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Efforts to reduce antimicrobial use in poultry in low- and middle-income countries
The document discusses efforts to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU) in poultry within low- and middle-income countries, highlighting the importance of biosecurity, education, and regulations. It outlines challenges such as poor quality feeds, corruption, and a lack of awareness about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among farmers. The document also emphasizes the need for market-driven changes and behavioral science interventions to address AMU and AMR effectively.
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Efforts to reduce antimicrobial use in poultry in low- and middle-income countries
- 1. Efforts to reduceantimicrobial use in poultry in low- and middle-income countries Arshnee Moodley Webinar for the launch of the ReAct biosecurity toolkit for poultry 18 June 2021
- 3. ILRI: Better livesthrough livestock! Reduce poverty Improve food and nutrition security Improve natural resources Mitigating climate change, enhancing resilience and increasing livestock productivity Sustainable Livestock Systems Delivering solutions for livestock, zoonotic and foodborne diseases Animal and Human Health Efficient livestock production driving inclusive growth and employment Policies, Institutions & Livelihoods Improving genetics for better productivity and profitability Livestock Genetics Better nutrition for improved animal productivity Feed and Forage Development
- 4. CGIAR AMR Hubmitigating agricultural associated AMR risks www.amr.cgiar.org
- 5. Fundamentals of reducingAMU and spread of AMR Reduce use • AMU surveillance • Ban/restrictions • Education-Awareness compaigns • Evidence based treatment decisions (diagnostics) • Treatment guidelines • Vaccines use • Limiting profit of prescribers • Differential taxation Reduce transmission • AMR surveillance • Biosecurity • Hygiene/decontamination
- 6. Fundamentals of reducingAMU and spread of AMR Reduce use • AMU surveillance • Ban/restriction of specific antimicrobials • Education-Awareness compaigns • Evidence based treatment decisions • Treatment guidelines • Vaccines use • Limiting profit of prescribers Reduce transmission • AMR surveillance • Biosecurity • Hygiene/decontamination Challenges in LMICs No financial subsidies Poor quality inputs Poor vaccine uptake Corruption Low trust in authority
- 7. Kenya • 40% livebelow the poverty line • Livestock accounts for 4.4% of the GDP • Employs 50% of the agricultural labour force
- 8. Interventions need tobe context relevant Market oriented, properly fed, vaccinated, exotic breeds (imported), Urban cities Country wide, scavenger, free-range, limit biosecurity, little vaccination country wide, low input, free-range, indigenous breeds, rarely vaccinate
- 9. Value chain mapping:stakeholder and risk identification Onono JO et al., 2018 Production challenges: - poor feed quality - lack of space for expansion - financial insecurity - High burden of diseases - lack of information on poultry management
- 10. BuildUganda: Poultry valuechain Soroti Wakiso
- 11. KAP survey amongstfarmers 73% had little knowledge about AMR 60% didn’t know know that AMR could be transmitted 65% didn’t think good biosecurity measures, hygiene and vaccinations could reduce AMR 65% farmers in Wakiso felt that the Government is to blame for AMR issues 81% believed it was OK to use expired drugs and it did not contribute to AMR https://hdl.handle.net/10568/107443
- 12. KAP survey amongstagrovets 11% had no previous training about poultry 58% did not have any AMR training In Soroti, 91%, did not believe that good biosecurity, hygiene and vaccinations could reduce infections in poultry 81% believed that the Government is to blame for AMR In Wakiso, 81% believed that AMR is not associated with poor prescription practices 42% thought vaccinations does not reduce AMR
- 13. 2021 5/7 commonly usedare combination of antibiotics and multivitamins 44-69% of farmers reporting using the two combinations Manufacturer’s indication label “stimulates egg production, increases growth, improves feed conversion”
- 14. Newcastle disease vaccinationchallenges • Low coverage in rural areas • High vaccine failures in both urban and rural areas • Farmers don’t follow vaccination schedules • Failure to maintain a cold chain by dealers and distributers • Farmers vaccinate for themselves • reconstitute issues • cold chain compromised • Agrovet reconstitute the vaccines and sell in small doses • Cold chain transport • Long storage (>24hrs)
- 15. We can’t regulateour way to reducing AMU Regulation is needed but it’s not enough Kenya: prescription only Reality: OTCs without prescriptions Kenya: Agrovets are registered with the KVB Reality: Unqualified staff to dispense drugs and advice No cost-effective alternatives Poor quality feed Corruption and low trust in government Limited resources to enforce regulations Policy gaps- informal sector is neglected We can’t train our way to reducing AMU and AMR: Capacity building is useful if incentives are in place Training not just about knowledge transfer To improve or change behaviour coupled with incentives Market driven change: consumers don’t have economic power
- 16. New project: Exploringthe use of behavioural science intervention ‘nudges’ to address AMU Approach • Vision of perfect workshop: identify the target and the desired change • Persona Deep Dive Clinic: embed in local communities, spending time with target stakeholders to uncover the right behavioural triggers • Ideation and co-creation: co-create of solutions and rapid-test prototypes • Behavioural trial
- 17. Policy challenges inLMICs • Low political commitment • Little awareness of the issue • Weak engagement of all stakeholders • Limited capacity and resources to implement policies • Absence of national surveillance • Kenya: $ 2.64M ($ 0.3M animal sector) • India: $ 45M ($ 0.25M animal sector) • Denmark: $ 149M ($ 36M-animal sector)
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- 19. Mitigating agricultural associatedAMR risks together!
- 20. Zoonotic Salmonella Productionassociated Salmonella Bacteriophage as alternative to antibiotics and reduction of non- typhoidal Salmonella in poultry farms funded by IDRC Salmonella antigens in a bacteriophage-based vaccine in poultry funded by IVVN Current Salmonella vaccines for poultry: Live attenuated Displaying these antigens as part of a vectored vaccine Angela Makumi Nicholas Svitek
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Editor's Notes
- #16 need follow up – to reinforce and have a behaviour change