The document discusses various international agreements related to sharing of river waters. It summarizes key details of agreements between India and Pakistan on Indus waters (1960), India and Bangladesh on Ganges waters (1996), India and Sri Lanka on sharing of waters from rivers like Kaveri and Mahaweli (1954, 1959), and an agreement between India and Nepal on a hydropower project (2014). It notes that while water sharing is complex and contentious, cooperation through agreements can help utilize resources for mutual benefit and development. It calls for equitable and sustainable management of transboundary water resources.

1. Zo-Pe Icm-dp-IÄ

2. kzmK-Xw, a-kvImcw

3. Pew ]¦p-h-bv¡-epw, XÀ¡-§fpw
n§Ä¡-dn-bm-atÃm IpSn-sh-f-f-¯n-pw, ImÀjn-Im-h-iy-§Ä¡p-ap-ff
Pe e`yX Ap-Znw Ipd-ªp-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. Hcp-h-i¯v hI-Xncnhn-Ãm¯ D]-t`m-
K-hpw, Nqj-Whptadp-t¼mÄ adp-h-i¯v hcĨbpw hdp-Xnbpw IqSp-¶p. Pe-
t{km-X-Êp-IÄ ssI¿-S-¡m-p-ff aÕ-camhpw Cu qäm-nsâ {][m shÃp-hn-fn.
cmPy-§Ä X½nepw cmPy-§Ä¡p-f-fnse kwØm--§Ä X½nepw Zo-P-e-XÀ¡-§Ä
ne-n-¶n-cp-¶p. C¯-c-¯n cmPym-´-c-X-e-¯n Zo-P-e-XÀ¡-§Ä IqSn-h¶ kml-
N-cy-¯n-emWv sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S Pe-I-cmÀ F¶ Bibw apt¶m-«p-h-¨-Xv. C{]-
Imcw Icm-dn GÀs¸-Sp¶ cmPy-§Ä X½n-ep-ff XÀ¡-§Ä Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc ]cn-l-
cn-¡m³ km[n-¨n-«p-v. Cu ¢mÊn ap¡v C´y-bnse {][m Zo-P-e-Im-c-dp-I-sf-
¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¡mw.

4. knÔq-Zo-Pe IcmÀ
knÔq-Zn-bnse Pew ]¦p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xns kw_-Ôn¨v
C´y-bpw, ]mIn-Ømpw X½n-ep-ff IcmÀ.
1960 sk]vXw_À 19v C´y³ {][m--a{´n Ph-lÀem slvdp-
hpw,-]m-In-Øm³ {][m--a{´n apl-½Zv A¿q_v Jmpw temI
-_m-¦nsâ a[y-Ø-X-bn Idm-¨n-bn h¨v Icm-dn H¸ph-¨p.
IcmÀ {]Imcw knÔp,-Q-ew, Nnm_v Zn-I-fn n¶p-ff shf-f
-ap-]-tbm-Kn¡m³ ]mIn-Ømpw kXvePv, _nbm-kv, dhn --Zn-I-fpsS
]mIn-Øm³ AXnÀ¯n-h-sc-bp-ff `mK§fnse Pew D]-tbm-Kn-
¡m³ C´y¡pw Ah-Imiw e`n-¨p.

5. KwKmPe IcmÀ
KwKm Pe-¯nse Pew ]¦p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xn-mbn C´ybpw
_w¥m-tZipw X½n-ep-m-¡nb IcmÀ.
1996 Unkw-_À 12v C´y³ {][m--a{´n F¨v.-Un.-tZh-Ku-Ubpw
_w¥m-tZiv {][m--a{´n tj¡v lko--hm-PnZpw Icm-dn H¸p-h-¨p.
IcmÀ {]Imcw 35000 Iyp_nIv ASn shffw ÂIm³ C´y
k¶-²-ambn

6. C´y þ t¸mÄ IcmÀ
C´ybpw t¸mfpw X½nse 1954þse tImin Icmdpw, 1959þse KmIv
Icm-dpw.
tImin Zn-bn XS-bn-W-IÄ nÀ½n¨v Ccp-cm-Py-§-fntebpw shÅ-
s¸m¡w XS-bm³ C´y³ {][m--a{´n KpÂkm-cn-em µbpw, t¸mÄ `c-
Wm-[n-Imcn alm-hoÀ jwtjbpw tImin Icm-dn H¸p-h-¨p.
KmIv Zn-bnse Pew sshZyp-Xn¡pw Irjn-bm-h-iy-¯npw D]-tbm-
Kn-¡p-¶-Xns kw_-Ôn-¨p-ff IcmÀ C´y³ Øm-]Xn `K-hm³ klm-bn-
bpw -t-¸mÄ D]{][m--a{´n kpl-dm--jw-tjbpw BWv H¸p-h-¨-Xv.

7. C´y-þ-`q-«m³ IcmÀ
C´ybpw `q«mpw X½n Icm-dn GÀs¸-«n-cn¡p-¶p.
Pew ]¦p-h-bv¡-eÃm adn¨v `q«m³ Zn-I-fn Øm]n-¡p¶ sshZypX
ne-b-§-fn DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ sshZypXn ]¦p-h-bv¡-em-bn-cp¶p
Icm-dnsâ Df-f-S-¡w.
Ccp cmPy-§fpw X½n aq¶v Icm-dpI-fn H¸p-h-¨p.

8. SnIvk IcmÀ
Cu IcmÀ ne-hn h¶n-Ã.
kn¡n-an n¶pw DXv`hn¨v]Ýna _wKmÄ hgn _w¥m-tZ-
inte¡v ]Xn-bp¶ SnIvkm Zn-bnse Pew ]IpXn ]¦p-h-bv¡p-¶-
Xnv C´ybpw _w¥m-tZipw Icm-dp-m-¡m³ Xocp-am-n-s¨-
¦nepw ]Ýna _wKmÄ apJy-a{´n aa-Xm -_m-ÀPn CXn-s-Xnsc
cwK-¯p-h-¶-Xn-m IcmÀ H¸p-h-bv¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã.

9. kw{Klw
Pe t{kmX-ÊpIÄ Hcp kaq-l-¯n-tm, cmPy-¯ntm {]tXy-I-
ambn amän hbv¡pI km[y-a-à F¶n-cp-¶m¯t¶bpw cmPy-§Ä
X½n-epw, kwØm--§Ä X½nepw Pe-¯n-p-thn XÀ¡w hÀ²n¨p-h-
cp¶ kml-Ncyw IW-¡n-se-Sp¯v sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S 2013 s Pe-k-
l-I-cW hÀj-ambn BN-cn-¨p. Pe-t{km-X-Êp-Isf kwc-£n-t¡-Xv
Hmtcm ]uc-tâbpw IÀ¯hy amsW¶pw Hmtcm Xpffn Pehpw
Aaq-ey-am-sW¶pw mw a-Ên-em-¡-Ww.

10. Thank you
Arya .S. Sunil
Social Science
Mount Tabor TrainingCollege
PATHANAPURAM