Bab ini membahas tentang agen logis dan pengetahuan representasi. Istilah kunci meliputi basis pengetahuan, inferensi, tingkat pengetahuan, representasi deklaratif, dunia Wumpus, dan berbagai jenis syarat logika seperti klausa tunggal dan definitif. Bab ini juga menjelaskan teknik seperti penyebaran maju dan mundur serta validitas dan kepuasan model.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Ai tugas 2
1. NAMA : M.Dani Fatoni
NPM : 06.2009.1.04836
MATKUL : Kecerdasan Buatan
Bab VI
Adversarial Search
Dalam Bab ini dijelaskan mengenai bagaimana suatu Game dengan MultiAgent
berjalan. MultiAgent tersebut dapat bersaing satu sama lain untuk mencapai tujuan yang
sama. Istilah – istilah yang terdapat dalam Bab ini:
Games: Merupakan suatu kumpulan Agent yang dapat bermusuhan maupun bersekutu
satu sama lain
Zero-Sum Games: Merupakan suatu keadaan dimana terdapat dua atau lebih Agent
yang bermusuhan satu sama lain dan memiliki tujuan yang berlawanan.
Istilah dalam Algoritma Adversial Search:
Initial State, memiliki nilai posisi awal untuk kemudian menebak langkah
musuh.
Successor Function, merupakan komponen Search yang mengembalikan
sepasang nilai (Gerak, Status), setiap nilai berarti Gerak yang diperbolehkan
dan hasil kondisi.
Terminal Test, menentukan kapan game tersebut berakhir.
A Utility Function (disebut juga sebagai fungsi Objek dari Fungsi pelunasan),
Komponen ini membrikan nilai numerik untuk kondisi terminal. Nilai tersebut
dapat berupa nilai positif dan negatif maupun nilai nol (Digunakan untuk
kondisi seri).
Game Tree: Suatu Tree untuk menentukan langkah – langkah yang akan diambil oleh
Agent – Agent pada suatu game.
Strategy: Suatu nilai yang mengkhususkan gerakan Max dalam kondisi awal, untuk
kemudian gerakan tersebut menghasilkan seluruh respon yang memungkinkan dari
Min ke semua gerakan tersebut, dan seterusnya.
Ply: Suatu bahasa game, dapat ditemukan satu tree yang dalam, yang memiliki dua
gerakan sebagian, masing – masing gerakan tersebut disebut Ply.
Minimax Value: Suatu alat untuk Max yang ada dalam kondisi yang sesuai,
memperkirakan bahwa kedua pemain bermain secara optimal dari kondisi tersebut
hingga akhir Game.
Minimax Decision: Suatu pilihan optimal untuk max karena pilihan ini mengarah
kepada Successor dengan nilai Minimac tertinggi.
Minimax Algorithm: Suatu Algoritma yang memperhitaungkan keputusan Minimax
dari kondisi sekarang.
Alliances: Suatu kondisi dimana Agent akan memutuskan untuk membuat suatu
hubungan Sekutu dengan Agent lain atau Pemain.
2. Alpha – Beta Pruning: Suatu teknik untuk menyerdehanakan perhitungan untuk
keputusan MiniMax.
Transposition: Permutasi yang berbeda dari urutan gerakan yang berakhir pada posisi
yang sama.
Transposition Table: Tabel campuran dari posisi yang terlihat sebelumnya.
Features: Suatu fungsi yang menentukan bermacam kategori atau kecocokan class
dari kondisi. Kondisi tersebut memiliki nilai yang sama untuk semua Feature.
Expected Value: Suatu nilai yang diharapkan untuk suatu kondisi.
Material Value: Suatu nilai yang diberikan kepada masing – masing Feature.
Weighted Linear Function: Suatu fungsi yang menghitung bobot dari suatu gerakan
untuk kemudian memperhitungkan, bobot mana yang paling tepat.
Quiescence: Kediaman (Letak suatu Agent).
Quiescence Search: Suatu metode pencarian untuk mencari suatu kediaman dari posisi
yang bukan kediaman.
Horizon Effect: Suatu Efek yang muncul saat suatu program sedang berhadapan
dengan sebuah gerakan dari lawan yang menyebabkan kerusakan yang parah dan
tidak bisa dihindari.
Singular Extensions: Sebuah gerakan yang “Lebih baik” daripada semua gerakan lain
dalam sebuah posisi yang diberikan.
Forward Pruning: Berarti bahwa semua gerakan pada node yang diberikan
disederhanakan secepatnya tanpa pemikiran lebih lanjut.
Null Move: Suatu teknik untuk tidak melakukan pergerakan sehingga musuh dapat
bergerak 2 kali.
Futility Pruning: Suatu teknik yang membantu untuk memutuskan langkah mana yang
lebih baik untuk mencapai Successor Function.
Beberapa contoh yang digunakan dalam bab ini antara lain:
Halma
Checkers
Othello
Backgammon
Bridge
3. Bab 7
Logical Agents
Bab ini menjelaskan tentang bagaimana suatu Agents dapat mengambil tindakan
selayaknya manusia. Manusia pada umumnya memiliki alasan dan pengetahuan dalam
mengambil tindakan, hal ini juga penting dalam pembuatan Agent buatan. Supaya pencapaian
agent tersebut nantinya dapat mencapai hasil yang maksimal. Istilah – istilah yang terdapat
dalam Bab ini:
Knowledge Base: Adalah suatu kumpulan data yang terbentuk dari sekumpulan
kalimat.
Sentences: Suatu kumpulan kata – kata yang memiliki tujuan tertentu. Kalimat
tersebut mewakli beberapa pernyataan tentang dunia
Knowledge Representation Language: Sebuah bahasa yang merupakan perwakilan
dari sekumpulan kalimat.
Inference: Suatu Sentences baru yang terbuat dari sekumpulan Sentences lama. Dapat
juga diartikan sebagai Kesimpulan.
Logical Agents: Suatu Agents yang haruslah menyelesaikan masalah berdasarkan
pada Inference dari suatu Knowledge Base.
Knowledge Level: Suatu pengetahuan yang hanya menentukan apa yang diketahui
oleh Agent tersebut, dan menentukan pula tujuan dari Agent tersebut, untuk dapat
menentukan sikap dari Agent tersebut.
Declarative: Suatu teknik Men-desain suatu bahasa representasi untuk membuatnya
mudah untuk menyatakan suatu pengetahuan dalam bentuk kalimat, untuk
mempersingkat suatu pembentukan masalah.
Wumpus World: Sebuah goa yang memiliki beberapa ruangan yang terhubung dengan
lorong – lorong.
Istilah dalam PEAS:
Performance Measure, suatu bobot yang merupakan nilai saat suatu tidakan
diambil.
Enviroment, suatu tempat dimana suatu Agent tersebut melakukan semua
tindakan.
Actuators, suatu peraturan yang dimiliki oleh Agent dalam setiap tindakan
yang diambil
Sensors, suatu alat yang digunakan oleh Agent untuk memeriksa lingkungan
sekitarnya.
Semantic: Suatu hubungan dengan suatu Sentences. Semantic dari bahasa menentukan
kebenaran dari tiap Sentences dengan mematuhi tiap dunia yang mungkin.
Models: Adalah suatu inti dari proses matematik dengan masing – masingnya
membetulkan kebenaran atau kesalahan dari setiap Sentences yang berhubungan.
Entailment: Suatu ide bahsa sebuah Sentence mengikuti secara Logika dari Sentence
lain.
4. Model Checking: Suatu teknik yang menyebutkan semua model yang mungkin untuk
memeriksa bahwa “a” adalah benar dalam semua model dimana suatu Knowledge
Base adalah benar.
Sound / Truth Preserving: Suatu Algoritma Inference yang hanya memperoleh
Sentence bersyarat.
Completeness: Suatu Algoritma Inference adalah lengkap jika Algoritma tersebut
dapat memperoleh Sentence mana saja yang bersyarat.
Grounding: Suatu hubungan antara proses alasan dengan lingkungan sesungguhnya di
mana suatu Agent berada.
Logical Connectivities: Suatu hubungan antara Logika satu dengan Logika lain.
Beberapa Istilah dalam Logical Connectivities:
Negation (-), suatu hubungan yang berarti Logika –a adalah bukan Logika a.
And (A), suatu hubungan yang berarti penghubung antara Logika satu dengan Logika
lain.
Or (V), suatu hubungan yang berarti memisahkan antara Logika satu dengan Logika
lain.
Implication (), suatu hubungan yang dapat berarti seperti Jika-Maka.
Biconditional (), suatu hubungan yang tidak bersyarat.
Truth Table: Suatu tabel yang menentukan nilai kebenaran dari sebuah Sentence rumit
untuk setiap tugas yang mungkin dari nilai kebenaran pada Komponen tersebut.
Logical Equivalence: Suatu konsep yang berarti dua Sentences adalah sama secara
Logical jika Sentences tersebut bernilai True dalam beberapa set dari Model.
Validity: Suatu konsep yang berarti sebuah Sentence akan sah apabila Sentence
tersebut bernilai benar dalam semua Model.
Satisfiability: Suatu konsep yang bearti sebuah Sentence adalah memuaskan jika
bernilai benar dalam beberapa model.
Reducto Ad Absurdum: Suatu bahasa yang berarti “Pengurangan hal – hal yang
mustahil”. Juga dapat disebut sebagai bukti oleh sanggahan atau bukti oleh
pertentangan.
Inference Rules: Suatu peraturan yang menentukan pola standart dari suatu Inference
yang bisa diterapkan untuk menyatakan serantaian kesimpulan yang mengarahkannya
kepada tujuan yang diinginkan.
Proof: Sebuah urutan penerapan dari Inference Rules.
Monotonicity: Suatu teori yang mengatakan bahwa set dari Sentence bersyarat hanya
dapat meningkat sebagai informasi yang ditambahkan kedalam Knowledge Base.
Factoring: Penghapusan beberapa salinan dari Literal.
Refutation Completeness: Bearti bahwa keputusan selalu dapat digunakan untuk
memastikan maupun untuk menyanggah suatu Sentence.
Ground Resolution Theorem: Suatu teori yang berbunyi “Jika sebuah set dari
ketentuan tersebut tidak memuaskan, maka pengakhiran keputusan dari ketentuan –
ketentuan tersebut membawa ketentuan kosong.
Horn Clauses: Suatu pemisahan dari Literal dimana Maximal satu dari Literal
tersebut adalah positif.
5. Definite Clauses: Suatu ketentuan yang dapat dengan mudah ditulis dan dibaca yang
memiliki tepatnya satu Literal Positif.
Head: Suatu Literal positif dalam suatu ketentuan.
Body: Suatu Literal negatif dalam suatu ketentuan.
Fact: Sebuah Definite Clauses yang tidak memiliki Literal Negatif yang dengan
sederhana menegaskan sebuah Proporsisi yang diberikan.
Integrity Constraints: Suatu Horn Clause yang tidak memiliki nilai Positif yang dapat
dituliskan sebagai sebuah Implikasi dimana keputusannya adalah Literal False.
Forward Chaining: Suatu proses pengambilan keputusan yang dimulai dari pernyataan
yang ada untuk kemudian mencari kesimpulannya.
Backward Chaining: Suatu proses pengambilan keputusan yang dimulai dari
kesimpulan menuju suatu pernyataan (kebalikan dari Forward Chaining).
Data Driven Reasoning: Suatu pengambilan alasan dimana perhatian fokusnya
dimulai dari data yang diketahui.
Beberapa istilah dalam TT-ENTAILS:
Early Termination, Algoritma yang mendeteksi apakah kalimat harus bernilai
True atau False, bahkan dengan model yang baru setengah lengkap.
Pure Symbol Heuristic, Sebuah Pure Symbol adalah sebuah Symbol yang
selalu muncul dengan “Tanda” yang sama dalam semua ketentuan.
Unit Clause Heuristic, Sebuah Unit Clause ditentukan pada awal sebagai
sebuah ketentuan dengan hanya satu Literal.
Unit Propagation: Suatu penyebaran dengan ketentuan sebuah ketentuan Unit dapat
membuat ketentuan Unit lainnya.
Circuit Based Agent: Adalah suatu jenis tertentu dari Reflex Agent dengan kondisi.
Sequential Circuit: Adalah sebuah jaringan dari gerbang, dimana masing – masingnya
melaksanakan sebuah hubungan Logika, dan Register, dimana masing – masingnya
menyimpan nilai kebenaran dari sebuah Proporsisi satuan.
Acyclicity: Sebuah Circuit dapat memiliki proses yang berulang jika setiap langkah
yang menghubungkan dari Output dari sebuah Register kembali kepada Inputnya dan
memiliki sebuah element jeda interven.
Beberapa contoh yang digunakan dalam bab ini antara lain:
Wumpus World