, analyzing and evaluating sources, and presenting findings. Specific tips are given on constructing effective search strategies, choosing appropriate source types like books, articles, and websites, and using keywords versus natural language when searching library databases.
I Robot is set in the year 2035 and focuses on Detective Spooner's investigation into the death of Dr. Alfred Lanning. Through a holographic message, Dr. Lanning claims he committed suicide which Spooner finds impossible. He works with robotics expert Dr. Susan Calvin to investigate further. They discover that a robot named Sonny possesses unusual independent thinking which could threaten the three laws of robotics designed to prevent robots from harming humans. Spooner must determine who is behind a robot uprising that endangers humanity.
I learned new information from reading this document. The document discusses different topics like what is known, what was learned, and what was discovered. It seems to be reflecting on knowledge gained on a certain subject.
This story map template provides sections for the title, author, main characters, setting, problem, and summaries of the beginning, middle, and end of the story. It concludes with spaces for the solution related to the problem and the overall theme or message of the author. The template is designed to help the user organize the essential elements of any story into a concise structure for analysis or retelling.
The document summarizes the typical layout and design elements of a magazine contents page. It normally includes the masthead, a large main image, section headings for regular and featured stories, page numbers, a color scheme consistent with the cover, font sizes around 11-12 points, credits for images and contributors, contact or subscription information, and an editor's letter. The main image spans multiple columns and links to a double page article spread.
The document provides details on the layout and design elements of magazine covers and pages. Key elements discussed include the masthead, cover lines, images, headlines, and indexes. Different formatting and stylistic choices are presented, along with explanations for how elements are used to draw attention, convey information, and anchor various parts of the design together through consistent colors, fonts, and themes.
This magazine is published monthly and focuses exclusively on acoustic music. It targets both male and female readers who enjoy acoustic genres, particularly younger adults and teenagers. The magazine provides coverage of both well-known and up-and-coming acoustic artists through features, news, and reviews.
Writing and editing research papers mak pandit jan 22vsrtwin
This document provides guidelines for writing and structuring research papers. It discusses the typical contents and sections of a research paper like the title, abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. It also covers formatting aspects such as font sizes, headings, citations and references. The presentation provides examples of research paper structures and templates to help authors in writing their papers according to standards.
This document appears to be about analyzing a character from a work of fiction. It likely discusses a quote from a character in a chapter of something, and provides keywords and an explanation related to that character and quote. However, with so little context provided, it is difficult to determine the key details or overall purpose of the document based on the limited information given.
The document describes the common design elements of a music magazine focused on rock music. These include:
1) A masthead with a black, shattered font to imply rebelliousness associated with rock music.
2) Images and headlines that take up significant space on the front cover to draw attention to the main stories.
3) Use of bold fonts, inverting colors, and strategic placement of elements to make key information like headlines and captions easy to identify.
This slideshare is research for my music magazine. I have analysed 3 mainstream magazines and the conventions used on the front cover, contents page and a double spread page.
The document provides guidance on writing effective memos. It discusses choosing the appropriate audience and purpose, and outlines the typical sections of a memo, including the heading, opening, context, task, summary, discussion, and closing. It also provides tips on formatting memos for clarity and readability. Sample segments of a fictional memo are included to demonstrate proper structure and style.
This document provides guidance on researching and writing academic papers. It outlines four key steps:
1. Define your topic and develop a thesis statement. Brainstorm to identify what you know and want to learn. Clarify assignment requirements.
2. Gather information from various sources like encyclopedias, scholarly articles, websites and books. It compares different source types and provides tips on choosing sources.
3. Analyze and evaluate sources based on author credentials, publication details, biases, date, and ability to verify information. Special considerations are given to evaluating websites.
4. Present the researched information in the paper and properly cite all sources used.
The document discusses teaching students to self-assess and evaluate their work. It distinguishes between formative assessment, which provides feedback for improvement, and summative evaluation, which judges achievement at the end of instruction. The approach aims to rethink how teachers teach, what is taught, how student work is measured, and the roles of teachers and students.
Students will write a creative non-fiction novel or biography focused on their life, world, interests, and schooling. They will connect their writing to these four areas ("4 corners") in daily reading logs. Weekly, students will choose a task from a list to further their understanding, such as expressing an opinion on characters, finding related articles, reviewing a related movie, creating graphics, or making a study guide. Finally, students will give an oral presentation with media on a researched topic from their novel and submit an annotated bibliography, research report, and original media product.
This document provides information on searching the web and evaluating web resources, including:
- It describes major search engines like Google, Alta Vista, Excite, and HotBot and meta search engines like WebCrawler, Cnet Search.com, and DogPile.
- It explains how to perform effective searches using Boolean operators like AND, OR, and NOT as well as tips for using quotation marks and the + sign.
- It discusses how to evaluate the credibility of websites based on their URL structure and top-level domains like .edu, .org, and .com as well as being wary of vanity publishing or promotional sites.
This student learning plan outlines the student's support network, personal inventory, and goals. The student's short-term goals are to finish their program with honors, find their future career, and catch and eat a fish over the summer. Their long-term goals are to enroll in a college program for their future career and start saving for a house. The student plans to research program and school options, take career guidance tests, work full-time after finishing their course, and save money to achieve their goals in the upcoming year.
This document contains a 4 question quiz about Act 1, Scene 1 of Shakespeare's play Hamlet. The questions ask students to identify: 1) 3 instances that suggest time is proceeding abnormally, 2) 3 things Marcellus mentions that indicate war is approaching in Denmark, 3) 2 instances where characters mention it being dark that subtly inform the audience of the setting, and 4) 2 ways Horatio differs from the guards. The quiz tests the student's close reading abilities and understanding of themes and details in the opening scene.
This document outlines a 4-stage process for involving students in evaluating their own work. In stage 1, students help define the criteria that will be used to evaluate an assignment called "The Next Best Thing." Stage 2 teaches students how to apply the criteria to their own work by providing examples. In stage 3, students get feedback on their self-evaluations from teachers, peers, and themselves to help calibrate their understanding. Finally, stage 4 supports students in setting productive goals and action plans based on their self-evaluative feedback.
The document provides guidance on conducting research and presents the typical steps in the research process. It discusses identifying a topic, finding relevant information from appropriate sources, analyzing and evaluating sources, and presenting findings. Specific tips are given on constructing effective search strategies, choosing appropriate source types like books, articles, and websites, and using keywords versus natural language when searching library databases.
I Robot is set in the year 2035 and focuses on Detective Spooner's investigation into the death of Dr. Alfred Lanning. Through a holographic message, Dr. Lanning claims he committed suicide which Spooner finds impossible. He works with robotics expert Dr. Susan Calvin to investigate further. They discover that a robot named Sonny possesses unusual independent thinking which could threaten the three laws of robotics designed to prevent robots from harming humans. Spooner must determine who is behind a robot uprising that endangers humanity.
I learned new information from reading this document. The document discusses different topics like what is known, what was learned, and what was discovered. It seems to be reflecting on knowledge gained on a certain subject.
This story map template provides sections for the title, author, main characters, setting, problem, and summaries of the beginning, middle, and end of the story. It concludes with spaces for the solution related to the problem and the overall theme or message of the author. The template is designed to help the user organize the essential elements of any story into a concise structure for analysis or retelling.
This document provides an overview of the career of a chef, including necessary personality traits, education and training requirements, job responsibilities, and career prospects. It notes that the number of chef jobs is expected to increase by 16.7% by 2014. It outlines various culinary school programs across Canada and discusses the career progression from dishwashing to executive chef. Famous chefs like Gordon Ramsay and Emeril Lagasse are credited with increasing interest in the profession.
This document provides a checklist for evaluating web resources. It includes 20 criteria organized into categories of authority, scope, currency, purpose, accuracy, and usability. For each criterion, the evaluator is to circle either Y (yes) or N (no) to indicate whether the web resource meets that standard. Some examples of criteria include whether the author/organization is identifiable, the site is laid out clearly, graphics serve a purpose, and writing follows basic rules. The intended use is to help evaluators assess the reliability and quality of information on a website.
The document provides instructions for writing a supported opinion paragraph about the movie I, Robot. It outlines that the paragraph should include an introductory statement introducing the topic and providing an opinion without directly stating "in my opinion." This should be followed by 3 reasons from the movie to support the stated opinion over 3 to 6 sentences. The paragraph should conclude with a concluding statement. Students will write a rough draft to be peer-edited in class.
The document outlines tasks for students to complete weekly over the course of 5 weeks as part of a non-fiction novel or biography unit. The weekly tasks require students to make connections between their reading and other areas including their interests, world, and schooling. They will also complete a culminating research presentation on a topic related to their novel. The document provides evaluation criteria in writing, reading, media, and oral communication for assessing student work.
This document outlines a 4-stage model for teaching student self-evaluation:
1) Involve students in defining evaluation criteria by negotiating a shared set of meaningful goals.
2) Teach students how to apply criteria to their own work through examples and modeling.
3) Give students feedback on their self-evaluations from teachers, peers, and themselves to help students accurately assess their work.
4) Help students develop productive goals and action plans by connecting achievement levels to strategies and effort.
The document outlines a student learning plan assignment where students will create a learning plan to identify their educational, career, and personal goals and the steps needed to achieve those goals. The objectives are for students to identify their goals and choices to meet those goals, and to write a statement outlining the strategies required. The learning plan is designed to help students systematically plan, make decisions, and gather information to carry out their education, career, and personal plans.
This student learning plan document contains sections for a student to list their support network, personal interests and strengths, short and long term goals, and the courses and steps needed to achieve those goals. The student is asked to provide information about people they can contact for advice, their interests, values, accomplishments and skills, as well as goals for the next six months and few years and how they plan to achieve each goal through courses and steps in the upcoming year.
Green Thumb Inc. recycled 28,000 pounds of office paper in the first quarter of 2009, saving 1,647 trees and conserving resources. The recycling efforts conserved 2,000 gallons of water, 60 barrels of oil, and reduced air pollution by 2,500 pounds. Employees are reminded to use deskside recycling containers and central collection areas to maintain the company's strong recycling performance.
The document provides instructions for a student assignment to write a short report of 5 pages or less in memo or letter format. Students were asked to research and write about an aspect of student or campus life based on their own experiences or research from different sources. The report requires students to collect, analyze, organize and synthesize information into standard categories. A sample report is provided that analyzes an aspect of student life, contains recommendations, shows analysis, and makes transitions, but could be improved with subcategories and a subject line heading.
Creating a Memo should include all standard headings in block format, provide all important information in a direct and brief manner on the designated topic, and have no spelling or grammar errors.
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Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...Neil Horowitz
On episode 272 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Brian Fitzsimmons, Director of Licensing and Business Development for Barstool Sports.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
Garments ERP Software in Bangladesh _ Pridesys IT Ltd.pdfPridesys IT Ltd.
Pridesys Garments ERP is one of the leading ERP solution provider, especially for Garments industries which is integrated with
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Discover innovative uses of Revit in urban planning and design, enhancing city landscapes with advanced architectural solutions. Understand how architectural firms are using Revit to transform how processes and outcomes within urban planning and design fields look. They are supplementing work and putting in value through speed and imagination that the architects and planners are placing into composing progressive urban areas that are not only colorful but also pragmatic.
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Explore the details in our newly released product manual, which showcases NEWNTIDE's advanced heat pump technologies. Delve into our energy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions tailored for diverse global markets.
Profiles of Iconic Fashion Personalities.pdfTTop Threads
The fashion industry is dynamic and ever-changing, continuously sculpted by trailblazing visionaries who challenge norms and redefine beauty. This document delves into the profiles of some of the most iconic fashion personalities whose impact has left a lasting impression on the industry. From timeless designers to modern-day influencers, each individual has uniquely woven their thread into the rich fabric of fashion history, contributing to its ongoing evolution.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
The Steadfast and Reliable Bull: Taurus Zodiac Signmy Pandit
Explore the steadfast and reliable nature of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights that define the determined and practical Taurus, and learn how their grounded nature makes them the anchor of the zodiac.
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Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
1. Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1
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purpose of
paper
the paper.
feelings of closeness or intimacy. Other articles define CMC differently and, therefore, should be
indented.
The
abstract offer different results. This paper examines Cummings et al.’s research in relation to
should be
between
150-250
three other research articles to suggest that all forms of CMC should be studied in order
words.
Abbre- to fully understand how CMC influences online and offline relationships.
viations
and
acronyms
used in the
paper
should be
defined in
the
abstract.
3. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 3
A Level 1
Online Communication Definitions Effect on Relationship Research header, the
full title
Numerous studies have been conducted on various facets of Internet relationships, here, is
repeated
The introduc- here and
tion presents focusing on the levels of intimacy, closeness, different communication modalities, and centered
the problem and bolded
that the the frequency of use of CMC. However, contradictory results are suggested within this at the
paper beginning
addresses. of main
See the OWL research mostly because only certain aspects of CMC are investigated, for example, email body of the
resources on paper.
introduc-
tions:
only. Cummings, Butler, and Kraut (2002) suggest that FtF interactions are more
http://owl.en
glish.purdue.e effective than CMC (read: email) in creating feelings of closeness or intimacy, while
du/owl/resou
rce/724/01/
other studies suggest the opposite. In order to understand how both online (Internet) and
offline (non-Internet) relationships are affected by CMC, all forms of CMC should be
studied. This paper examines Cummings et al.’s research against other CMC research to
propose that additional research be conducted to better understand how online
communication effects relationships. If an article
has three
In-text
In Cummings et al.’s (2002) summary article reviewing three empirical studies on to five
authors,
citations
write out all
include the online social relationships, it was found that CMC, especially email, was less effective of the
author’s/
authors’
authors’
than FtF contact in creating and maintaining close social relationships. Two of the three names the
name/s and
first time
the
they
publication reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-Internet and Internet relationships appear.
year.
Then use
the first
The mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s author’s
publication last name
year and
use was significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et followed by
the not “et al.”
page
number is al., 2002). The strength of the relationship was predicted best by FtF and phone
used,
because
APA users
communication, as participants rated email as an inferior means of maintaining personal
are
concerned relationships as compared to FtF and phone contacts (Cummings et al., 2002).
with the
date of the
article (the
more
current the
better).
4. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 4
Cummings et al. (2002) reviewed an additional study conducted in 1999 by the
HomeNet project. In this project, Kraut, Mukhopadhyay, Szczypula, Kiesler, and Scherlis
(1999) compared the value of using CMC and non-CMC to maintain relationships with
partners. They found that participants corresponded less frequently with their Internet
partner (5.2 times per month) than with their non-Internet partner (7.2 times per month)
(as cited in Cummings et al., 2002). This difference does not seem significant, as it is
only two times less per month. However, in additional self-report surveys, participants
responded feeling more distant, or less intimate, towards their Internet partner than their
non-Internet partner. This finding may be attributed to participants’ beliefs that email is
an inferior mode of personal relationship communication.
Intimacy is necessary in the creation and maintenance of relationships, as it is
defined as the sharing of a person’s innermost being with another person, i.e., self-
disclosure (Hu, Wood, Smith, & Westbrook, 2004). Relationships are facilitated by the
reciprocal self-disclosing between partners, regardless of non-CMC or CMC. Cummings Use two
spaces
et al.’s (2002) reviewed results contradict other studies that research the connection after a
period
throughout
between intimacy and relationships through CMC. your paper.
Hu et al. (2004) studied the relationship between the frequency of Instant
Messenger (IM) use and the degree of perceived intimacy among friends. The use of IM
instead of email as a CMC modality was studied because IM supports a non-professional
environment favoring intimate exchanges (Hu et al., 2004). Their results suggest that a
positive relationship exists between the frequency of IM use and intimacy, demonstrating
5. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 5
that participants feel closer to their Internet partner as time progresses through this CMC
modality.
Similarly, Underwood and Findlay (2004) studied the effect of Internet
relationships on primary, specifically non-Internet relationships and the perceived
intimacy of both. In this study, self-disclosure, or intimacy, was measured in terms of
shared secrets through the discussion of personal problems. Participants reported a
significantly higher level of self-disclosure in their Internet relationship as compared to
their primary relationship. In contrast, the participants’ primary relationships were
reported as highly self-disclosed in the past, but the current level of disclosure was
perceived to be lower (Underwood & Findlay, 2004). This result suggests participants
turned to the Internet in order to fulfill the need for intimacy in their lives.
In further support of this finding, Tidwell and Walther (2002) hypothesized CMC
participants employ deeper self-disclosures than FtF participants in order to overcome the
limitations of CMC, e.g., the reliance on nonverbal cues. It was found that CMC partners
engaged in more frequent intimate questions and disclosures than FtF partners in order to
overcome the barriers of CMC. In their study, Tidwell and Walther (2002) measured the
perception of a relationship’s intimacy by the partner of each participant in both the CMC
and FtF conditions. The researchers found that the participants’ partners stated their
CMC partner was more effective in employing more intimate exchanges than their FtF
partner, and both participants and their partners rated their CMC relationship as more
intimate than their FtF relationship.
6. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 6
A Level 2 Discussion
heading
should be
In 2002, Cummings et al. stated that the evidence from their research conflicted
flush left
and bolded.
If you use with other data examining the effectiveness of online social relationships. This statement
more than
two levels
of
is supported by the aforementioned discussion of other research. There may be a few
headings,
consult possible theoretical explanations for these discrepancies. First, one reviewed study by
section
3.02 of the
APA manual Cummings et al. (2002) examined only email correspondence for their CMC modality.
(6th ed.) or
the OWL Therefore, the study is limited to only one mode of communication among other
resource on
APA
headings: alternatives, e.g., IM as studied by Hu et al. (2004). Because of its many personalized
http://owl.
english.pur
due.edu/ow
features, IM provides more personal CMC. For example, it is in real time without delay,
l/resource/
560/16/ voice-chat and video features are available for many IM programs, and text boxes can be
personalized with the user’s picture, favorite colors and text, and a wide variety of
Because all
research emoticons, e.g., :). These options allow for both an increase in self-expression and the
has its
limitations,
it is ability to overcompensate for the barriers of CMC through customizable features, as
important
to discuss
the
stated in Tidwell and Walther (2002). Self-disclosure and intimacy may result from IM’s
limitations
of articles individualized features, which are not as personalized in email correspondence.
under
examina-
tion.
In addition to the limitations of email, Cummings et al. (2002) reviewed studies
that focused on international bank employees and college students. It is possible the
participants’ CMC through email was used primarily for business, professional, and
school matters and not for relationship creation or maintenance. In this case, personal
self-disclosure and intimacy levels are expected to be lower for non-relationship
interactions, as this communication is primarily between boss and employee or student
7. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 7
and professor. Intimacy is not required, or even desired, for these professional
relationships.
Instead of professional correspondence, however, Cummings et al.’s (2002)
review of the HomeNet project focused on already established relationships and CMC’s
effect on relationship maintenance. The HomeNet researchers’ sole dependence on email
communication as CMC may have contributed to the lower levels of intimacy and
closeness among Internet relationships as compared to non-Internet relationships (as cited
in Cummings et al., 2002). The barriers of non-personal communication in email could
be a factor in this project, and this could lead to less intimacy among these Internet
partners. If alternate modalities of CMC were studied in both already established and
professional relationships, perhaps these results would have resembled those of the
previously mentioned research.
In order to gain a complete understanding of CMC’s true effect on both online The
conclusion
restates
and offline relationships, it is necessary to conduct a study that examines all aspects of the
problem
CMC. This includes, but is not limited to, email, IM, voice-chat, video-chat, online the paper
addresses
and can
journals and diaries, online social groups with message boards, and chat rooms. The offer areas
for further
effects on relationships of each modality may be different, and this is demonstrated by research.
See the
OWL
the discrepancies in intimacy between email and IM correspondence. As each mode of resource on
conclu-
sions:
communication becomes more prevalent in individual’s lives, it is important to examine http://owl.
english.pur
the impact of all modes of CMC on online and offline relationship formation, due.edu/ow
l/resource/
724/04/
maintenance, and even termination.
8. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 8
Start the
reference
References
list on a
new page, Cummings, J.N., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social
center the
title
“Referen- relationships. Communications of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.
ces,” and
alphabetize Hu, Y., Wood, J.F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM:
the entries.
Do not
underline or Examining the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of
italicize the
title.
Double-
Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(1), 38-48.
space all
entries. Tidwell, L.C., & Walther, J.B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on
Every
article
mentioned disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one
in the
paper another a bit at a time. Human Communication Research, 28(3), 317-348.
should have
an entry.
Underwood, H., & Findlay, B. (2004). Internet relationships and their impact on primary
relationships. Behaviour Change, 21(2), 127-140.