HAUR EKOIZPEN GRAFIKOAK LANA. Haur –marrazkietan animismoaren inguruko lana. Haur ekoizpenetan animismoaren etapa nagusiak zein fenomeno honen elementu nagusienak
Tailerra: "Sekuentzia didaktiko bat diseinatuko dut"Ana Basterra
Hasi baino lehen kontuan hartu beharrekoak
Sekuentzia didaktikoa egiteko pausoak
Gaia eta maila aukeratuko ditut.
Arazo-egoera edo erronka zein den idatziko dut.
Ataza zehaztuko dut.
Jarduerak diseinatuko ditut.
Baliabideak bilatuko ditut.
Epeak finkatu eta taldeak nola osatu zehaztuko dut.
Ikasten ikasteko tresnak txertatuko ditut.
Edukiak idatziz zehaztuko ditut.
Ebaluazio irizpideak eta lorpen adierazleak finkatuko ditut.
Zer konpetentzia landuko diren berrikusiko dut.
Tailerra: "Sekuentzia didaktiko bat diseinatuko dut"Ana Basterra
Hasi baino lehen kontuan hartu beharrekoak
Sekuentzia didaktikoa egiteko pausoak
Gaia eta maila aukeratuko ditut.
Arazo-egoera edo erronka zein den idatziko dut.
Ataza zehaztuko dut.
Jarduerak diseinatuko ditut.
Baliabideak bilatuko ditut.
Epeak finkatu eta taldeak nola osatu zehaztuko dut.
Ikasten ikasteko tresnak txertatuko ditut.
Edukiak idatziz zehaztuko ditut.
Ebaluazio irizpideak eta lorpen adierazleak finkatuko ditut.
Zer konpetentzia landuko diren berrikusiko dut.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Haurren Animismoa
1. Animismoa
JAGOBA GARMENDIA HERNÁNDEZ
Lehen Hezkuntza 31(01)
II.2. HAUR EKOIZPEN GRAFIKOAK LANA. Haur –marrazkietan animismoaren
inguruko lana. Haur ekoizpenetan animismoaren etapa nagusiak zein fenomeno honen
elementu nagusienak
2. II.2. Haur ekoizpen grafikoak Animismoa
2
Aurkibidea
1) Sarrera
2) Animismoa haur ekoizpenetan
3)Haur ekoizpenetan animismoaren elementu nagusienak.
4) Animismoaren testigantzan haur ekoizpenetan eta ondorioak
5)Informazio iturriak
3. II.2. Haur ekoizpen grafikoak Animismoa
3
Sarrera
Haur ekoizpen grafikoen lana egiteko gai ugari zeuden aukeragai. Zerrendari
lehendabiziko begirada bota eta gero animismoak nire arreta bereganatu zuen. Hainbat
egunetan informazio bila aritu nintzen eta informazio teorikoa bazegoela ikusirik
aurrera egitea erabaki nuen. Honez gain, animismoak duen ezaugarri nagusietako bat da
munduko kultura guztietan garatzen dela eta hau oso interesgarria iruditzen zait.
Bestalde, haur marrazkietan animismoa
existitzea, mendebaldean behintzat, helduen
ekoizpenengatik zela uste nuen. Alegia, Walt
Disneyen marrazki bizidunengatik edo
antzekoengatik. Lan hau burutu nuen heinean erabat
oker nengoela ikasi dut. Izan ere, Piagetek haur
ekoizpenetan animismoaren inguruan azterketa egin
zuen eta honen ondorioz, animismoak fase
desberdinak dituela haur ekoizpenetan adierazi zuen.
Informazio bilketa prozesuan gai honen inguruan ez
dut lan teoriko askorik aurkitu eta zerbait idoro dudanean, ekoiztutako informazioa
autore honetan oinarritzen da gehien bat.
Beraz, animismoak haur ekoizpenen azterketan badu bere gunea baina beste
kontuekin alderatuta askoz txikiagoa da. Dena dela, gai honen inguruan lehen baino
gehiago jaso dut eta animismoak baduela zer ikusirik umeak bere errealitatea eraikitze-
duenean jabetu naiz.
Era berean, lan honetan alde teoriko-praktiko bat izateko, nire practicumean,
hainbat marrazki bildu nituen azterketa txiki bat egiteko. Alegia, alde batetik ea teoria
betetzen den eta bestetik, zeintzuk diren elementu aipagarrienak nire behaketaren
arabera.
Din don pertsonai animista. Ederra
eta piztia (1991) Walt Disney
4. II.2. Haur ekoizpen grafikoak Animismoa
4
Animismoa haur ekoizpenetan
Animismoa latineraz animus (arima) hitzetik dator eta naturaz gaindiko izaki
edota izpirituak objektu bizidun edo bizigabetan bizi direla sinestean datza; hala nola,
zeruak, lurrak urak edo beste edonolako elementuek ere izpiritu propio dute
animismoaren arabera. Kontzeptu hau antropologiatik datorkigu kultura primitiboak
ikastean; “diziplina honek konprobatu baitu kultur hauen kideek ez dutela bereizten
materia eta izpirituaren artean, izan ere, euren ustetan gizakiaren inguruan dagoen
guztia, hainbat gaitasunekin batera, badu borondate bat edota asmo bat”.(Sáinz ,2003,
246.orrialdea). Sáinz-ren esanetan, ildo honi jarraituz, .umeak, gizon primitiboaren
antzera, antzematen dituen objektuek ere bizia dutela interpretatzen du. Berak bezalaxe
“dakitenak” eta “sentitzen dutenak”. Honenbestez, animismoaren zutabe bat umearen
nian datza. Hau da, bere izaera egozentrikoaren eraikuntzarekin batera datorrena.
Animismoaren zergatian sakondu nahi izanez gero informazio iturri
nagusienetako bat Piaget dugu. Psikologo honek ikerketa bat burutu zuen eta animismoa
era honetan definitu zuen: “ Haurrak ez du bereizten mundu fisiko eta psikiko artean;
baldin eta, bere eboluzioaren hastapenetan, bere burua eta inguruaren arteko muga
zehatzak ez baditu ikusten; umeak guretzat bizidun-gabeak diren hainbat gorpu
bizidunak zein kontzienteak antzematea espero dezakegu” (Piaget, 1981, 180.orrialdea)
Piageten ikerketaren arabera, umearen animismoa lau etapa nagusitan bana
daiteke eta ondorio nagusienetakoak hauexek dira:
1. Umearen hasierako etapan, existitzen den guztia biziduna da nahiz eta
mugiezina izan
2. Beranduago, mugimenduan dauden gorpuei kontzientzia emango die haurrak
3. Hirugarren estadio batean, berezituko ditu mugimendu propio dituen
elementu zein gorpuek eta mugimenduaren jatorri kanpotarra dituen
elementuak.
4. Azkenean ohartuko da kontzientzia gizakiei zein animaliei dagokie soilik
5. II.2. Haur ekoizpen grafikoak Animismoa
5
Haur ekoizpenetan animismoaren
elementu nagusienak.
Aurelio Sáinzek idatzitakoaren arabera, umeak antropomorfismo grafikoaz
erabiltzen du bere kontzepzio animista adierazteko zeren hitzen bidez ezin baitu
adierazi, edota ez zen ausartuko, sentimendu afektiboak (poza, samina, amorrua eta
abar) errealitatean bizidun-gabeak diren elementuetan. Hizkuntza grafikoaren bidez ez
du aurkitzen inolako oztoporik hitzekin gerta dakioken bezala. Marrazki libreetan
Animismoaren elementu nagusienak eguzkia, ilargia, izarrak, animaliak eta landareak
dira, besteak beste.
Eguzkiaren animismo grafikoa
Eguzkiaren marrazketa elementu garrantzitsuenetakoa dugu haur ekoizpenetan
eta era animistan egitea garabateo fasearekin lotu behar dugu Kellogren ustetan. Autore
honek esaten duen legez, umeek beren lehenengo ekoizpen figuratiboetan dagoeneko
menperatzen dituzten trazuez baliatzen dira, gehienbat garabateo etapatik datozenak.
Era berean, marrazketa figuratiboaren hastapenetan Giza irudia eta eguzkiaren
irudikatze animistarekin lotzea oso egokia da. Izan ere, umearen lehendabiziko
marrazketa figuratiboetan, hiruzpalau urterekin, gizakiaren errepresentazioak
garrantzia handi hartzen du eta honekin batera maiz aurkitzen dugu Eguzkiaren irudia
ezaugarri animistekin, gizakiaren aurpegia irudikatzeko balio dituzten bezalakoak
(Sainz, 2003, 247.orrialdea).
Kasu gehienetan, Eguzki animista bat ondorengo elementuak ditu: borobil bat,
honen ingeradan zehar marrak( zuzenak, bihurtuak, puntetan, edota uhinduak) eta
hazpegiak borobil barrenean: begiak eta ahoa nagusiki; begiak bi puntuen zein bi
borobiltxoen bidez marratzen dira. Ahoaren kasuan, marra ttipi baten bidez edota obalo
bihurtuta baten bidez egin daiteke. Baliteke besteko elementuak gehitzea: sudurra,
betileak eta abar. Normalean eguzkiak irudituko du umearen sentimendua.
Gauzak horrela, umea pozik badago eguzkiak ere poza adieraziko du edo
alderantziz, haurra triste badago eguzkiak negar egin dezake.
Koloreari dagokienean, horia eta laranja nagusi izan ohi dira. Adituen ustetan,
umeak eguzkiaren bidez lehendabiziko barneraketa kromatikoa garatzen du. Sáinzek
6. II.2. Haur ekoizpen grafikoak Animismoa
6
honela azaltzen du arrazoia(Sainz, 2003, 249.orrialdea): “Hau gertatzen da Eguzkian
behatzen dugun erregulartasun kromatikoak aldaketa urri duelako egunean zehar”.
Marrazkian Eguzkiaren kokapenak zein inklinazioak umeak izar honekin duen
harremanaz informazioa eskaintzen digu. Piagetek (1981,188. Orrialdean) honen
inguruan dio:
“ Hiru etapa aurkitu ditugu. Lehendabizikoan, haurrak ,txori baten antzera
teilatuetan, eguzkiak eta ilargiak jarraipena egiten diotela uste du. Etapa honek, gutxi
gora behera, 8 urte bete arte irauten du;baina 12 urtera arte hor dago. Bigarren etapa
batean zehar, haurrak aldi berean eguzkiak jarraitzen gaituela eta ez duela egiten
onartzen du. Hemen kontraesan bat sufritzen du umeak eta ahal duen moduan
gainditzen saiatzen da: eguzkia geldi dago, baina haren izpiek jarraitzen gaituzte, edota
eguzkia finkatuta dago baina biraka dabil beti guri begiratzeko moduan(..)Honenbestez,
10 eta 11 urte bitartetik aurrera haurrak badaki badirudiela eguzkia eta ilargia gure
atzetik datozela, baina badaki astro hauek urrentzen direlako fenomeno hau ilusio hutsa
dela”
Ilargiaren animismo grafikoa
Ilargia eguzkiaren osagarritzat jo daiteke haur ekoizpenetan. Ilargiak gauaren
beta irudikatzen du eta adin tarte honetan ilargia gutxiagotan aurkitzea normala da.
Gauarekin harremana duten egoeretan ageriko da nagusiki. Eta baliteke ilargiarekin
batera eguzkia ere agertzea. Ilargiaren aurpegia perfilez marrazteak ekiditen du
irudikatzen den egoerako pertsonengan eraginik. Alegia, eguzkiak egiten ez duen
moduan ilargiak emozionalki ez du parte harten, nahiz eta era animistan azaldu ez du
deus adieraziko.
Koloreari dagokienean, umeak ilargia irudikatzeko kolore zuria edo urdina
erabiliko du. Bi kolore hauek laranjaren eta horiaren antitesia adierazten dute.
Eguzkiaren eta ilargiaren ezaugarri antropomorfikoei eutsiz. Hau da, eguzkia
beroa(eguna) da eta ilargia hotza(gaua) da, aldiz.
7. II.2. Haur ekoizpen grafikoak Animismoa
7
Animismo grafikoa zeruko beste elementuetan
Hodeien kasuetan, animismo ezaugarriak agertzeko Eguzkia bera ere era
animistan irudikatzearekin batera dator. Oso arraroa da haur ekoizpenetan hodei
animistak aurkitzea eguzki animistarik gabe. Animismoa indartzeko asmoz, eguzkia
triste badago, umeek euriaz baliatuz. negarra adierazteko hodeiak erabiltzen ditzakete.
Beraz, orokorrean eguzkiak adierazten duen sentimendu berdina adieraziko dute
hodeiek. Hodeien bidez iruditutako antropomorfismo grafikoa 5 eta 7 urte bitarteko
garaian aurki daiteke gehienbat. Hala ere, honelako errepresentazioekin 9 eta 10 urtera
arte topa gaitezke.
Izarren kasuan, arraro xamarra da izar hazpegi animistekin topatzea haur
ekoizpenetan. Arrazoi nagusia umeak izarrak irudikatzeko duen era da: marra
gurutzatuak, orban txikiak eta abar. Hau dela eta, ahoa eta begiak marratzeko barneko
tamaina egokia izan beharko luke izarrak.
Animismo grafikoa animalietan
Izadiko beste elementuekin konparatuz gero animalietan animismo grafikoak
ezaugarri desberdina dauka. Izan ere haurrak ulertzen du animaliak izaki bizidun direla
nahiz eta ez ulertu gizakiarekiko dituen diferentziak. Haurra haziko denean diferentzia
nagusia gizakiok sinbolismoa dugun gaitasunean eta mintzairan dagoela ulertuko du.
Hau dela eta, Piagetek animismo mota hau laugarren fasean kokatu zuen. Animalietan
animismoa irudikatzen da nagusiki mintzaira gaitasuna eskaintzen zaionean animaliari.
Horretarako haurrak, komikien bezala, puxika bat margotuko du eta honen barnean
esaldi bat idatziko du. Animismoa ere adierazteko, gizakien begien zein ahoen trazuen
antzekotasunean datza.
Animismo grafikoa landaretan
Umeen lehendabiziko urteetan ematen da. Piagetek adierazi zuen lehenengo
estadioan, hain zuzen. Bereziki arbolaren enborretan aurpegiak marraz ditzake umeak
bere emozioak proiektatu nahiean.
8. II.2. Haur ekoizpen grafikoak Animismoa
8
Animismoaren testigantzan haur
ekoizpenetan eta ondorioak
Lan honetan ikasitakoa indartzeko asmoz baita konprobatzeko ere praktika
garaian hainbat ekoizpen bildu nuen. Marrazki hauetan, animismoaren ezaugarri
orokorrak atzemateko aukera izan dut. Besteak beste, arestian esandako eguzki
antropomorfikoaren ezaugarriak: lehen etapakoa, eguzkiaren mugimenduarekiko umeek
duten pertzepzioa, nagusiki lehendabiziko zikloan, non gehienbat perfilez marrazten
duten. Alegia, irudiaren ezkerraldeko izkinan astroaren forma osoa irudikatu gabe.
Hirugarren zikloko multzoan, teoriak dioen bezala, era honetan ia-ia ez da agertzen
haurra jabetzen delako eguzkiaren mugimenduaz.
Hodeien animismoaren aipatutako araua bete-betean gertatzen da eta izarrena
ere bai. Animismoa (aurpegiko hazpegiekin) topatu dudan ekoizpenetan umearen
egozentrismoa garatzen ari dela oso erraz antzematen da. Izan ere, tristura eta poza
behatu dut. Akaso, marrazki kopurua ez da oso handia baina oso adierazgarria delakoan
nago animismoaren teoriaren eta praktikaren arteko lotura egiteko. Animismoa ez da
kontu finko bat, ez da ateratzen ume guztien ekoizpenetan, eta ageriz gero, badu
intentzio bat. Emozio zein sentimendu bat adieraztea.
Lan honekin dezente ikasi dut animismoaren inguruan eta etorkizunari begira,
lagungarria izango dela uste dut. Adibidez, umearen garapen emozionalaz informazioa
izateko beste datu bat baita.
Bukatzeko, gai interesantea eta polita delakoan nago eta edozeini gomendatuko
nioke.
9. II.2. Haur ekoizpen grafikoak Animismoa
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Informazio iturriak
DEL VAL, J.A.(1969): <<El animismo infantil>>, Revista de la
Federación Española de Asociaciones de Psicologia, vol. 24.
PIAGET, J. (1981): La representación del mundo en el niño. Madrid,
Morata.
SAINZ,A (2003):El arte infantil.conocer al niño a través de sus
dibujos.Valladolid, Eneida
http://2010.educavirtual.info/cursos/lecciones/ARCHIVOS_COMUNES/
versiones_para_imprimir/edicid/CLASE11.pdf (2012-01-24)
http://books.google.es/books?id=Ez_KcXS8_lUC&printsec=frontcover&
hl=es#v=onepage&q&f=false (2012-01-24)
IRUDIEN AUTOREEN AIPAMENAK:
AZALEKO IRUDIA:
Egilea: Sáinz, A.
Irudiaren data: 13-01-27
Izenburua: ¿qué es el animismo?
Argazkia hartu nuen:2012ko otsailaren 24an.
http://www.baenadigital.com/2013/01/que-es-el-animismo.html
SARRERAKO IRUDIA:
Egilea: Zenitram,O.
Irudiaren data: 2010-09-15
Izenburua: Figuras de la Bella y La Bestia para su nueva edición
Argazkia hartu nuen: 2012ko otsailaren 20an.
http://informemosdedisney.blogspot.com.es/2010/09/figuras-de-la-bella-y-la-
bestia-para-su.html