Alexander Grothendieck was a mathematician born in 1928 who revolutionized algebraic geometry. He incorporated elements of commutative algebra, homological algebra, sheaf theory, and category theory into the foundations of algebraic geometry, vastly extending its scope. During World War 2, Grothendieck lived in refugee camps in France and was later sheltered in a village. After the war, he studied mathematics in France and received a scholarship to continue his studies in Paris in 1948. He received his PhD from the University of Nancy in 1953, writing his dissertation in functional analysis under Laurent Schwartz. By 1957, he had shifted his focus to algebraic geometry and homological algebra.