Sultan Abdul Momin of Brunei declared the Oath of Amanat in 1885 in an attempt to prevent further losses of Brunei's territories to foreign powers like the British and Brooke family, as Brunei had already lost significant areas including Sarawak, North Borneo, and parts of the Baram region. However, the Amanat was ineffective because it was not agreed to by the foreign powers encroaching on Brunei's lands, and Brunei lacked military strength and weapons to enforce the agreement. As a result, Brunei continued losing territories like Limbang despite the Sultan's efforts.

1. SekolahMenengahSayyidina OthmanTutong‘The oath of amanat’The Reign of Sultan Abdul Momin(1852-1885)

2. Contents Sultan Abdul Momin(1852-1885)Loss of Brunei’s Territories (1853-1884)The Declaration of AmanatSummaryQuestions

3. Sultan Abdul Momin(1852-1885)Sultan Abdul Momin was the 24th Sultan of Brunei

4. He ruled from 1852-1885

5. He was the son of PengiranShahbandarPengiranAnak Abdul Wahab

6. The son-in-law of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin IILoss of Brunei’s Territories (1853-1884)Loss of Sarawak to James BrookeWhen Sultan Abdul Momin ascended the throne, James Brooke wanted to sign a new treaty with the SultanThe Treaty1852, Sultan Abdul Momin confirmed Brooke as ‘Independent Rajah’ and has to give BatangLuparin 1853

7. 1861, James Brooke persuaded Sultan to give areas of Rajang to Bintulu River, including Mukah and OyaThis was supported by the BritishSultan received $4,500 but Brunei lost of its sago productionThe Treaty1855, Sultan has to give 7 districts of Rajang includes Rajang, Kalakah, Lingga, Saribas, Sadong, Sekrang and SamarahanSultan received $1500 annually

8. Loss of North Borneo (Sabah) to the BritishTo counter balance made by James Brooke, the British made an agreement with the sultanJuly 1865, Sultan Abdul Momin had to sign an agreement in leasing North Borneo (Sabah) to Clause Lee Moses, the United States Council General in BruneiSultan received $ 4,500 annually and $4,000 to PengiranTemenggongAnakHashim

9. 1865, C.L Moses sold North Borneo to W.J Torrey(American Businessman who formed American Trading Company of Borneo)After 10 years, in 1875, Torrey sold the land to Baron Von Overbeck (Austrian Council in Hongkong)Overbeck sold the land to Alfred Dent, a British merchant and formed a company North Borneo (Chartered ) Company in November 1881

10. Further Lost of Sarawak to Charles BrookeBrunei further lost more lands to the Brooke’s family, Sir Charles Brooke, the nephew of James BrookeCharles Brooke wanted to further his territory by taking Baram River. However, the Sultan refused to give the land

11. The Sultan seek for British’s help and as a result, Charles Brooke was banned from taking more territories in the next 10 yearsHe failed

12. However…Brooke did not stop there…Rebellion in Baram in 1874 by the Kayan peopleBrooke used this opportunity to seize Baram.As a result, Sultan Abdul Mominhas to give in$2,000 paid toPengiranTemenggongAnakHashim

13. PengiranBendahara

14. PengiranPemanchaSultan received $3,000 annually

15. Map of losses Brunei’s territories1865-18811882190518841861189018531846James BrookeCharles BrookeBritish

16. Reasons for losing more territoriesFinancial problem faced by the SultanForced the sultan to lease the lands. As a result, Brunei lost its territories -PehinJamil-Rebellions and support for Western ExpansionRebellion by the Kayans in Baram against Brunei’s ruler because of its excessive oppression and taxation

17. People of Limbang revolted against Brunei’s ruler in 1884The Declaration of AmanatSultan Abdul Mominrealised that if the expansionist activities by Brooke’s family and the British North Borneo Company continued, Brunei will become a shrinking kingdomSultan Abdul Momin declared ‘The Oath of Amanat’

18. The Oath of AmanatIt was an agreement between the Sultan and the Wazirs, Menterisand the holders of Tulin rights.Declared by Sultan Abdul Mominon20 February 1885 / 6 Jamadil–Awal 1302 HPurposeNOT to cede or lease any of the remaining territories of Brunei to foreign powers.

20. However.. The Amanat was ineffcetive Reasons:Amanat was only signed by the Sultan, Wazirs, Menteris and Tulin holders and NOTwith the British North Borneo Company or Charles Brooke