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Medicinsk behandling af epilepsi
Anne Sabers, Epilepsiklinikken, Rigshospitalet
Hvad er epilepsi ?
Hvad er epilepsi ?
Hvordan behandles
epilepsi ?
Epilepsi
Epilepsi
Arvelig / genetisk
Symptomatisk
– Regelmæssig adfærd - undgå udløsende
faktorer
– Medicinsk behandling
– Kirurgisk behandling
– Diæt behandling
Hvordan behandles epilepsi
Hvad er formålet med
behandling af epilepsi ?
Hvad er formålet med
behandling af epilepsi ?
Opnå anfaldsophør
uden bivirkninger
At genvinde et “normalt” liv
Uden væsentlige anfald og
uden væsentlige
bivirkninger
Hvad består behandlingen af ?
• Information
• Medicin
• Mere information
• Psykosocial støtte og rådgivning
Medicinsk
Akut anfaldsbehandling
Forebyggende behandling
Hvordan behandles epilepsi
Medicinsk
Akut anfaldsbehandling
–Ved langvarige anfald
–Ved ophobede anfald
–Eller efter aftale med lægen
Hvordan behandles epilepsi
Medicinsk
Akut anfaldsbehandling
Forebyggende behandling
Hvordan behandles epilepsi
Udvikling af
antiepileptika
1850 - 2013
1900 1920 1940 2010200019801960
Brom
Tiagabin
Lamotrigin
VigabatrinOxcarbazepin
Carbamazepin
Etosuximid
Fenobarbital
Fenytoin
Pregabalin
Levetiracetam
Topiramat
Gabapentin
Valproat
Rufinamid
Lacosamid
Eslicarbazepin
Zonisamid
Stirpentol
Perampanel
Retigabin
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2009 2025
Udvikling af
antiepileptika
• Brivaracetam
• Retigabine
• Valrocemid
• JZP-4
• Carisbamat
?
• Hvornår skal man starte behandling ?
• Hvilket medikament skal man starte med ?
• Hvor længe skal behandlingen opretholdes ?
• Hvordan skal behandlingen ophøre ?
Hvor effektiv er epilepsimedicin ?
• Mindst 60% - anfaldsfri på medicinsk behandling uden
væsentlige bivirkninger
• 10 - 20% - få anfald eller uacceptable bivirkninger
• Ca. 25% - medicinsk intraktabel epilepsi
• 10-20 % af patienter, der går til kontrol i neurologiske
ambulatorier / epilepsiklinikker har ikke epilepsi
Har vi brug for flere typer epilepsimedicin?
Er de nye AED bedre end de “gamle”?
Større effektivitet
Færre bivirkninger
Medicinsk
intraktabel
epilepsi
Langvarigt /
livslangt
behandlings-
behov
Gabapentin Lamotrigine
LevetiracetamPregabalin JZP-4
Brivaracetam
Piracetam
COOHNH2
COOHNH2
*
H
CH3
CH3
N
O
H
H
O
NH2
N
O
H
O
NH2
*
N
O
H
O
NH2
*
*
N
N
N
Cl
NH2
Cl
H2N
N
N
Cl
NH2
Cl
H2N
Cl
Carbamazepin
N
C
NH2O
Oxcarbazepin
N
C
NH2O
O
Eslicarbazepin Acetate
N
C
NH2O
*
O
H3C
O
1900 1920 1940 2010200019801960
Bromid
Tiagabin
Lamotrigin
VigabatrinOxcarbazepin
Carbamazepin
Etosuximid
Fenobarbital
Fenytoin
Pregabalin
Levetiracetam
Topiramat
Gabapentin
Valproat
Rufinamid
Lacosamid
Eslicarbazepin
Zonisamid
Stirpentol
Perampanel
Retigabin
Hvilken
epilepsmedicin skal
man vælge ?
Betydende faktorer ved valg af
epilepsimedicin :
– Anfaldstype
– Bivirkninger
– Alder / Køn
– Interaktioner og samtidige lidelser
– Formulering af AED
– Dosering
– Pris
Epilepsi
Krav til 1. valgs præparat
• Effektivt
• Kan gives 1 – højst 2 gange i døgnet
• Ingen (få) akutte bivirkninger
• Ingen (få) kroniske bivirkninger
• Ingen forsterskadende effekt (kvinder)
• Billigt
Det idelle medikament
• Bredspektret og effektivt
• Uden bivirkninger
• Kendt virkningsmekanisme
• Simpel farmakokinetik
– lav proteinbinding (interaktioner)
– lang halveringstid (dosering/compliance)
– ingen enzyminduktion (polyterapi/co-morb.)
– 1. Ordens kinetik (forudsigelig se-konc)
• Billigt
Bivirkninger af medicin
• Dosisafhængige bivirkninger
– kvalme, træthed, svimmelhed, hovedpine, dobbeltsyn
bevidsthedspåvirkning, rystelser, nedsat
opmærksomhed
• Psykiske bivirkninger
– depression, psykose, adfærdsforstyrrelse
• Overfølsomhed / allergiske bivirkninger
– Blodmangel, leverbetændelse, bugspytkirtelbetændelse
• Andet:
– Tandkødsbetændelse, synsfeltsdefekt, vægtændring,
hårtab, fosterskade
Manglende effekt af behandling
• Er epilepsidiagnosen korrekt ?
• Er anfaldsklassifikationen korrekt ?
• Har patienten en progredierende lidelse ?
• Er der en misbrugsproblematik ?
• Tager patienten medicinen ?
Kompliance
Evne til at få taget al sin medicin
• Akutte indlæggelse pga anfald:
Medicinsvigt
• Stanaway et al. (1985) 37%
• McGlone & Pritty (1986) 57%
• Krumholz (1989) 53%
• Cramer & Mattson 58%
Hvad består behandlingen af ?
• Medicin
• Psykosocial støtte og rådgivning
• Information & Mestring
– Regelmæssig adfærd - undgå udløsende
faktorer
– Medicinsk behandling
– Kirurgisk behandling
– Diæt behandling
Hvordan behandles epilepsi
– Når epilepsien ikke er under kontrol efter
3 forsøgte typer epilepsimedicin
– Når udgangspunkt for epilepsien kan
lokaliseres
– I væsentlig grad belaster livskvaliteten
Hvornår skal man overveje
epilepsikirurig
Nervus Vagus Stimulation
– Når epilepsien ikke kan komme under
kontrol med medicinsk behandling
– Og når resektiv epilepsikirurgi ikke er
mulig
Hvornår skal man overveje
Nervus Vagus Stimulation
– Halvdelen får halveret
anfaldshyppigheden
Hvor effektiv er Nervus Vagus
Stimulation

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Medicinsk behandling af epilepsi