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Eating
House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear
up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good
jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to
maintain contact with vertical surfaces.
Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive
house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food
sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives
together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter
another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become
aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth.
House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients
produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit.
Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free
living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and
elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human
settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such
as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species
Social behaviour
The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable
to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house
mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings.
House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context.
House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal.
Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small
home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have
an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent
infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a
small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in
polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male
and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally
nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no
related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females.
In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These
populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in
the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging
species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come
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Do Bedbugs Cause Rashes?
Bedbug bites can be mistaken for allergic rashes, especially urticaria. Bites appear as itchy bumps on skin that is uncovered while
sleeping. The rash may be grouped in a line, which shows the pattern of the insect feeding. Bumps tend to be redder in the morning
and fade later in the day.
Can I Be Allergic to Bedbugs?
Most people bitten by bedbugs assume that they have experienced an allergic reaction to something. The reaction is typically an
irritant effect to the insect bite, and not an allergy. While most people are not allergic to bedbugs, there are rare reports of
anaphylaxisoccurring as a result of bedbug bites.
What Can Be Done for Bedbug Bites?
Physicians may misdiagnose bedbug bites as allergic reactions, and treat people with steroid pills, creams or antihistamines.
While antihistamines may decrease the itching associated with the insect bites, these medications will not make the rash go
away.Steroid creams, such as hydrocortisone (Cortaid, for example), can help the itch and rash resolve quickly.
Do Bedbugs Cause Other Problems?
If the bumps from bedbugs are scratched to the point of breaking the skin, the bite may become infected.
This may appear as increased pain, redness or oozing at the site, and may worsen, rather than get better, over time. If this occurs,
immediate medical attention is needed.
It appears possible that bedbugs may be able to transmit the hepatitis B virus, as this virus has been found in bedbug droppings.
Bedbugs may also be able to transmit the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which causesChagas Disease.
What Can I Do About Bedbugs?
The best way to deal with bedbugs is by extermination. Professional pest control companies can assist with the extermination
process, usually with pesticide treatments. Sleeping in longsleeved shirts and pants may decrease the amount of skin available to be
bitten, and some studies suggest that using insect repellents containing DEET may prevent the insects from biting.
BIG BROWN BAT
This mediumsized bat ranges from 4 to 5 in (10–13 cm) in body length, with an 11 to 13in (28 to 33cm)
wingspan, and weighs between 1/2 and 5/8 oz (1416 g). The fur is moderately long and shiny brown. The wing
membranes, ears, feet, and face are dark brown to blackish in color.
Big brown bats are nocturnal, roosting during the day in hollow trees, beneath loose tree bark, in the crevices of
rocks, or in manmade structures such as attics, barns, old buildings, eaves, and window shutters. Big brown bats
navigate through the night skies by use of echolocation, producing ultrasonic sounds through the mouth or nose.
They are known also to produce audible sound during flight, a click or a sound like escaping steam.
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Big brown bats are insectivorous, eating many kinds of nightflying insects including moths,beetles, and wasps
which they capture in flight. This causes the sudden, frequent changes in direction.
Hibernation[edit]
Big brown bats hibernate during the winter months, often in different locations from their summer roosts. Winter
roosts tend to be natural subterranean locations such as caves and underground mines where temperatures
remain stable; where a large majority of these bats spend the winter is still unknown. If the weather warms
enough, they may awaken to seek water, and even breed.
Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) roost in a Minnesota barn.
Lifecycle[edit]
Big brown bats mate sporadically from November through March. After the breeding season, pregnant females
separate themselves into maternity colonies. In the eastern United States, twins are commonly born sometime in
June; in western North America, females give birth to only one pup each year
Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily
Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in a separate order from
cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during
the Jurassic or Triassic. It is possible, however, that the first termites emerged during the Permian or even the
Carboniferous. Approximately 3,106 species are currently described, with a few hundred more left to be described.
Although these insects are often called white ants, they are not ants.
Like ants and some bees and wasps, which are in a separate order, Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among
castes that consist of sterile male and female “workers” and “soldiers”. All termite colonies have fertile males
called “kings” and one or more fertile females called “queens”. Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and
cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. Termites are major detritivores,
particularly in the subtropical andtropical regions, and their recycling of wood and plant matter is of considerable
ecological importance.
Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising most landmasses except for
Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a couple of hundred individuals to enormous societies with several
million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with some queens living
up to 50 years. Unlike ants, which undergo a complete metamorphosis, each individual termite goes through an
incomplete metamorphosis that proceeds through egg, nymph and adult stages. Colonies are described as
superorganismsbecause the termites form part of a selfregulating entity: the colony itself.[1]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-19-2048.jpg)
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Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. Several
hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious damage to buildings, crops or
plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as
invasive species.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Taxonomy and phylogeny
3 Distribution and diversity
4 Description
4.1 Caste system
5 Life cycle
5.1 Reproduction
6 Behaviour and ecology
6.1 Diet
6.2 Predators
6.3 Parasites, pathogens and viruses
6.4 Locomotion and foraging
6.5 Competition
6.6 Communication
6.7 Defence
6.8 Relationship with other organisms
7 Nests
7.1 Mounds
7.2 Shelter tubes
8 Relationship with humans
8.1 As pests
8.2 As food
8.3 In agriculture
8.4 In science and technology
8.5 In culture
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
11.1 Cited literature
12 External links
Etymology[edit]
The infraorder name is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly
equal size of the forewings and hindwings. The name “termite” derives from theLatin and Late Latin word
termes (“woodworm, white ant”), altered by the influence of Latin terere(“to rub, wear, erode”) from the earlier
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word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites
were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781.
Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit]
The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close
relationship between termites and cockroaches
DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and
colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus
Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut
flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the
1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological
characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to
propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains
cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as
Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level
and below.
Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber
The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites
and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they
originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the
extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating
mammals.
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Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M.
Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and
fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive
living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites
emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The
folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a,
resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et
al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to
termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera.
Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families
It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in
the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised
woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with
termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar
morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics,
butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming.
The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike
characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the
wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea.
Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family
Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed
to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west
Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered.
As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder
Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective
classification
TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209
Feeding & reproduction[change | change source]
Usually both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices. In many species the mouthparts of the
females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites. In many
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species, the female needs to get proteins from a blood meal before she can produce eggs. In many other species,
she can produce more eggs after a blood meal.
They lay their eggs in pools of water. The larvae move around near the surface of the water, breathing through air
tubes that stick out of the water. They get their food from the water, usually eating algae and other tiny creatures.
They like to wiggle around near the surface, which is why some people call them wigglers. The larvae usually
enter the pupa stage within a few days or weeks of hatching, depending on the water temperature and the species.
The pupae are called tumblers because they tumble in the water if the water is touched. Tumblers do not eat, but
they move around in the water a lot, and like larvae, they breathe from tubes that stick out of the water. The pupa
stage is short (only for a few days), and then the mosquito becomes an adult.
There are many species of mosquito. This comes about because, of those which suck blood, each species is adapted
to a different host or group of hosts. There are two subfamilies, 43 genera and over 3,500 species of the Culicidae.
Vectors for disease[change | change source]
Mosquitoes are a vector (carrier) which carries diseasecausing viruses and parasites from person to person.
The principal mosquito borne diseases are the viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria carried by the
genera Anopheles and Culex. Mosquitoes transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually inAfrica,
South America, Central America, Mexico and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths.
Mosquito control[change | change source]
Dragonflies are natural predators of mosquitoes.
Methods used to prevent the spread of disease, or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic include:
1. Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding
areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping.
2. Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides,
nets and repellents.
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Water[change | change source]
Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this
water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water.
The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is
now highly resistant to the chemical.
Organic repellents[change | change source]
With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which
are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as
mosquito repellents.
Natural predators[change | change source]
The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling
populations. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. A
number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows.
Termites are an order of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called “white ants“, incorrectly,
because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera.
They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood,
leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About
10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests.
Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant
matter is very important for ecology.
A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the
ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her.
Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big
mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below).
Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a
prime example selforganised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food
sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains
nymphs (semimature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes
containing several egglaying queens
Adult bed bugs are light brown to reddishbrown, flattened, ovalshaped, and have no hind wings. The front wings
are vestigial and reduced to padlike structures. Bed bugs have segmented abdomens with microscopic hairs that
give them a banded appearance. Adults grow to 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in)
wide.
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Newly hatched nymphs are translucent, lighter in color, and become browner as they moult and reach maturity. A
bed bug nymph of any age that has just consumed a blood meal has a bright red, translucent abdomen, fading to
brown over the next several hours, and to opaque black within two days as the insect digests its meal. Bed bugs
may be mistaken for other insects, such as booklice, small cockroaches, or carpet beetles; however, when warm
and active, their movements are more antlike and, like most other true bugs, they emit a characteristic
disagreeable odor when crushed.
Bed bugs use pheromones and kairomones to communicate regarding nesting locations, feeding, and
reproduction.
The lifespan of bed bugs varies by species and is also dependent on feeding.
Bed bugs can survive a wide range of temperatures and atmospheric compositions. Below 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), adults
enter semi hibernation and can survive longer; they can survive for at least five days at −10 °C (14 °F), but die after
15 minutes of exposure to −32 °C (−26 °F). Common commercial and residential freezers reach temperatures low
enough to kill most life stages of bed bug, with 95% mortality after 3 days at −12 °C (10 °F).[18] They show high
desiccation tolerance, surviving low humidity and a 35–40 °C range even with loss of onethird of body weight;
earlier life stages are more susceptible to drying out than later ones.
SQUIRREL DAMAGE: STRUCTURAL AND CONTAMINATION
Eastern Grey Squirrels commonly enter houses either by chewing holes along the facia or in dormer corners, or by
entering any existing gaps 12 inches in diameter. Once inside they may chew on electrical wiring or phone lines,
displace or pack down and soil insulation, and make noise with their activities. The best way to rid squirrel
problems is to first remove the problem squirrels by trapping and relocating and then patching holes to prevent
further problems. Trimming any trees away from the house is also a good idea.
Squirrels occasionally damage lawns by burying or searching for and digging up nuts . They will chew bark and
clip twigs on ornamental trees or shrubbery planted in yards. Often squirrels take food at bird feeders. Sometimes
they chew to enlarge openings of bird houses and they enter to eat nestling songbirds. Flying squirrels are small
enough to enter most bird houses and are especially likely to eat nesting birds.
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Serving Middlesex, Mercer, Somerset, Union, Monmouth, Essex, Ocean Counties
Explanation by the professionals of the feeding habits and reproduction Termites and Tubing New Jersey
Behaviour
Eating
House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear
up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good
jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to
maintain contact with vertical surfaces.
Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive
house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food
sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives
together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter
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another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become
aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth.
House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients
produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit.
Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free
living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and
elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human
settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such
as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species
Social behaviour
The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable
to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house
mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings.
House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context.
House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal.
Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small
home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have
an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent
infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a
small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in
polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male
and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally
nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no
related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females.
In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These
populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in
the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging
species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come
into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated
or the risk of injury becomes too great.
Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all
intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed
significantly lower aggression than the territory residents.House mice show a malebiased dispersal; males
generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are
opportunistic breeders rather than seasona
Bed Bug Treatment Near
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Physicians may misdiagnose bedbug bites as allergic reactions, and treat people with steroid pills, creams or antihistamines.
While antihistamines may decrease the itching associated with the insect bites, these medications will not make the rash go
away.Steroid creams, such as hydrocortisone (Cortaid, for example), can help the itch and rash resolve quickly.
Do Bedbugs Cause Other Problems?
If the bumps from bedbugs are scratched to the point of breaking the skin, the bite may become infected.
This may appear as increased pain, redness or oozing at the site, and may worsen, rather than get better, over time. If this occurs,
immediate medical attention is needed.
It appears possible that bedbugs may be able to transmit the hepatitis B virus, as this virus has been found in bedbug droppings.
Bedbugs may also be able to transmit the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which causesChagas Disease.
What Can I Do About Bedbugs?
The best way to deal with bedbugs is by extermination. Professional pest control companies can assist with the extermination
process, usually with pesticide treatments. Sleeping in longsleeved shirts and pants may decrease the amount of skin available to be
bitten, and some studies suggest that using insect repellents containing DEET may prevent the insects from biting.
BIG BROWN BAT
This mediumsized bat ranges from 4 to 5 in (10–13 cm) in body length, with an 11 to 13in (28 to 33cm)
wingspan, and weighs between 1/2 and 5/8 oz (1416 g). The fur is moderately long and shiny brown. The wing
membranes, ears, feet, and face are dark brown to blackish in color.
Big brown bats are nocturnal, roosting during the day in hollow trees, beneath loose tree bark, in the crevices of
rocks, or in manmade structures such as attics, barns, old buildings, eaves, and window shutters. Big brown bats
navigate through the night skies by use of echolocation, producing ultrasonic sounds through the mouth or nose.
They are known also to produce audible sound during flight, a click or a sound like escaping steam.
Diet[edit]
Big brown bats are insectivorous, eating many kinds of nightflying insects including moths,beetles, and wasps
which they capture in flight. This causes the sudden, frequent changes in direction.
Hibernation[edit]
Big brown bats hibernate during the winter months, often in different locations from their summer roosts. Winter
roosts tend to be natural subterranean locations such as caves and underground mines where temperatures
remain stable; where a large majority of these bats spend the winter is still unknown. If the weather warms
enough, they may awaken to seek water, and even breed.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-39-2048.jpg)
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Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) roost in a Minnesota barn.
Lifecycle[edit]
Big brown bats mate sporadically from November through March. After the breeding season, pregnant females
separate themselves into maternity colonies. In the eastern United States, twins are commonly born sometime in
June; in western North America, females give birth to only one pup each year
Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily
Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in a separate order from
cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during
the Jurassic or Triassic. It is possible, however, that the first termites emerged during the Permian or even the
Carboniferous. Approximately 3,106 species are currently described, with a few hundred more left to be described.
Although these insects are often called white ants, they are not ants.
Like ants and some bees and wasps, which are in a separate order, Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among
castes that consist of sterile male and female “workers” and “soldiers”. All termite colonies have fertile males
called “kings” and one or more fertile females called “queens”. Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and
cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. Termites are major detritivores,
particularly in the subtropical andtropical regions, and their recycling of wood and plant matter is of considerable
ecological importance.
Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising most landmasses except for
Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a couple of hundred individuals to enormous societies with several
million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with some queens living
up to 50 years. Unlike ants, which undergo a complete metamorphosis, each individual termite goes through an
incomplete metamorphosis that proceeds through egg, nymph and adult stages. Colonies are described as
superorganismsbecause the termites form part of a selfregulating entity: the colony itself.
Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. Several
hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious damage to buildings, crops or
plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as
invasive species.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
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2 Taxonomy and phylogeny
3 Distribution and diversity
4 Description
4.1 Caste system
5 Life cycle
5.1 Reproduction
6 Behaviour and ecology
6.1 Diet
6.2 Predators
6.3 Parasites, pathogens and viruses
6.4 Locomotion and foraging
6.5 Competition
6.6 Communication
6.7 Defence
6.8 Relationship with other organisms
7 Nests
7.1 Mounds
7.2 Shelter tubes
8 Relationship with humans
8.1 As pests
8.2 As food
8.3 In agriculture
8.4 In science and technology
8.5 In culture
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
11.1 Cited literature
12 External links
Etymology[edit]
The infraorder name is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly
equal size of the forewings and hindwings. The name “termite” derives from theLatin and Late Latin word
termes (“woodworm, white ant”), altered by the influence of Latin terere(“to rub, wear, erode”) from the earlier
word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites
were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781.
Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit]
[2]
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The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close
relationship between termites and cockroaches
DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and
colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus
Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut
flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the
1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological
characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to
propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains
cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as
Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level
and below.
Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber
The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites
and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they
originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the
extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating
mammals.
Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M.
Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and
fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive
living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites
emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The
folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a,
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9][10]
[11]
[12][13][14]
[15]
[16]
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resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et
al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to
termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera.
Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families
It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in
the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised
woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with
termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar
morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics,
butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming.
The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike
characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the
wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea.
Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family
Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed
to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west
Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered.
As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder
Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective
classification
TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209
Feeding & reproduction[change | change source]
Usually both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices. In many species the mouthparts of the
females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites. In many
species, the female needs to get proteins from a blood meal before she can produce eggs. In many other species,
she can produce more eggs after a blood meal.
They lay their eggs in pools of water. The larvae move around near the surface of the water, breathing through air
tubes that stick out of the water. They get their food from the water, usually eating algae and other tiny creatures.
They like to wiggle around near the surface, which is why some people call them wigglers. The larvae usually
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[20][21]
[22]
[23][24]
[25]
[26] [27]
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enter the pupa stage within a few days or weeks of hatching, depending on the water temperature and the species.
The pupae are called tumblers because they tumble in the water if the water is touched. Tumblers do not eat, but
they move around in the water a lot, and like larvae, they breathe from tubes that stick out of the water. The pupa
stage is short (only for a few days), and then the mosquito becomes an adult.
There are many species of mosquito. This comes about because, of those which suck blood, each species is adapted
to a different host or group of hosts. There are two subfamilies, 43 genera and over 3,500 species of the Culicidae.
Vectors for disease[change | change source]
Mosquitoes are a vector (carrier) which carries diseasecausing viruses and parasites from person to person.
The principal mosquito borne diseases are the viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria carried by the
genera Anopheles and Culex. Mosquitoes transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually inAfrica,
South America, Central America, Mexico and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths.
Mosquito control[change | change source]
Dragonflies are natural predators of mosquitoes.
Methods used to prevent the spread of disease, or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic include:
1. Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding
areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping.
2. Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides,
nets and repellents.
Water[change | change source]
Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this
water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water.
The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is
now highly resistant to the chemical.
[3]
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Organic repellents[change | change source]
With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which
are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as
mosquito repellents.
Natural predators[change | change source]
The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling
populations. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. A
number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows.
Termites are an order of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called “white ants“, incorrectly,
because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera.
They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood,
leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About
10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests.
Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant
matter is very important for ecology.
A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the
ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her.
Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big
mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below).
Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a
prime example selforganised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food
sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains
nymphs (semimature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes
containing several egglaying queens
Adult bed bugs are light brown to reddishbrown, flattened, ovalshaped, and have no hind wings. The front wings
are vestigial and reduced to padlike structures. Bed bugs have segmented abdomens with microscopic hairs that
give them a banded appearance. Adults grow to 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in)
wide.
Newly hatched nymphs are translucent, lighter in color, and become browner as they moult and reach maturity. A
bed bug nymph of any age that has just consumed a blood meal has a bright red, translucent abdomen, fading to
brown over the next several hours, and to opaque black within two days as the insect digests its meal. Bed bugs
may be mistaken for other insects, such as booklice, small cockroaches, or carpet beetles; however, when warm
and active, their movements are more antlike and, like most other true bugs, they emit a characteristic
disagreeable odor when crushed.
[7]
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Bed bugs use pheromones and kairomones to communicate regarding nesting locations, feeding, and
reproduction.
The lifespan of bed bugs varies by species and is also dependent on feeding.
Bed bugs can survive a wide range of temperatures and atmospheric compositions. Below 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), adults
enter semi hibernation and can survive longer; they can survive for at least five days at −10 °C (14 °F), but die after
15 minutes of exposure to −32 °C (−26 °F). Common commercial and residential freezers reach temperatures low
enough to kill most life stages of bed bug, with 95% mortality after 3 days at −12 °C (10 °F).[18] They show high
desiccation tolerance, surviving low humidity and a 35–40 °C range even with loss of onethird of body weight;
earlier life stages are more susceptible to drying out than later ones.
SQUIRREL DAMAGE: STRUCTURAL AND CONTAMINATION
Eastern Grey Squirrels commonly enter houses either by chewing holes along the facia or in dormer corners, or by
entering any existing gaps 12 inches in diameter. Once inside they may chew on electrical wiring or phone lines,
displace or pack down and soil insulation, and make noise with their activities. The best way to rid squirrel
problems is to first remove the problem squirrels by trapping and relocating and then patching holes to prevent
further problems. Trimming any trees away from the house is also a good idea.
Squirrels occasionally damage lawns by burying or searching for and digging up nuts . They will chew bark and
clip twigs on ornamental trees or shrubbery planted in yards. Often squirrels take food at bird feeders. Sometimes
they chew to enlarge openings of bird houses and they enter to eat nestling songbirds. Flying squirrels are small
enough to enter most bird houses and are especially likely to eat nesting birds.
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Eating
House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear
up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good
jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to
maintain contact with vertical surfaces.
Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive
house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food
sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives
together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter
another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become
aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth.
House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients
produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit.
Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free
living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and
elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human
settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such
as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species
Social behaviour
The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable
to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house
mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings.
House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context.
House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal.
Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small
home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have
an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent
infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a
small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in
polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male
and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally
[citation needed]
]
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nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no
related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females.
In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These
populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in
the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging
species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come
into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated
or the risk of injury becomes too great.
Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all
intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed
significantly lower aggression than the territory residents.House mice show a malebiased dispersal; males
generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are
opportunistic breeders rather than seasona
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An engorged bedbug after a blood meal. A.D.A.M.
Updated February 01, 2016.
What are Bedbugs?
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Big brown bats are nocturnal, roosting during the day in hollow trees, beneath loose tree bark, in the crevices of
rocks, or in manmade structures such as attics, barns, old buildings, eaves, and window shutters. Big brown bats
navigate through the night skies by use of echolocation, producing ultrasonic sounds through the mouth or nose.
They are known also to produce audible sound during flight, a click or a sound like escaping steam.
Diet[edit]
Big brown bats are insectivorous, eating many kinds of nightflying insects including moths,beetles, and wasps
which they capture in flight. This causes the sudden, frequent changes in direction.
Hibernation[edit]
Big brown bats hibernate during the winter months, often in different locations from their summer roosts. Winter
roosts tend to be natural subterranean locations such as caves and underground mines where temperatures
remain stable; where a large majority of these bats spend the winter is still unknown. If the weather warms
enough, they may awaken to seek water, and even breed.
Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) roost in a Minnesota barn.
Lifecycle[edit]
Big brown bats mate sporadically from November through March. After the breeding season, pregnant females
separate themselves into maternity colonies. In the eastern United States, twins are commonly born sometime in
June; in western North America, females give birth to only one pup each year
Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily
Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in a separate order from
cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during
the Jurassic or Triassic. It is possible, however, that the first termites emerged during the Permian or even the
Carboniferous. Approximately 3,106 species are currently described, with a few hundred more left to be described.
Although these insects are often called white ants, they are not ants.
Like ants and some bees and wasps, which are in a separate order, Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among
castes that consist of sterile male and female “workers” and “soldiers”. All termite colonies have fertile males
called “kings” and one or more fertile females called “queens”. Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and
cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. Termites are major detritivores,
particularly in the subtropical andtropical regions, and their recycling of wood and plant matter is of considerable
ecological importance.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-60-2048.jpg)
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Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising most landmasses except for
Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a couple of hundred individuals to enormous societies with several
million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with some queens living
up to 50 years. Unlike ants, which undergo a complete metamorphosis, each individual termite goes through an
incomplete metamorphosis that proceeds through egg, nymph and adult stages. Colonies are described as
superorganismsbecause the termites form part of a selfregulating entity: the colony itself.
Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. Several
hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious damage to buildings, crops or
plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as
invasive species.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Taxonomy and phylogeny
3 Distribution and diversity
4 Description
4.1 Caste system
5 Life cycle
5.1 Reproduction
6 Behaviour and ecology
6.1 Diet
6.2 Predators
6.3 Parasites, pathogens and viruses
6.4 Locomotion and foraging
6.5 Competition
6.6 Communication
6.7 Defence
6.8 Relationship with other organisms
7 Nests
7.1 Mounds
7.2 Shelter tubes
8 Relationship with humans
8.1 As pests
8.2 As food
8.3 In agriculture
8.4 In science and technology
8.5 In culture
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
11.1 Cited literature
[1]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-61-2048.jpg)
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12 External links
Etymology[edit]
The infraorder name is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly
equal size of the forewings and hindwings. The name “termite” derives from theLatin and Late Latin word
termes (“woodworm, white ant”), altered by the influence of Latin terere(“to rub, wear, erode”) from the earlier
word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites
were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781.
Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit]
The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close
relationship between termites and cockroaches
DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and
colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus
Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut
flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the
1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological
characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to
propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains
cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as
Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level
and below.
Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber
[2]
[3][4]
[3] [5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9][10]
[11]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-62-2048.jpg)
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The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites
and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they
originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the
extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating
mammals.
Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M.
Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and
fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive
living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites
emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The
folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a,
resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et
al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to
termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera.
Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families
It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in
the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised
woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with
termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar
morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics,
butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming.
The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike
characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the
wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea.
Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family
Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed
to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west
Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered.
As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder
Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective
classification
TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209
[12][13][14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18] [9]
[17]
[19]
[20][21]
[22]
[23][24]
[25]
[26] [27]
[28]
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Feeding & reproduction[change | change source]
Usually both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices. In many species the mouthparts of the
females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites. In many
species, the female needs to get proteins from a blood meal before she can produce eggs. In many other species,
she can produce more eggs after a blood meal.
They lay their eggs in pools of water. The larvae move around near the surface of the water, breathing through air
tubes that stick out of the water. They get their food from the water, usually eating algae and other tiny creatures.
They like to wiggle around near the surface, which is why some people call them wigglers. The larvae usually
enter the pupa stage within a few days or weeks of hatching, depending on the water temperature and the species.
The pupae are called tumblers because they tumble in the water if the water is touched. Tumblers do not eat, but
they move around in the water a lot, and like larvae, they breathe from tubes that stick out of the water. The pupa
stage is short (only for a few days), and then the mosquito becomes an adult.
There are many species of mosquito. This comes about because, of those which suck blood, each species is adapted
to a different host or group of hosts. There are two subfamilies, 43 genera and over 3,500 species of the Culicidae.
Vectors for disease[change | change source]
Mosquitoes are a vector (carrier) which carries diseasecausing viruses and parasites from person to person.
The principal mosquito borne diseases are the viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria carried by the
genera Anopheles and Culex. Mosquitoes transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually inAfrica,
South America, Central America, Mexico and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths.
Mosquito control[change | change source]
Dragonflies are natural predators of mosquitoes.
Methods used to prevent the spread of disease, or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic include:
[3]
[4]
[5][6]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-64-2048.jpg)
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1. Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding
areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping.
2. Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides,
nets and repellents.
Water[change | change source]
Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this
water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water.
The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is
now highly resistant to the chemical.
Organic repellents[change | change source]
With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which
are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as
mosquito repellents.
Natural predators[change | change source]
The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling
populations. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. A
number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows.
Termites are an order of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called “white ants“, incorrectly,
because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera.
They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood,
leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About
10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests.
Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant
matter is very important for ecology.
A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the
ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her.
Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big
mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below).
Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a
prime example selforganised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food
sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains
nymphs (semimature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes
containing several egglaying queens
[7]
[8] [9]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-65-2048.jpg)
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Adult bed bugs are light brown to reddishbrown, flattened, ovalshaped, and have no hind wings. The front wings
are vestigial and reduced to padlike structures. Bed bugs have segmented abdomens with microscopic hairs that
give them a banded appearance. Adults grow to 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in)
wide.
Newly hatched nymphs are translucent, lighter in color, and become browner as they moult and reach maturity. A
bed bug nymph of any age that has just consumed a blood meal has a bright red, translucent abdomen, fading to
brown over the next several hours, and to opaque black within two days as the insect digests its meal. Bed bugs
may be mistaken for other insects, such as booklice, small cockroaches, or carpet beetles; however, when warm
and active, their movements are more antlike and, like most other true bugs, they emit a characteristic
disagreeable odor when crushed.
Bed bugs use pheromones and kairomones to communicate regarding nesting locations, feeding, and
reproduction.
The lifespan of bed bugs varies by species and is also dependent on feeding.
Bed bugs can survive a wide range of temperatures and atmospheric compositions. Below 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), adults
enter semi hibernation and can survive longer; they can survive for at least five days at −10 °C (14 °F), but die after
15 minutes of exposure to −32 °C (−26 °F). Common commercial and residential freezers reach temperatures low
enough to kill most life stages of bed bug, with 95% mortality after 3 days at −12 °C (10 °F).[18] They show high
desiccation tolerance, surviving low humidity and a 35–40 °C range even with loss of onethird of body weight;
earlier life stages are more susceptible to drying out than later ones.
SQUIRREL DAMAGE: STRUCTURAL AND CONTAMINATION
Eastern Grey Squirrels commonly enter houses either by chewing holes along the facia or in dormer corners, or by
entering any existing gaps 12 inches in diameter. Once inside they may chew on electrical wiring or phone lines,
displace or pack down and soil insulation, and make noise with their activities. The best way to rid squirrel
problems is to first remove the problem squirrels by trapping and relocating and then patching holes to prevent
further problems. Trimming any trees away from the house is also a good idea.
Squirrels occasionally damage lawns by burying or searching for and digging up nuts . They will chew bark and
clip twigs on ornamental trees or shrubbery planted in yards. Often squirrels take food at bird feeders. Sometimes
they chew to enlarge openings of bird houses and they enter to eat nestling songbirds. Flying squirrels are small
enough to enter most bird houses and are especially likely to eat nesting birds.
Eliminex Carpenter Bee NJ, Ground Hornets Services NJ these areas in New Jersey Pest Control service areas by
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County NJ, Pest Control Bergen County NJ, Pest Control Morris County NJ, Pest Control Mercer County NJ, Pest
Control Somerset County NJ, Pest Control Union County NJ, Pest Control Burlington County NJ, Pest Control
Sussex County NJ, Pest Control East Brunswick NJ and can be found by searching for Exterminators NJ
Exterminator NJ
Eliminex Termite and Pest Control NJ Service Areas By Towns Include Pest Control Edison NJ, Pest Control
Highland Park NJ, Pest Control East Brunswick NJ, Pest Control New Brunswick NJ, Pest Control Old Bridge NJ,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-66-2048.jpg)
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Eating
House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear
up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good
jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to
maintain contact with vertical surfaces.
Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive
house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food
sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives
together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter
another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become
aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth.
House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients
produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit.
Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free
living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and
elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human
settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such
as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species
Social behaviour
The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable
to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house
mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings.
House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context.
House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal.
Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small
home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have
an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent
infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a
small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in
polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male
and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally
[citation needed]
]
[24][25]
]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-77-2048.jpg)
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nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no
related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females.
In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These
populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in
the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging
species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come
into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated
or the risk of injury becomes too great.
Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all
intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed
significantly lower aggression than the territory residents.House mice show a malebiased dispersal; males
generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are
opportunistic breeders rather than seasona
Bed Bug Treatment Near
Bedbug
Get Rid of Bed Bugs
How to Kill Bed Bugs
What Are Bed Bugs
Allergy
Pest Control New Jersey 7323094209 http://newjerseypest.com
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An engorged bedbug after a blood meal. A.D.A.M.
Updated February 01, 2016.
What are Bedbugs?
[25]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-78-2048.jpg)
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Big brown bats are nocturnal, roosting during the day in hollow trees, beneath loose tree bark, in the crevices of
rocks, or in manmade structures such as attics, barns, old buildings, eaves, and window shutters. Big brown bats
navigate through the night skies by use of echolocation, producing ultrasonic sounds through the mouth or nose.
They are known also to produce audible sound during flight, a click or a sound like escaping steam.
Diet[edit]
Big brown bats are insectivorous, eating many kinds of nightflying insects including moths,beetles, and wasps
which they capture in flight. This causes the sudden, frequent changes in direction.
Hibernation[edit]
Big brown bats hibernate during the winter months, often in different locations from their summer roosts. Winter
roosts tend to be natural subterranean locations such as caves and underground mines where temperatures
remain stable; where a large majority of these bats spend the winter is still unknown. If the weather warms
enough, they may awaken to seek water, and even breed.
Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) roost in a Minnesota barn.
Lifecycle[edit]
Big brown bats mate sporadically from November through March. After the breeding season, pregnant females
separate themselves into maternity colonies. In the eastern United States, twins are commonly born sometime in
June; in western North America, females give birth to only one pup each year
Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily
Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in a separate order from
cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during
the Jurassic or Triassic. It is possible, however, that the first termites emerged during the Permian or even the
Carboniferous. Approximately 3,106 species are currently described, with a few hundred more left to be described.
Although these insects are often called white ants, they are not ants.
Like ants and some bees and wasps, which are in a separate order, Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among
castes that consist of sterile male and female “workers” and “soldiers”. All termite colonies have fertile males
called “kings” and one or more fertile females called “queens”. Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and
cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. Termites are major detritivores,
particularly in the subtropical andtropical regions, and their recycling of wood and plant matter is of considerable
ecological importance.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-80-2048.jpg)
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Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising most landmasses except for
Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a couple of hundred individuals to enormous societies with several
million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with some queens living
up to 50 years. Unlike ants, which undergo a complete metamorphosis, each individual termite goes through an
incomplete metamorphosis that proceeds through egg, nymph and adult stages. Colonies are described as
superorganismsbecause the termites form part of a selfregulating entity: the colony itself.
Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. Several
hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious damage to buildings, crops or
plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as
invasive species.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Taxonomy and phylogeny
3 Distribution and diversity
4 Description
4.1 Caste system
5 Life cycle
5.1 Reproduction
6 Behaviour and ecology
6.1 Diet
6.2 Predators
6.3 Parasites, pathogens and viruses
6.4 Locomotion and foraging
6.5 Competition
6.6 Communication
6.7 Defence
6.8 Relationship with other organisms
7 Nests
7.1 Mounds
7.2 Shelter tubes
8 Relationship with humans
8.1 As pests
8.2 As food
8.3 In agriculture
8.4 In science and technology
8.5 In culture
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
11.1 Cited literature
[1]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-81-2048.jpg)
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12 External links
Etymology[edit]
The infraorder name is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly
equal size of the forewings and hindwings. The name “termite” derives from theLatin and Late Latin word
termes (“woodworm, white ant”), altered by the influence of Latin terere(“to rub, wear, erode”) from the earlier
word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites
were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781.
Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit]
The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close
relationship between termites and cockroaches
DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and
colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus
Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut
flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the
1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological
characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to
propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains
cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as
Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level
and below.
Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber
[2]
[3][4]
[3] [5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9][10]
[11]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-82-2048.jpg)
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The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites
and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they
originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the
extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating
mammals.
Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M.
Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and
fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive
living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites
emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The
folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a,
resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et
al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to
termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera.
Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families
It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in
the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised
woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with
termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar
morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics,
butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming.
The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike
characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the
wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea.
Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family
Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed
to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west
Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered.
As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder
Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective
classification
TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209
[12][13][14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18] [9]
[17]
[19]
[20][21]
[22]
[23][24]
[25]
[26] [27]
[28]
[29]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-83-2048.jpg)
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Feeding & reproduction[change | change source]
Usually both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices. In many species the mouthparts of the
females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites. In many
species, the female needs to get proteins from a blood meal before she can produce eggs. In many other species,
she can produce more eggs after a blood meal.
They lay their eggs in pools of water. The larvae move around near the surface of the water, breathing through air
tubes that stick out of the water. They get their food from the water, usually eating algae and other tiny creatures.
They like to wiggle around near the surface, which is why some people call them wigglers. The larvae usually
enter the pupa stage within a few days or weeks of hatching, depending on the water temperature and the species.
The pupae are called tumblers because they tumble in the water if the water is touched. Tumblers do not eat, but
they move around in the water a lot, and like larvae, they breathe from tubes that stick out of the water. The pupa
stage is short (only for a few days), and then the mosquito becomes an adult.
There are many species of mosquito. This comes about because, of those which suck blood, each species is adapted
to a different host or group of hosts. There are two subfamilies, 43 genera and over 3,500 species of the Culicidae.
Vectors for disease[change | change source]
Mosquitoes are a vector (carrier) which carries diseasecausing viruses and parasites from person to person.
The principal mosquito borne diseases are the viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria carried by the
genera Anopheles and Culex. Mosquitoes transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually inAfrica,
South America, Central America, Mexico and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths.
Mosquito control[change | change source]
Dragonflies are natural predators of mosquitoes.
Methods used to prevent the spread of disease, or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic include:
[3]
[4]
[5][6]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-84-2048.jpg)
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1. Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding
areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping.
2. Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides,
nets and repellents.
Water[change | change source]
Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this
water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water.
The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is
now highly resistant to the chemical.
Organic repellents[change | change source]
With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which
are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as
mosquito repellents.
Natural predators[change | change source]
The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling
populations. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. A
number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows.
Termites are an order of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called “white ants“, incorrectly,
because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera.
They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood,
leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About
10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests.
Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant
matter is very important for ecology.
A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the
ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her.
Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big
mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below).
Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a
prime example selforganised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food
sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains
nymphs (semimature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes
containing several egglaying queens
[7]
[8] [9]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-85-2048.jpg)
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Adult bed bugs are light brown to reddishbrown, flattened, ovalshaped, and have no hind wings. The front wings
are vestigial and reduced to padlike structures. Bed bugs have segmented abdomens with microscopic hairs that
give them a banded appearance. Adults grow to 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in)
wide.
Newly hatched nymphs are translucent, lighter in color, and become browner as they moult and reach maturity. A
bed bug nymph of any age that has just consumed a blood meal has a bright red, translucent abdomen, fading to
brown over the next several hours, and to opaque black within two days as the insect digests its meal. Bed bugs
may be mistaken for other insects, such as booklice, small cockroaches, or carpet beetles; however, when warm
and active, their movements are more antlike and, like most other true bugs, they emit a characteristic
disagreeable odor when crushed.
Bed bugs use pheromones and kairomones to communicate regarding nesting locations, feeding, and
reproduction.
The lifespan of bed bugs varies by species and is also dependent on feeding.
Bed bugs can survive a wide range of temperatures and atmospheric compositions. Below 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), adults
enter semi hibernation and can survive longer; they can survive for at least five days at −10 °C (14 °F), but die after
15 minutes of exposure to −32 °C (−26 °F). Common commercial and residential freezers reach temperatures low
enough to kill most life stages of bed bug, with 95% mortality after 3 days at −12 °C (10 °F).[18] They show high
desiccation tolerance, surviving low humidity and a 35–40 °C range even with loss of onethird of body weight;
earlier life stages are more susceptible to drying out than later ones.
SQUIRREL DAMAGE: STRUCTURAL AND CONTAMINATION
Eastern Grey Squirrels commonly enter houses either by chewing holes along the facia or in dormer corners, or by
entering any existing gaps 12 inches in diameter. Once inside they may chew on electrical wiring or phone lines,
displace or pack down and soil insulation, and make noise with their activities. The best way to rid squirrel
problems is to first remove the problem squirrels by trapping and relocating and then patching holes to prevent
further problems. Trimming any trees away from the house is also a good idea.
Squirrels occasionally damage lawns by burying or searching for and digging up nuts . They will chew bark and
clip twigs on ornamental trees or shrubbery planted in yards. Often squirrels take food at bird feeders. Sometimes
they chew to enlarge openings of bird houses and they enter to eat nestling songbirds. Flying squirrels are small
enough to enter most bird houses and are especially likely to eat nesting birds.
Eliminex Carpenter Bee NJ, Ground Hornets Services NJ these areas in New Jersey Pest Control service areas by
county include Pest Control Monmouth County NJ, Pest Control Ocean County NJ, Pest Control Middlesex
County NJ, Pest Control Bergen County NJ, Pest Control Morris County NJ, Pest Control Mercer County NJ, Pest
Control Somerset County NJ, Pest Control Union County NJ, Pest Control Burlington County NJ, Pest Control
Sussex County NJ, Pest Control East Brunswick NJ and can be found by searching for Exterminators NJ
Exterminator NJ
Eliminex Termite and Pest Control NJ Service Areas By Towns Include Pest Control Edison NJ, Pest Control
Highland Park NJ, Pest Control East Brunswick NJ, Pest Control New Brunswick NJ, Pest Control Old Bridge NJ,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-86-2048.jpg)
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Eating
House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear
up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good
jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to
maintain contact with vertical surfaces.
Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive
house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food
sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives
together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter
another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become
aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth.
House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients
produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit.
Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free
living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and
elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human
settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such
as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species
Social behaviour
The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable
to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house
mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings.
House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context.
House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal.
Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small
home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have
an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent
infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a
small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in
polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male
and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally
[citation needed]
]
[24][25]
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nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no
related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females.
In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These
populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in
the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging
species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come
into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated
or the risk of injury becomes too great.
Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all
intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed
significantly lower aggression than the territory residents.House mice show a malebiased dispersal; males
generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are
opportunistic breeders rather than seasona
Bed Bug Treatment Near
Bedbug
Get Rid of Bed Bugs
How to Kill Bed Bugs
What Are Bed Bugs
Allergy
Pest Control New Jersey 7323094209 http://newjerseypest.com
Follow us at Twitter https://twitter.com/EliminexPestNJ
Subscribe to Eliminex http://www.youtube.com/user/pestpro?sub_confirmation=1
Google + https://plus.google.com/u/0/112467702429496278382
https://plus.google.com/105144006309638958227/about
https://www.youtube.com/user/pestpro/videos
An engorged bedbug after a blood meal. A.D.A.M.
Updated February 01, 2016.
What are Bedbugs?
[25]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-98-2048.jpg)
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Big brown bats are nocturnal, roosting during the day in hollow trees, beneath loose tree bark, in the crevices of
rocks, or in manmade structures such as attics, barns, old buildings, eaves, and window shutters. Big brown bats
navigate through the night skies by use of echolocation, producing ultrasonic sounds through the mouth or nose.
They are known also to produce audible sound during flight, a click or a sound like escaping steam.
Diet[edit]
Big brown bats are insectivorous, eating many kinds of nightflying insects including moths,beetles, and wasps
which they capture in flight. This causes the sudden, frequent changes in direction.
Hibernation[edit]
Big brown bats hibernate during the winter months, often in different locations from their summer roosts. Winter
roosts tend to be natural subterranean locations such as caves and underground mines where temperatures
remain stable; where a large majority of these bats spend the winter is still unknown. If the weather warms
enough, they may awaken to seek water, and even breed.
Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) roost in a Minnesota barn.
Lifecycle[edit]
Big brown bats mate sporadically from November through March. After the breeding season, pregnant females
separate themselves into maternity colonies. In the eastern United States, twins are commonly born sometime in
June; in western North America, females give birth to only one pup each year
Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily
Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in a separate order from
cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during
the Jurassic or Triassic. It is possible, however, that the first termites emerged during the Permian or even the
Carboniferous. Approximately 3,106 species are currently described, with a few hundred more left to be described.
Although these insects are often called white ants, they are not ants.
Like ants and some bees and wasps, which are in a separate order, Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among
castes that consist of sterile male and female “workers” and “soldiers”. All termite colonies have fertile males
called “kings” and one or more fertile females called “queens”. Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and
cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. Termites are major detritivores,
particularly in the subtropical andtropical regions, and their recycling of wood and plant matter is of considerable
ecological importance.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-100-2048.jpg)
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Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising most landmasses except for
Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a couple of hundred individuals to enormous societies with several
million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with some queens living
up to 50 years. Unlike ants, which undergo a complete metamorphosis, each individual termite goes through an
incomplete metamorphosis that proceeds through egg, nymph and adult stages. Colonies are described as
superorganismsbecause the termites form part of a selfregulating entity: the colony itself.
Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. Several
hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious damage to buildings, crops or
plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as
invasive species.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Taxonomy and phylogeny
3 Distribution and diversity
4 Description
4.1 Caste system
5 Life cycle
5.1 Reproduction
6 Behaviour and ecology
6.1 Diet
6.2 Predators
6.3 Parasites, pathogens and viruses
6.4 Locomotion and foraging
6.5 Competition
6.6 Communication
6.7 Defence
6.8 Relationship with other organisms
7 Nests
7.1 Mounds
7.2 Shelter tubes
8 Relationship with humans
8.1 As pests
8.2 As food
8.3 In agriculture
8.4 In science and technology
8.5 In culture
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
11.1 Cited literature
[1]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-101-2048.jpg)
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12 External links
Etymology[edit]
The infraorder name is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly
equal size of the forewings and hindwings. The name “termite” derives from theLatin and Late Latin word
termes (“woodworm, white ant”), altered by the influence of Latin terere(“to rub, wear, erode”) from the earlier
word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites
were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781.
Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit]
The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close
relationship between termites and cockroaches
DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and
colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus
Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut
flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the
1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological
characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to
propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains
cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as
Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level
and below.
Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber
[2]
[3][4]
[3] [5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9][10]
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The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites
and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they
originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the
extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating
mammals.
Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M.
Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and
fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive
living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites
emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The
folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a,
resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et
al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to
termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera.
Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families
It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in
the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised
woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with
termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar
morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics,
butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming.
The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike
characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the
wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea.
Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family
Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed
to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west
Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered.
As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder
Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective
classification
TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209
[12][13][14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18] [9]
[17]
[19]
[20][21]
[22]
[23][24]
[25]
[26] [27]
[28]
[29]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-103-2048.jpg)
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Feeding & reproduction[change | change source]
Usually both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices. In many species the mouthparts of the
females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites. In many
species, the female needs to get proteins from a blood meal before she can produce eggs. In many other species,
she can produce more eggs after a blood meal.
They lay their eggs in pools of water. The larvae move around near the surface of the water, breathing through air
tubes that stick out of the water. They get their food from the water, usually eating algae and other tiny creatures.
They like to wiggle around near the surface, which is why some people call them wigglers. The larvae usually
enter the pupa stage within a few days or weeks of hatching, depending on the water temperature and the species.
The pupae are called tumblers because they tumble in the water if the water is touched. Tumblers do not eat, but
they move around in the water a lot, and like larvae, they breathe from tubes that stick out of the water. The pupa
stage is short (only for a few days), and then the mosquito becomes an adult.
There are many species of mosquito. This comes about because, of those which suck blood, each species is adapted
to a different host or group of hosts. There are two subfamilies, 43 genera and over 3,500 species of the Culicidae.
Vectors for disease[change | change source]
Mosquitoes are a vector (carrier) which carries diseasecausing viruses and parasites from person to person.
The principal mosquito borne diseases are the viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria carried by the
genera Anopheles and Culex. Mosquitoes transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually inAfrica,
South America, Central America, Mexico and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths.
Mosquito control[change | change source]
Dragonflies are natural predators of mosquitoes.
Methods used to prevent the spread of disease, or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic include:
[3]
[4]
[5][6]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-104-2048.jpg)
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1. Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding
areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping.
2. Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides,
nets and repellents.
Water[change | change source]
Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this
water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water.
The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is
now highly resistant to the chemical.
Organic repellents[change | change source]
With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which
are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as
mosquito repellents.
Natural predators[change | change source]
The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling
populations. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. A
number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows.
Termites are an order of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called “white ants“, incorrectly,
because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera.
They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood,
leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About
10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests.
Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant
matter is very important for ecology.
A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the
ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her.
Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big
mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below).
Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a
prime example selforganised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food
sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains
nymphs (semimature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes
containing several egglaying queens
[7]
[8] [9]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-105-2048.jpg)
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Adult bed bugs are light brown to reddishbrown, flattened, ovalshaped, and have no hind wings. The front wings
are vestigial and reduced to padlike structures. Bed bugs have segmented abdomens with microscopic hairs that
give them a banded appearance. Adults grow to 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in)
wide.
Newly hatched nymphs are translucent, lighter in color, and become browner as they moult and reach maturity. A
bed bug nymph of any age that has just consumed a blood meal has a bright red, translucent abdomen, fading to
brown over the next several hours, and to opaque black within two days as the insect digests its meal. Bed bugs
may be mistaken for other insects, such as booklice, small cockroaches, or carpet beetles; however, when warm
and active, their movements are more antlike and, like most other true bugs, they emit a characteristic
disagreeable odor when crushed.
Bed bugs use pheromones and kairomones to communicate regarding nesting locations, feeding, and
reproduction.
The lifespan of bed bugs varies by species and is also dependent on feeding.
Bed bugs can survive a wide range of temperatures and atmospheric compositions. Below 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), adults
enter semi hibernation and can survive longer; they can survive for at least five days at −10 °C (14 °F), but die after
15 minutes of exposure to −32 °C (−26 °F). Common commercial and residential freezers reach temperatures low
enough to kill most life stages of bed bug, with 95% mortality after 3 days at −12 °C (10 °F).[18] They show high
desiccation tolerance, surviving low humidity and a 35–40 °C range even with loss of onethird of body weight;
earlier life stages are more susceptible to drying out than later ones.
SQUIRREL DAMAGE: STRUCTURAL AND CONTAMINATION
Eastern Grey Squirrels commonly enter houses either by chewing holes along the facia or in dormer corners, or by
entering any existing gaps 12 inches in diameter. Once inside they may chew on electrical wiring or phone lines,
displace or pack down and soil insulation, and make noise with their activities. The best way to rid squirrel
problems is to first remove the problem squirrels by trapping and relocating and then patching holes to prevent
further problems. Trimming any trees away from the house is also a good idea.
Squirrels occasionally damage lawns by burying or searching for and digging up nuts . They will chew bark and
clip twigs on ornamental trees or shrubbery planted in yards. Often squirrels take food at bird feeders. Sometimes
they chew to enlarge openings of bird houses and they enter to eat nestling songbirds. Flying squirrels are small
enough to enter most bird houses and are especially likely to eat nesting birds.
Eliminex Carpenter Bee NJ, Ground Hornets Services NJ these areas in New Jersey Pest Control service areas by
county include Pest Control Monmouth County NJ, Pest Control Ocean County NJ, Pest Control Middlesex
County NJ, Pest Control Bergen County NJ, Pest Control Morris County NJ, Pest Control Mercer County NJ, Pest
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Sussex County NJ, Pest Control East Brunswick NJ and can be found by searching for Exterminators NJ
Exterminator NJ
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Eating
House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear
up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good
jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to
maintain contact with vertical surfaces.
Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive
house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food
sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives
together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter
another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become
aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth.
House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients
produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit.
Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free
living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and
elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human
settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such
as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species
Social behaviour
The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable
to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house
mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings.
House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context.
House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal.
Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small
home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have
an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent
infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a
small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in
polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male
and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally
[citation needed]
]
[24][25]
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nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no
related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females.
In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These
populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in
the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging
species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come
into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated
or the risk of injury becomes too great.
Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all
intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed
significantly lower aggression than the territory residents.House mice show a malebiased dispersal; males
generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are
opportunistic breeders rather than seasona
Bed Bug Treatment Near
Bedbug
Get Rid of Bed Bugs
How to Kill Bed Bugs
What Are Bed Bugs
Allergy
Pest Control New Jersey 7323094209 http://newjerseypest.com
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An engorged bedbug after a blood meal. A.D.A.M.
Updated February 01, 2016.
What are Bedbugs?
[25]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-118-2048.jpg)
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Big brown bats are nocturnal, roosting during the day in hollow trees, beneath loose tree bark, in the crevices of
rocks, or in manmade structures such as attics, barns, old buildings, eaves, and window shutters. Big brown bats
navigate through the night skies by use of echolocation, producing ultrasonic sounds through the mouth or nose.
They are known also to produce audible sound during flight, a click or a sound like escaping steam.
Diet[edit]
Big brown bats are insectivorous, eating many kinds of nightflying insects including moths,beetles, and wasps
which they capture in flight. This causes the sudden, frequent changes in direction.
Hibernation[edit]
Big brown bats hibernate during the winter months, often in different locations from their summer roosts. Winter
roosts tend to be natural subterranean locations such as caves and underground mines where temperatures
remain stable; where a large majority of these bats spend the winter is still unknown. If the weather warms
enough, they may awaken to seek water, and even breed.
Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) roost in a Minnesota barn.
Lifecycle[edit]
Big brown bats mate sporadically from November through March. After the breeding season, pregnant females
separate themselves into maternity colonies. In the eastern United States, twins are commonly born sometime in
June; in western North America, females give birth to only one pup each year
Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily
Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in a separate order from
cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during
the Jurassic or Triassic. It is possible, however, that the first termites emerged during the Permian or even the
Carboniferous. Approximately 3,106 species are currently described, with a few hundred more left to be described.
Although these insects are often called white ants, they are not ants.
Like ants and some bees and wasps, which are in a separate order, Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among
castes that consist of sterile male and female “workers” and “soldiers”. All termite colonies have fertile males
called “kings” and one or more fertile females called “queens”. Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and
cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. Termites are major detritivores,
particularly in the subtropical andtropical regions, and their recycling of wood and plant matter is of considerable
ecological importance.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-120-2048.jpg)
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Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising most landmasses except for
Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a couple of hundred individuals to enormous societies with several
million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with some queens living
up to 50 years. Unlike ants, which undergo a complete metamorphosis, each individual termite goes through an
incomplete metamorphosis that proceeds through egg, nymph and adult stages. Colonies are described as
superorganismsbecause the termites form part of a selfregulating entity: the colony itself.
Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. Several
hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious damage to buildings, crops or
plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as
invasive species.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Taxonomy and phylogeny
3 Distribution and diversity
4 Description
4.1 Caste system
5 Life cycle
5.1 Reproduction
6 Behaviour and ecology
6.1 Diet
6.2 Predators
6.3 Parasites, pathogens and viruses
6.4 Locomotion and foraging
6.5 Competition
6.6 Communication
6.7 Defence
6.8 Relationship with other organisms
7 Nests
7.1 Mounds
7.2 Shelter tubes
8 Relationship with humans
8.1 As pests
8.2 As food
8.3 In agriculture
8.4 In science and technology
8.5 In culture
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
11.1 Cited literature
[1]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-121-2048.jpg)
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12 External links
Etymology[edit]
The infraorder name is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly
equal size of the forewings and hindwings. The name “termite” derives from theLatin and Late Latin word
termes (“woodworm, white ant”), altered by the influence of Latin terere(“to rub, wear, erode”) from the earlier
word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites
were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781.
Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit]
The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close
relationship between termites and cockroaches
DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and
colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus
Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut
flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the
1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological
characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to
propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains
cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as
Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level
and below.
Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber
[2]
[3][4]
[3] [5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9][10]
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The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites
and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they
originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the
extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating
mammals.
Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M.
Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and
fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive
living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites
emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The
folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a,
resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et
al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to
termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera.
Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families
It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in
the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised
woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with
termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar
morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics,
butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming.
The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike
characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the
wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea.
Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family
Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed
to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west
Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered.
As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder
Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective
classification
TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209
[12][13][14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18] [9]
[17]
[19]
[20][21]
[22]
[23][24]
[25]
[26] [27]
[28]
[29]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-123-2048.jpg)
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Feeding & reproduction[change | change source]
Usually both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices. In many species the mouthparts of the
females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites. In many
species, the female needs to get proteins from a blood meal before she can produce eggs. In many other species,
she can produce more eggs after a blood meal.
They lay their eggs in pools of water. The larvae move around near the surface of the water, breathing through air
tubes that stick out of the water. They get their food from the water, usually eating algae and other tiny creatures.
They like to wiggle around near the surface, which is why some people call them wigglers. The larvae usually
enter the pupa stage within a few days or weeks of hatching, depending on the water temperature and the species.
The pupae are called tumblers because they tumble in the water if the water is touched. Tumblers do not eat, but
they move around in the water a lot, and like larvae, they breathe from tubes that stick out of the water. The pupa
stage is short (only for a few days), and then the mosquito becomes an adult.
There are many species of mosquito. This comes about because, of those which suck blood, each species is adapted
to a different host or group of hosts. There are two subfamilies, 43 genera and over 3,500 species of the Culicidae.
Vectors for disease[change | change source]
Mosquitoes are a vector (carrier) which carries diseasecausing viruses and parasites from person to person.
The principal mosquito borne diseases are the viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria carried by the
genera Anopheles and Culex. Mosquitoes transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually inAfrica,
South America, Central America, Mexico and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths.
Mosquito control[change | change source]
Dragonflies are natural predators of mosquitoes.
Methods used to prevent the spread of disease, or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic include:
[3]
[4]
[5][6]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-124-2048.jpg)
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1. Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding
areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping.
2. Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides,
nets and repellents.
Water[change | change source]
Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this
water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water.
The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is
now highly resistant to the chemical.
Organic repellents[change | change source]
With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which
are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as
mosquito repellents.
Natural predators[change | change source]
The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling
populations. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. A
number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows.
Termites are an order of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called “white ants“, incorrectly,
because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera.
They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood,
leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About
10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests.
Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant
matter is very important for ecology.
A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the
ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her.
Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big
mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below).
Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a
prime example selforganised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food
sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains
nymphs (semimature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes
containing several egglaying queens
[7]
[8] [9]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-125-2048.jpg)
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Adult bed bugs are light brown to reddishbrown, flattened, ovalshaped, and have no hind wings. The front wings
are vestigial and reduced to padlike structures. Bed bugs have segmented abdomens with microscopic hairs that
give them a banded appearance. Adults grow to 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in)
wide.
Newly hatched nymphs are translucent, lighter in color, and become browner as they moult and reach maturity. A
bed bug nymph of any age that has just consumed a blood meal has a bright red, translucent abdomen, fading to
brown over the next several hours, and to opaque black within two days as the insect digests its meal. Bed bugs
may be mistaken for other insects, such as booklice, small cockroaches, or carpet beetles; however, when warm
and active, their movements are more antlike and, like most other true bugs, they emit a characteristic
disagreeable odor when crushed.
Bed bugs use pheromones and kairomones to communicate regarding nesting locations, feeding, and
reproduction.
The lifespan of bed bugs varies by species and is also dependent on feeding.
Bed bugs can survive a wide range of temperatures and atmospheric compositions. Below 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), adults
enter semi hibernation and can survive longer; they can survive for at least five days at −10 °C (14 °F), but die after
15 minutes of exposure to −32 °C (−26 °F). Common commercial and residential freezers reach temperatures low
enough to kill most life stages of bed bug, with 95% mortality after 3 days at −12 °C (10 °F).[18] They show high
desiccation tolerance, surviving low humidity and a 35–40 °C range even with loss of onethird of body weight;
earlier life stages are more susceptible to drying out than later ones.
SQUIRREL DAMAGE: STRUCTURAL AND CONTAMINATION
Eastern Grey Squirrels commonly enter houses either by chewing holes along the facia or in dormer corners, or by
entering any existing gaps 12 inches in diameter. Once inside they may chew on electrical wiring or phone lines,
displace or pack down and soil insulation, and make noise with their activities. The best way to rid squirrel
problems is to first remove the problem squirrels by trapping and relocating and then patching holes to prevent
further problems. Trimming any trees away from the house is also a good idea.
Squirrels occasionally damage lawns by burying or searching for and digging up nuts . They will chew bark and
clip twigs on ornamental trees or shrubbery planted in yards. Often squirrels take food at bird feeders. Sometimes
they chew to enlarge openings of bird houses and they enter to eat nestling songbirds. Flying squirrels are small
enough to enter most bird houses and are especially likely to eat nesting birds.
Eliminex Carpenter Bee NJ, Ground Hornets Services NJ these areas in New Jersey Pest Control service areas by
county include Pest Control Monmouth County NJ, Pest Control Ocean County NJ, Pest Control Middlesex
County NJ, Pest Control Bergen County NJ, Pest Control Morris County NJ, Pest Control Mercer County NJ, Pest
Control Somerset County NJ, Pest Control Union County NJ, Pest Control Burlington County NJ, Pest Control
Sussex County NJ, Pest Control East Brunswick NJ and can be found by searching for Exterminators NJ
Exterminator NJ
Eliminex Termite and Pest Control NJ Service Areas By Towns Include Pest Control Edison NJ, Pest Control
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Eating
House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear
up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good
jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to
maintain contact with vertical surfaces.
Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive
house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food
sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives
together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter
another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become
aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth.
House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients
produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit.
Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free
living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and
elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human
settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such
as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species
Social behaviour
The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable
to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house
mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings.
House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context.
House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal.
Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small
home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have
an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent
infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a
small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in
polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male
and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally
[citation needed]
]
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nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no
related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females.
In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These
populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in
the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging
species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come
into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated
or the risk of injury becomes too great.
Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all
intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed
significantly lower aggression than the territory residents.House mice show a malebiased dispersal; males
generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are
opportunistic breeders rather than seasona
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An engorged bedbug after a blood meal. A.D.A.M.
Updated February 01, 2016.
What are Bedbugs?
[25]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-138-2048.jpg)
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Big brown bats are nocturnal, roosting during the day in hollow trees, beneath loose tree bark, in the crevices of
rocks, or in manmade structures such as attics, barns, old buildings, eaves, and window shutters. Big brown bats
navigate through the night skies by use of echolocation, producing ultrasonic sounds through the mouth or nose.
They are known also to produce audible sound during flight, a click or a sound like escaping steam.
Diet[edit]
Big brown bats are insectivorous, eating many kinds of nightflying insects including moths,beetles, and wasps
which they capture in flight. This causes the sudden, frequent changes in direction.
Hibernation[edit]
Big brown bats hibernate during the winter months, often in different locations from their summer roosts. Winter
roosts tend to be natural subterranean locations such as caves and underground mines where temperatures
remain stable; where a large majority of these bats spend the winter is still unknown. If the weather warms
enough, they may awaken to seek water, and even breed.
Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) roost in a Minnesota barn.
Lifecycle[edit]
Big brown bats mate sporadically from November through March. After the breeding season, pregnant females
separate themselves into maternity colonies. In the eastern United States, twins are commonly born sometime in
June; in western North America, females give birth to only one pup each year
Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily
Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in a separate order from
cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during
the Jurassic or Triassic. It is possible, however, that the first termites emerged during the Permian or even the
Carboniferous. Approximately 3,106 species are currently described, with a few hundred more left to be described.
Although these insects are often called white ants, they are not ants.
Like ants and some bees and wasps, which are in a separate order, Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among
castes that consist of sterile male and female “workers” and “soldiers”. All termite colonies have fertile males
called “kings” and one or more fertile females called “queens”. Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and
cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. Termites are major detritivores,
particularly in the subtropical andtropical regions, and their recycling of wood and plant matter is of considerable
ecological importance.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-140-2048.jpg)
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Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising most landmasses except for
Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a couple of hundred individuals to enormous societies with several
million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with some queens living
up to 50 years. Unlike ants, which undergo a complete metamorphosis, each individual termite goes through an
incomplete metamorphosis that proceeds through egg, nymph and adult stages. Colonies are described as
superorganismsbecause the termites form part of a selfregulating entity: the colony itself.
Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. Several
hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious damage to buildings, crops or
plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as
invasive species.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Taxonomy and phylogeny
3 Distribution and diversity
4 Description
4.1 Caste system
5 Life cycle
5.1 Reproduction
6 Behaviour and ecology
6.1 Diet
6.2 Predators
6.3 Parasites, pathogens and viruses
6.4 Locomotion and foraging
6.5 Competition
6.6 Communication
6.7 Defence
6.8 Relationship with other organisms
7 Nests
7.1 Mounds
7.2 Shelter tubes
8 Relationship with humans
8.1 As pests
8.2 As food
8.3 In agriculture
8.4 In science and technology
8.5 In culture
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
11.1 Cited literature
[1]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antsinkitchennj732-640-5488-170415185559/75/Ants-in-kitchen-nj-732-640-5488-141-2048.jpg)
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12 External links
Etymology[edit]
The infraorder name is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly
equal size of the forewings and hindwings. The name “termite” derives from theLatin and Late Latin word
termes (“woodworm, white ant”), altered by the influence of Latin terere(“to rub, wear, erode”) from the earlier
word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites
were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781.
Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit]
The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close
relationship between termites and cockroaches
DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and
colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus
Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut
flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the
1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological
characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to
propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains
cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as
Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level
and below.
Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber
[2]
[3][4]
[3] [5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
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The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites
and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they
originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the
extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating
mammals.
Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M.
Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and
fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive
living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites
emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The
folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a,
resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et
al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to
termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera.
Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families
It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in
the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised
woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with
termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar
morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics,
butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming.
The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike
characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the
wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea.
Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family
Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed
to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west
Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered.
As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder
Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective
classification
TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209
[12][13][14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18] [9]
[17]
[19]
[20][21]
[22]
[23][24]
[25]
[26] [27]
[28]
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Feeding & reproduction[change | change source]
Usually both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices. In many species the mouthparts of the
females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites. In many
species, the female needs to get proteins from a blood meal before she can produce eggs. In many other species,
she can produce more eggs after a blood meal.
They lay their eggs in pools of water. The larvae move around near the surface of the water, breathing through air
tubes that stick out of the water. They get their food from the water, usually eating algae and other tiny creatures.
They like to wiggle around near the surface, which is why some people call them wigglers. The larvae usually
enter the pupa stage within a few days or weeks of hatching, depending on the water temperature and the species.
The pupae are called tumblers because they tumble in the water if the water is touched. Tumblers do not eat, but
they move around in the water a lot, and like larvae, they breathe from tubes that stick out of the water. The pupa
stage is short (only for a few days), and then the mosquito becomes an adult.
There are many species of mosquito. This comes about because, of those which suck blood, each species is adapted
to a different host or group of hosts. There are two subfamilies, 43 genera and over 3,500 species of the Culicidae.
Vectors for disease[change | change source]
Mosquitoes are a vector (carrier) which carries diseasecausing viruses and parasites from person to person.
The principal mosquito borne diseases are the viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria carried by the
genera Anopheles and Culex. Mosquitoes transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually inAfrica,
South America, Central America, Mexico and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths.
Mosquito control[change | change source]
Dragonflies are natural predators of mosquitoes.
Methods used to prevent the spread of disease, or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic include:
[3]
[4]
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1. Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding
areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping.
2. Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides,
nets and repellents.
Water[change | change source]
Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this
water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water.
The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is
now highly resistant to the chemical.
Organic repellents[change | change source]
With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which
are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as
mosquito repellents.
Natural predators[change | change source]
The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling
populations. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. A
number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows.
Termites are an order of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called “white ants“, incorrectly,
because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera.
They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood,
leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About
10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests.
Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant
matter is very important for ecology.
A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the
ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her.
Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big
mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below).
Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a
prime example selforganised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food
sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains
nymphs (semimature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes
containing several egglaying queens
[7]
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Adult bed bugs are light brown to reddishbrown, flattened, ovalshaped, and have no hind wings. The front wings
are vestigial and reduced to padlike structures. Bed bugs have segmented abdomens with microscopic hairs that
give them a banded appearance. Adults grow to 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in)
wide.
Newly hatched nymphs are translucent, lighter in color, and become browner as they moult and reach maturity. A
bed bug nymph of any age that has just consumed a blood meal has a bright red, translucent abdomen, fading to
brown over the next several hours, and to opaque black within two days as the insect digests its meal. Bed bugs
may be mistaken for other insects, such as booklice, small cockroaches, or carpet beetles; however, when warm
and active, their movements are more antlike and, like most other true bugs, they emit a characteristic
disagreeable odor when crushed.
Bed bugs use pheromones and kairomones to communicate regarding nesting locations, feeding, and
reproduction.
The lifespan of bed bugs varies by species and is also dependent on feeding.
Bed bugs can survive a wide range of temperatures and atmospheric compositions. Below 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), adults
enter semi hibernation and can survive longer; they can survive for at least five days at −10 °C (14 °F), but die after
15 minutes of exposure to −32 °C (−26 °F). Common commercial and residential freezers reach temperatures low
enough to kill most life stages of bed bug, with 95% mortality after 3 days at −12 °C (10 °F).[18] They show high
desiccation tolerance, surviving low humidity and a 35–40 °C range even with loss of onethird of body weight;
earlier life stages are more susceptible to drying out than later ones.
SQUIRREL DAMAGE: STRUCTURAL AND CONTAMINATION
Eastern Grey Squirrels commonly enter houses either by chewing holes along the facia or in dormer corners, or by
entering any existing gaps 12 inches in diameter. Once inside they may chew on electrical wiring or phone lines,
displace or pack down and soil insulation, and make noise with their activities. The best way to rid squirrel
problems is to first remove the problem squirrels by trapping and relocating and then patching holes to prevent
further problems. Trimming any trees away from the house is also a good idea.
Squirrels occasionally damage lawns by burying or searching for and digging up nuts . They will chew bark and
clip twigs on ornamental trees or shrubbery planted in yards. Often squirrels take food at bird feeders. Sometimes
they chew to enlarge openings of bird houses and they enter to eat nestling songbirds. Flying squirrels are small
enough to enter most bird houses and are especially likely to eat nesting birds.
Eliminex Carpenter Bee NJ, Ground Hornets Services NJ these areas in New Jersey Pest Control service areas by
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Ants in kitchen nj 732 640-5488
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- 4. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 4/148 Insect – Squirrel and Mice Control Middlesex – Monmouth – Somerset – Ocean – Mercer – Union – Essex – Hudson Counties New Jersey Call now for a Consultation and Inspection press # to call—–> 7326405488 Name(required) Eliminex Pest Control NJ 7323094209 | www.newjerseypest.com Email (required) derekb_nj@yahoo.com Cell Phone (required) Street Address (required) Town / Zip Code (required) Job Type you need an Inspection / Quote Termites Ants Spiders Bed Bugs Mice Cockroaches Other Insect Pests Squirrels Wildlife Removal Attic Inspection ($89 report) Roof and Gutterline Inspection ($89 report) Attic Cleaning / Insulation ($89 for inspection) Comment (required)
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- 16. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 16/148 Eating House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to maintain contact with vertical surfaces. Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth. House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit. Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species Social behaviour The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings. House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context. House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal. Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females. In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come [citation needed] ] [24][25] ] [25]
- 17.
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- 20. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 20/148 Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. Several hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as invasive species. Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy and phylogeny 3 Distribution and diversity 4 Description 4.1 Caste system 5 Life cycle 5.1 Reproduction 6 Behaviour and ecology 6.1 Diet 6.2 Predators 6.3 Parasites, pathogens and viruses 6.4 Locomotion and foraging 6.5 Competition 6.6 Communication 6.7 Defence 6.8 Relationship with other organisms 7 Nests 7.1 Mounds 7.2 Shelter tubes 8 Relationship with humans 8.1 As pests 8.2 As food 8.3 In agriculture 8.4 In science and technology 8.5 In culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Cited literature 12 External links Etymology[edit] The infraorder name is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly equal size of the forewings and hindwings. The name “termite” derives from theLatin and Late Latin word termes (“woodworm, white ant”), altered by the influence of Latin terere(“to rub, wear, erode”) from the earlier [2]
- 21. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 21/148 word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781. Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit] The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close relationship between termites and cockroaches DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and below. Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating mammals. [3][4] [3] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9][10] [11] [12][13][14] [15]
- 22. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 22/148 Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M. Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera. Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics, butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming. The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea. Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered. As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective classification TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209 Feeding & reproduction[change | change source] Usually both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices. In many species the mouthparts of the females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites. In many [16] [17] [18] [9] [17] [19] [20][21] [22] [23][24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]
- 23. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 23/148 species, the female needs to get proteins from a blood meal before she can produce eggs. In many other species, she can produce more eggs after a blood meal. They lay their eggs in pools of water. The larvae move around near the surface of the water, breathing through air tubes that stick out of the water. They get their food from the water, usually eating algae and other tiny creatures. They like to wiggle around near the surface, which is why some people call them wigglers. The larvae usually enter the pupa stage within a few days or weeks of hatching, depending on the water temperature and the species. The pupae are called tumblers because they tumble in the water if the water is touched. Tumblers do not eat, but they move around in the water a lot, and like larvae, they breathe from tubes that stick out of the water. The pupa stage is short (only for a few days), and then the mosquito becomes an adult. There are many species of mosquito. This comes about because, of those which suck blood, each species is adapted to a different host or group of hosts. There are two subfamilies, 43 genera and over 3,500 species of the Culicidae. Vectors for disease[change | change source] Mosquitoes are a vector (carrier) which carries diseasecausing viruses and parasites from person to person. The principal mosquito borne diseases are the viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria carried by the genera Anopheles and Culex. Mosquitoes transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually inAfrica, South America, Central America, Mexico and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths. Mosquito control[change | change source] Dragonflies are natural predators of mosquitoes. Methods used to prevent the spread of disease, or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic include: 1. Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping. 2. Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides, nets and repellents. [3] [4] [5][6]
- 24. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 24/148 Water[change | change source] Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water. The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is now highly resistant to the chemical. Organic repellents[change | change source] With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as mosquito repellents. Natural predators[change | change source] The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling populations. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. A number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows. Termites are an order of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called “white ants“, incorrectly, because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera. They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About 10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests. Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant matter is very important for ecology. A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her. Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below). Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a prime example selforganised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains nymphs (semimature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes containing several egglaying queens Adult bed bugs are light brown to reddishbrown, flattened, ovalshaped, and have no hind wings. The front wings are vestigial and reduced to padlike structures. Bed bugs have segmented abdomens with microscopic hairs that give them a banded appearance. Adults grow to 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in) wide. [7] [8] [9]
- 25.
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- 28. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 28/148 Melinda 5 stars – based on 14 reviews FlyingSquirrel and Rat Scratching In Attic Cranbury NJ 732-284-3807
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- 36. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 36/148 Serving Middlesex, Mercer, Somerset, Union, Monmouth, Essex, Ocean Counties Explanation by the professionals of the feeding habits and reproduction Termites and Tubing New Jersey Behaviour Eating House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to maintain contact with vertical surfaces. Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter [citation needed]
- 37. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 37/148 another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth. House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit. Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species Social behaviour The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings. House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context. House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal. Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females. In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated or the risk of injury becomes too great. Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed significantly lower aggression than the territory residents.House mice show a malebiased dispersal; males generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are opportunistic breeders rather than seasona Bed Bug Treatment Near Bedbug Get Rid of Bed Bugs ] [24][25] ] [25]
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- 41. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 41/148 2 Taxonomy and phylogeny 3 Distribution and diversity 4 Description 4.1 Caste system 5 Life cycle 5.1 Reproduction 6 Behaviour and ecology 6.1 Diet 6.2 Predators 6.3 Parasites, pathogens and viruses 6.4 Locomotion and foraging 6.5 Competition 6.6 Communication 6.7 Defence 6.8 Relationship with other organisms 7 Nests 7.1 Mounds 7.2 Shelter tubes 8 Relationship with humans 8.1 As pests 8.2 As food 8.3 In agriculture 8.4 In science and technology 8.5 In culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Cited literature 12 External links Etymology[edit] The infraorder name is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly equal size of the forewings and hindwings. The name “termite” derives from theLatin and Late Latin word termes (“woodworm, white ant”), altered by the influence of Latin terere(“to rub, wear, erode”) from the earlier word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781. Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit] [2] [3][4] [3] [5]
- 42. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 42/148 The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close relationship between termites and cockroaches DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and below. Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating mammals. Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M. Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, [6] [7] [8] [9][10] [11] [12][13][14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [9]
- 43. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 43/148 resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera. Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics, butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming. The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea. Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered. As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective classification TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209 Feeding & reproduction[change | change source] Usually both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices. In many species the mouthparts of the females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites. In many species, the female needs to get proteins from a blood meal before she can produce eggs. In many other species, she can produce more eggs after a blood meal. They lay their eggs in pools of water. The larvae move around near the surface of the water, breathing through air tubes that stick out of the water. They get their food from the water, usually eating algae and other tiny creatures. They like to wiggle around near the surface, which is why some people call them wigglers. The larvae usually [17] [19] [20][21] [22] [23][24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]
- 44. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 44/148 enter the pupa stage within a few days or weeks of hatching, depending on the water temperature and the species. The pupae are called tumblers because they tumble in the water if the water is touched. Tumblers do not eat, but they move around in the water a lot, and like larvae, they breathe from tubes that stick out of the water. The pupa stage is short (only for a few days), and then the mosquito becomes an adult. There are many species of mosquito. This comes about because, of those which suck blood, each species is adapted to a different host or group of hosts. There are two subfamilies, 43 genera and over 3,500 species of the Culicidae. Vectors for disease[change | change source] Mosquitoes are a vector (carrier) which carries diseasecausing viruses and parasites from person to person. The principal mosquito borne diseases are the viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria carried by the genera Anopheles and Culex. Mosquitoes transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually inAfrica, South America, Central America, Mexico and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths. Mosquito control[change | change source] Dragonflies are natural predators of mosquitoes. Methods used to prevent the spread of disease, or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic include: 1. Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping. 2. Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides, nets and repellents. Water[change | change source] Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water. The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is now highly resistant to the chemical. [3] [4] [5][6]
- 45. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 45/148 Organic repellents[change | change source] With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as mosquito repellents. Natural predators[change | change source] The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling populations. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. A number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows. Termites are an order of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called “white ants“, incorrectly, because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera. They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About 10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests. Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant matter is very important for ecology. A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her. Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below). Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a prime example selforganised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains nymphs (semimature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes containing several egglaying queens Adult bed bugs are light brown to reddishbrown, flattened, ovalshaped, and have no hind wings. The front wings are vestigial and reduced to padlike structures. Bed bugs have segmented abdomens with microscopic hairs that give them a banded appearance. Adults grow to 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in) wide. Newly hatched nymphs are translucent, lighter in color, and become browner as they moult and reach maturity. A bed bug nymph of any age that has just consumed a blood meal has a bright red, translucent abdomen, fading to brown over the next several hours, and to opaque black within two days as the insect digests its meal. Bed bugs may be mistaken for other insects, such as booklice, small cockroaches, or carpet beetles; however, when warm and active, their movements are more antlike and, like most other true bugs, they emit a characteristic disagreeable odor when crushed. [7] [8] [9]
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- 48. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 48/148 New Jersey Call now for a Consultation and Inspection 7326405488 Great Squirrel Removal Service and Price. Just in time for Fall and the Holidays Melinda 5 stars – based on 14 reviews FlyingSquirrel and Rat Scratching In Attic Cranbury NJ 732-284-3807
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- 57. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 57/148 Eating House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to maintain contact with vertical surfaces. Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth. House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit. Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species Social behaviour The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings. House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context. House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal. Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally [citation needed] ] [24][25] ]
- 58. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 58/148 nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females. In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated or the risk of injury becomes too great. Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed significantly lower aggression than the territory residents.House mice show a malebiased dispersal; males generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are opportunistic breeders rather than seasona Bed Bug Treatment Near Bedbug Get Rid of Bed Bugs How to Kill Bed Bugs What Are Bed Bugs Allergy Pest Control New Jersey 7323094209 http://newjerseypest.com Follow us at Twitter https://twitter.com/EliminexPestNJ Subscribe to Eliminex http://www.youtube.com/user/pestpro?sub_confirmation=1 Google + https://plus.google.com/u/0/112467702429496278382 https://plus.google.com/105144006309638958227/about https://www.youtube.com/user/pestpro/videos An engorged bedbug after a blood meal. A.D.A.M. Updated February 01, 2016. What are Bedbugs? [25]
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- 62. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 62/148 12 External links Etymology[edit] The infraorder name is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly equal size of the forewings and hindwings. The name “termite” derives from theLatin and Late Latin word termes (“woodworm, white ant”), altered by the influence of Latin terere(“to rub, wear, erode”) from the earlier word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781. Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit] The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close relationship between termites and cockroaches DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and below. Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber [2] [3][4] [3] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9][10] [11]
- 63. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 63/148 The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating mammals. Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M. Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera. Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics, butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming. The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea. Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered. As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective classification TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209 [12][13][14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [9] [17] [19] [20][21] [22] [23][24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]
- 64.
- 65. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 65/148 1. Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping. 2. Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides, nets and repellents. Water[change | change source] Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water. The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is now highly resistant to the chemical. Organic repellents[change | change source] With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as mosquito repellents. Natural predators[change | change source] The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling populations. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. A number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows. Termites are an order of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called “white ants“, incorrectly, because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera. They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About 10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests. Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant matter is very important for ecology. A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her. Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below). Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a prime example selforganised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains nymphs (semimature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes containing several egglaying queens [7] [8] [9]
- 66.
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- 77. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 77/148 Eating House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to maintain contact with vertical surfaces. Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth. House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit. Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species Social behaviour The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings. House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context. House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal. Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally [citation needed] ] [24][25] ]
- 78. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 78/148 nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females. In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated or the risk of injury becomes too great. Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed significantly lower aggression than the territory residents.House mice show a malebiased dispersal; males generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are opportunistic breeders rather than seasona Bed Bug Treatment Near Bedbug Get Rid of Bed Bugs How to Kill Bed Bugs What Are Bed Bugs Allergy Pest Control New Jersey 7323094209 http://newjerseypest.com Follow us at Twitter https://twitter.com/EliminexPestNJ Subscribe to Eliminex http://www.youtube.com/user/pestpro?sub_confirmation=1 Google + https://plus.google.com/u/0/112467702429496278382 https://plus.google.com/105144006309638958227/about https://www.youtube.com/user/pestpro/videos An engorged bedbug after a blood meal. A.D.A.M. Updated February 01, 2016. What are Bedbugs? [25]
- 79.
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- 81.
- 82. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 82/148 12 External links Etymology[edit] The infraorder name is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly equal size of the forewings and hindwings. The name “termite” derives from theLatin and Late Latin word termes (“woodworm, white ant”), altered by the influence of Latin terere(“to rub, wear, erode”) from the earlier word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781. Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit] The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close relationship between termites and cockroaches DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and below. Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber [2] [3][4] [3] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9][10] [11]
- 83. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 83/148 The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating mammals. Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M. Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera. Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics, butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming. The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea. Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered. As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective classification TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209 [12][13][14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [9] [17] [19] [20][21] [22] [23][24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]
- 84.
- 85. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 85/148 1. Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping. 2. Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides, nets and repellents. Water[change | change source] Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water. The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is now highly resistant to the chemical. Organic repellents[change | change source] With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as mosquito repellents. Natural predators[change | change source] The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling populations. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. A number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows. Termites are an order of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called “white ants“, incorrectly, because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera. They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About 10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests. Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant matter is very important for ecology. A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her. Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below). Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a prime example selforganised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains nymphs (semimature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes containing several egglaying queens [7] [8] [9]
- 86.
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- 97. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 97/148 Eating House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to maintain contact with vertical surfaces. Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth. House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit. Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species Social behaviour The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings. House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context. House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal. Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally [citation needed] ] [24][25] ]
- 98. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 98/148 nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females. In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated or the risk of injury becomes too great. Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed significantly lower aggression than the territory residents.House mice show a malebiased dispersal; males generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are opportunistic breeders rather than seasona Bed Bug Treatment Near Bedbug Get Rid of Bed Bugs How to Kill Bed Bugs What Are Bed Bugs Allergy Pest Control New Jersey 7323094209 http://newjerseypest.com Follow us at Twitter https://twitter.com/EliminexPestNJ Subscribe to Eliminex http://www.youtube.com/user/pestpro?sub_confirmation=1 Google + https://plus.google.com/u/0/112467702429496278382 https://plus.google.com/105144006309638958227/about https://www.youtube.com/user/pestpro/videos An engorged bedbug after a blood meal. A.D.A.M. Updated February 01, 2016. What are Bedbugs? [25]
- 99.
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- 101.
- 102. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 102/148 12 External links Etymology[edit] The infraorder name is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly equal size of the forewings and hindwings. The name “termite” derives from theLatin and Late Latin word termes (“woodworm, white ant”), altered by the influence of Latin terere(“to rub, wear, erode”) from the earlier word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781. Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit] The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close relationship between termites and cockroaches DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and below. Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber [2] [3][4] [3] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9][10] [11]
- 103. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 103/148 The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating mammals. Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M. Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera. Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics, butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming. The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea. Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered. As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective classification TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209 [12][13][14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [9] [17] [19] [20][21] [22] [23][24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]
- 104.
- 105. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 105/148 1. Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping. 2. Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides, nets and repellents. Water[change | change source] Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water. The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is now highly resistant to the chemical. Organic repellents[change | change source] With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as mosquito repellents. Natural predators[change | change source] The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling populations. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. A number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows. Termites are an order of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called “white ants“, incorrectly, because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera. They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About 10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests. Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant matter is very important for ecology. A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her. Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below). Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a prime example selforganised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains nymphs (semimature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes containing several egglaying queens [7] [8] [9]
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- 117. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 117/148 Eating House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to maintain contact with vertical surfaces. Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth. House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit. Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species Social behaviour The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings. House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context. House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal. Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally [citation needed] ] [24][25] ]
- 118. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 118/148 nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females. In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated or the risk of injury becomes too great. Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed significantly lower aggression than the territory residents.House mice show a malebiased dispersal; males generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are opportunistic breeders rather than seasona Bed Bug Treatment Near Bedbug Get Rid of Bed Bugs How to Kill Bed Bugs What Are Bed Bugs Allergy Pest Control New Jersey 7323094209 http://newjerseypest.com Follow us at Twitter https://twitter.com/EliminexPestNJ Subscribe to Eliminex http://www.youtube.com/user/pestpro?sub_confirmation=1 Google + https://plus.google.com/u/0/112467702429496278382 https://plus.google.com/105144006309638958227/about https://www.youtube.com/user/pestpro/videos An engorged bedbug after a blood meal. A.D.A.M. Updated February 01, 2016. What are Bedbugs? [25]
- 119.
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- 122. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 122/148 12 External links Etymology[edit] The infraorder name is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly equal size of the forewings and hindwings. The name “termite” derives from theLatin and Late Latin word termes (“woodworm, white ant”), altered by the influence of Latin terere(“to rub, wear, erode”) from the earlier word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781. Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit] The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close relationship between termites and cockroaches DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and below. Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber [2] [3][4] [3] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9][10] [11]
- 123. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 123/148 The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating mammals. Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M. Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera. Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics, butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming. The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea. Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered. As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective classification TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209 [12][13][14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [9] [17] [19] [20][21] [22] [23][24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]
- 124.
- 125. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 125/148 1. Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping. 2. Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides, nets and repellents. Water[change | change source] Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water. The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is now highly resistant to the chemical. Organic repellents[change | change source] With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as mosquito repellents. Natural predators[change | change source] The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling populations. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. A number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows. Termites are an order of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called “white ants“, incorrectly, because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera. They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About 10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests. Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant matter is very important for ecology. A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her. Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below). Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a prime example selforganised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains nymphs (semimature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes containing several egglaying queens [7] [8] [9]
- 126.
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- 135.
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- 137. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 137/148 Eating House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to maintain contact with vertical surfaces. Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth. House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit. Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species Social behaviour The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings. House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context. House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal. Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally [citation needed] ] [24][25] ]
- 138. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 138/148 nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females. In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated or the risk of injury becomes too great. Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed significantly lower aggression than the territory residents.House mice show a malebiased dispersal; males generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are opportunistic breeders rather than seasona Bed Bug Treatment Near Bedbug Get Rid of Bed Bugs How to Kill Bed Bugs What Are Bed Bugs Allergy Pest Control New Jersey 7323094209 http://newjerseypest.com Follow us at Twitter https://twitter.com/EliminexPestNJ Subscribe to Eliminex http://www.youtube.com/user/pestpro?sub_confirmation=1 Google + https://plus.google.com/u/0/112467702429496278382 https://plus.google.com/105144006309638958227/about https://www.youtube.com/user/pestpro/videos An engorged bedbug after a blood meal. A.D.A.M. Updated February 01, 2016. What are Bedbugs? [25]
- 139.
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- 141.
- 142. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 142/148 12 External links Etymology[edit] The infraorder name is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly equal size of the forewings and hindwings. The name “termite” derives from theLatin and Late Latin word termes (“woodworm, white ant”), altered by the influence of Latin terere(“to rub, wear, erode”) from the earlier word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781. Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit] The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close relationship between termites and cockroaches DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and below. Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber [2] [3][4] [3] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9][10] [11]
- 143. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 143/148 The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating mammals. Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M. Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera. Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics, butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming. The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea. Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered. As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective classification TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209 [12][13][14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [9] [17] [19] [20][21] [22] [23][24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]
- 144.
- 145. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 145/148 1. Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping. 2. Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides, nets and repellents. Water[change | change source] Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water. The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is now highly resistant to the chemical. Organic repellents[change | change source] With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as mosquito repellents. Natural predators[change | change source] The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling populations. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. A number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows. Termites are an order of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called “white ants“, incorrectly, because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera. They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About 10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests. Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant matter is very important for ecology. A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her. Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below). Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a prime example selforganised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains nymphs (semimature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes containing several egglaying queens [7] [8] [9]
- 146.
- 147.
- 148. 4/15/2017 Ants in Kitchen NJ 7326405488 http://www.ivyleaguetutorprinceton.com/antsinkitchennj.html 148/148 Pest...Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. 7326405488 7323094209 Posted in about ELIMINEX of New Jersey, Mice and Rodents, Pest Control Middlesex County, Pest Control Union County, Squirrels, Treatment Stories | Tagged mice control port reading nj, squirrel control port reading nj | Leave a comment |