Advanced Medical Sciences: An International Journal (AMS)
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Advanced Medical Sciences: An International Journal (AMS) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Medical Sciences. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding advances in Medical Sciences and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
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UTCARP: Urban Traffic Control Aware Routing Protocol
Vehicular Ad hoc networks (VANETs) are being advocated as a means to increase road safety and driving
comfort, as well as to facilitate traffic control. Road congestion and traffic-related pollution have a large
negative social and economic impact on several economies worldwide. Due to the high dynamic nature of
the network topology in VANETs, finding and maintaining the routes for data forwarding is still more
challenging. In this paper, we propose a urban traffic control aware routing protocol for VANETs that is
called UTCARP. It considers two modules of (i) the traffic control aware selection of vertices through
which a packet is passed toward its destination and (ii) the greedy forwarding strategy by which a packet
is forwarded between two adjacent vertices. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed
approach outperforms conventional protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and
routing overhead.
Performance Evaluation of Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (Vanet) Using Clustering A...
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETS) have actually attracted a lot of attention over the last few years as
being used to improve road safety. In this paper, cluster based technique has been introduced in VANET.
As VANET is a new form of MANET, so with this cluster based technique in VANET, several handoff
problems have been removed, which were actually difficult to remove in MANET. For this traffic
infrastructure cluster based routing has been used, with two routing protocols i.e. AODV and AODV+. The
network simulator NS2 has been used for removing unpredictable movements that may arise in the network.
An Optimized Mechanism for Adaptive and Dynamic Policy Based Handover in Clus...
On-going revolution in ever-improving wireless communication enforces the necessity of a self configuring,
rapidly deployable and infrastructure less network. MANET is such an autonomous wireless network that
meets the requirements. At the same time MANET’s random behavior and absence of any central
intelligence to gather unambiguous knowledge about user contexts complexes QoS maintenance and
hampers proper utilization of network resources resulting into unnecessary handovers. In past, few policy
driven handover approaches have been proposed for MANET but none of them explores a comprehensive
policy design. Therefore in this paper we propose an adaptive and optimized policy based handover
mechanism which is based on explicitly designed policies like load balancing, service discovery and next
hop selection .Efficient procedures for these policies are also explored .This work predicts the high time of
handover need on the basis of application specific needs of individual freely roaming mobile nodes,
avoiding unnecessary handovers and provides efficient handover procedure with optimized resource
consumption, reduced latency and interruption time.
An Efficient Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network for Secured Communica...
Security and reliable communication is challenging task in mobile Ad Hoc network. Through mobility of network device compromised with attack and loss of data. For the prevention of attack and reliable communication, various authors proposed a method of secured routing protocol such as SAODV and SBRP (secured backup routing protocol). The process of these methods work along with route discovery and route maintains, discovery and route maintained needed more power consumption for that process. The power of devices is decrease during such process and network lifetimes expire. In this paper, we modified the secured stateless protocol for secured routing and minimized the utilization of power during path discovering and establishment. For the authentication of group node used group signature technique and sleep mode threshold concept for power minimization. Our proposed technique is simulated in ns-2 and compare to other routing protocol gives a better performance in comparison to energy consumption and throughput of network.
As-Puma : Anycast Semantics In Parking Using Metaheuristic Approach
The number of vehicle used in the world are increasing day by day resulting in the obvious problem of
parking of these vehicle’s in residential and vocational areas. We perceive the problem of vehicles parking
in vocational establishments / malls. Today majority of parking systems are manual parking systems where
in, on the spot, parking of the vehicle is done and a parking slip is generated and handed over to customer.
This is cumbersome technique wherein various parking attendants in the parking areas manually keeps on
informing the Parking inspector on how many free parking slots available so that only that many number of
parking slips/tickets are generated as the number of free parking slots. We address the problem of parking
in Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) by proposing metaheuristic driven approach of Ant Colony optimization
(ACO) technique with anycast semantics models . Here we propose the parking architecture to solve the
problem of parking especially in commercial areas with their design diagrams . In this architecture we
apply the delivery model to deliver the packet correctly to the intended receiver. Using this we can book
various parking’s through remote areas so that the customer can get the information about availability of
various parking’s inside an area and the parking fare for each category of the automobile. Using this
architecture the customer can get the prior knowledge about various vacant parking slots inside a parking
area and he can book the corresponding parking from his location.
A Survey of Enhanced Routing Protocols for Manets
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) form a class of dynamic multi-hop networks consisting of a set of
mobile nodes that intercommunicate on shared wireless channels. MANETs are self-organizing and selfconfiguring multi-hop wireless networks, where the network structure changes dynamically due to the node
mobility. There exists no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation
and path loss. Hence efficient dynamic routing protocols are required for these networks to function
properly. Many routing protocols have been developed to accomplish this task. In this paper we survey
various new routing protocols that have been developed as extensions or advanced versions of previously
existing routing protocols for MANETs such as DSR, AODV, OLSR etc.
Black Hole Attack Prevention Using Random Dispersive Routing for Mobile Adhoc...
Mobile Adhoc Networks is a wireless network and it has become an important technology in current years
in which security has become an important problem. Black hole Attack is one of the promising and severe
security attacks in mobile ad hoc networks which block the communication of secret data during packet
delivery. Black hole attack directly attacks the node’s data traffic on the path and with intent drops, alters
or delays the data traffic passing through that node. In other type of black hole attack which misleadingly
replies for the route request which comes from the node which initiates the route discovery process that it
has as much as necessary routes to the destination even it does not have path to the destination. This paper
deals with prevention of black hole attacks using Shamir’s secret sharing and Random Multipath Routing
Algorithm
Performance Analysis of Mtpr Routing Protocol in Power Deficient Node
Power conservation in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a major challenge even today for researchers.
To conserve it various power aware routing protocols have been proposed. These protocols do not take into
consideration the residual power left in nodes. To find the impact of the same a simulator was designed in
MATLAB-7.01. The routing protocol used in our simulation is Minimum Total Power Routing (MTPR) and
different performance metrics such as path optimality, throughput and hop count were recorded in
presence and absence of power scarce node. The result shows significant impact of power scarce node on
MANET performance.
Recommended
UTCARP: Urban Traffic Control Aware Routing Protocol
Vehicular Ad hoc networks (VANETs) are being advocated as a means to increase road safety and driving
comfort, as well as to facilitate traffic control. Road congestion and traffic-related pollution have a large
negative social and economic impact on several economies worldwide. Due to the high dynamic nature of
the network topology in VANETs, finding and maintaining the routes for data forwarding is still more
challenging. In this paper, we propose a urban traffic control aware routing protocol for VANETs that is
called UTCARP. It considers two modules of (i) the traffic control aware selection of vertices through
which a packet is passed toward its destination and (ii) the greedy forwarding strategy by which a packet
is forwarded between two adjacent vertices. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed
approach outperforms conventional protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and
routing overhead.
Performance Evaluation of Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (Vanet) Using Clustering A...
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETS) have actually attracted a lot of attention over the last few years as
being used to improve road safety. In this paper, cluster based technique has been introduced in VANET.
As VANET is a new form of MANET, so with this cluster based technique in VANET, several handoff
problems have been removed, which were actually difficult to remove in MANET. For this traffic
infrastructure cluster based routing has been used, with two routing protocols i.e. AODV and AODV+. The
network simulator NS2 has been used for removing unpredictable movements that may arise in the network.
An Optimized Mechanism for Adaptive and Dynamic Policy Based Handover in Clus...
On-going revolution in ever-improving wireless communication enforces the necessity of a self configuring,
rapidly deployable and infrastructure less network. MANET is such an autonomous wireless network that
meets the requirements. At the same time MANET’s random behavior and absence of any central
intelligence to gather unambiguous knowledge about user contexts complexes QoS maintenance and
hampers proper utilization of network resources resulting into unnecessary handovers. In past, few policy
driven handover approaches have been proposed for MANET but none of them explores a comprehensive
policy design. Therefore in this paper we propose an adaptive and optimized policy based handover
mechanism which is based on explicitly designed policies like load balancing, service discovery and next
hop selection .Efficient procedures for these policies are also explored .This work predicts the high time of
handover need on the basis of application specific needs of individual freely roaming mobile nodes,
avoiding unnecessary handovers and provides efficient handover procedure with optimized resource
consumption, reduced latency and interruption time.
An Efficient Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network for Secured Communica...
Security and reliable communication is challenging task in mobile Ad Hoc network. Through mobility of network device compromised with attack and loss of data. For the prevention of attack and reliable communication, various authors proposed a method of secured routing protocol such as SAODV and SBRP (secured backup routing protocol). The process of these methods work along with route discovery and route maintains, discovery and route maintained needed more power consumption for that process. The power of devices is decrease during such process and network lifetimes expire. In this paper, we modified the secured stateless protocol for secured routing and minimized the utilization of power during path discovering and establishment. For the authentication of group node used group signature technique and sleep mode threshold concept for power minimization. Our proposed technique is simulated in ns-2 and compare to other routing protocol gives a better performance in comparison to energy consumption and throughput of network.
As-Puma : Anycast Semantics In Parking Using Metaheuristic Approach
The number of vehicle used in the world are increasing day by day resulting in the obvious problem of
parking of these vehicle’s in residential and vocational areas. We perceive the problem of vehicles parking
in vocational establishments / malls. Today majority of parking systems are manual parking systems where
in, on the spot, parking of the vehicle is done and a parking slip is generated and handed over to customer.
This is cumbersome technique wherein various parking attendants in the parking areas manually keeps on
informing the Parking inspector on how many free parking slots available so that only that many number of
parking slips/tickets are generated as the number of free parking slots. We address the problem of parking
in Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) by proposing metaheuristic driven approach of Ant Colony optimization
(ACO) technique with anycast semantics models . Here we propose the parking architecture to solve the
problem of parking especially in commercial areas with their design diagrams . In this architecture we
apply the delivery model to deliver the packet correctly to the intended receiver. Using this we can book
various parking’s through remote areas so that the customer can get the information about availability of
various parking’s inside an area and the parking fare for each category of the automobile. Using this
architecture the customer can get the prior knowledge about various vacant parking slots inside a parking
area and he can book the corresponding parking from his location.
A Survey of Enhanced Routing Protocols for Manets
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) form a class of dynamic multi-hop networks consisting of a set of
mobile nodes that intercommunicate on shared wireless channels. MANETs are self-organizing and selfconfiguring multi-hop wireless networks, where the network structure changes dynamically due to the node
mobility. There exists no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation
and path loss. Hence efficient dynamic routing protocols are required for these networks to function
properly. Many routing protocols have been developed to accomplish this task. In this paper we survey
various new routing protocols that have been developed as extensions or advanced versions of previously
existing routing protocols for MANETs such as DSR, AODV, OLSR etc.
Black Hole Attack Prevention Using Random Dispersive Routing for Mobile Adhoc...
Mobile Adhoc Networks is a wireless network and it has become an important technology in current years
in which security has become an important problem. Black hole Attack is one of the promising and severe
security attacks in mobile ad hoc networks which block the communication of secret data during packet
delivery. Black hole attack directly attacks the node’s data traffic on the path and with intent drops, alters
or delays the data traffic passing through that node. In other type of black hole attack which misleadingly
replies for the route request which comes from the node which initiates the route discovery process that it
has as much as necessary routes to the destination even it does not have path to the destination. This paper
deals with prevention of black hole attacks using Shamir’s secret sharing and Random Multipath Routing
Algorithm
Performance Analysis of Mtpr Routing Protocol in Power Deficient Node
Power conservation in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a major challenge even today for researchers.
To conserve it various power aware routing protocols have been proposed. These protocols do not take into
consideration the residual power left in nodes. To find the impact of the same a simulator was designed in
MATLAB-7.01. The routing protocol used in our simulation is Minimum Total Power Routing (MTPR) and
different performance metrics such as path optimality, throughput and hop count were recorded in
presence and absence of power scarce node. The result shows significant impact of power scarce node on
MANET performance.
Path Duration Analysis in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
In Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) the mobility of the nodes is the main concern. This mobility of
nodes makes the route unstable and unreliable for the information exchange and communication between
two nodes in the network. To enhance the performance and throughput of the VANETs, routes between
nodes must be reliable and stable. In this paper, we study the significance of path duration and link
duration in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs). Because of this mobility, connectivity graphs changes
very frequently and it affects the performance of VANETs. Therefore, path duration can be used to predict
the behaviour of the mobile nodes in the network. Estimation of the path duration in VANETs can be a key
factor to improve the performance of the routing protocol. Estimation of path duration is a challenging task
to perform as it depends on many parameters including node density, transmission range, numbers of hops,
and velocity of nodes. This paper will provide a comprehensive study for estimating the path duration in
VANETs.
Study of Various Schemes for Link Recovery in Wireless Mesh Network
As there is a growing need for the cost effective and highly dynamic large-bandwidth networks over large
coverage area , the Wireless Mesh Network provide first step towards effective communication. A Wireless
Mesh Network is one of the most advanced wireless network used for communication. During their
operating period , the wireless mesh network may suffer from frequent link failure which results in poor
performance of network. Link failure detection plays crucial role in performance of WMN. The proposed
paper presents the review of various techniques used for detection of link failure and the techniques used
for recovery of wireless mesh network.
A Survey on Security Issues to Detect Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Network
Sensor nodes, when deployed to form Wireless sensor network operating under control of central authority
i.e. Base station are capable of exhibiting interesting applications due to their ability to be deployed
ubiquitously in hostile & pervasive environments. But due to same reason security is becoming a major
concern for these networks. Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable against various types of external and
internal attacks being limited by computation resources, smaller memory capacity, limited battery life,
processing power & lack of tamper resistant packaging. This survey paper is an attempt to analyze threats
to Wireless sensor networks and to report various research efforts in studying variety of routing attacks
which target the network layer. Particularly devastating attack is Wormhole attack- a Denial of Service
attack, where attackers create a low-latency link between two points in the network. With focus on survey of
existing methods of detecting Wormhole attacks, researchers are in process to identify and demarcate the
key research challenges for detection of Wormhole attacks in network layer.
Dynamic Ridesharing Using Social Media -
This document is Intended for the purpose of Enabling the power of social media to Empower Ridesharing.
this entails the creation of an ad-ridesharing Initiative with a view to tackling real-world problems such as
traffic congestion and the ever-increasing fuel prices. The main objectives include creating applications,
both web and mobile based, to seamlessly integrate the app’s functionality into and everyday user’s
routine.
Performance Analysis of Improved Autonomous Power Control Mac Protocol (IAPCM...
Power Control in Mobile Ad Hoc networks is a critical issue, since nodes are powered by batteries.The
main idea of power control schemes is to use different power levels for RTS/CTS and DATA/ACK. These
schemes may degrade network throughput and reduce energy efficiency of the network. In this paper we
have evaluated the performance of Improved Autonomous Power Control MAC Protocol (IAPCMP),that
allows nodes to dynamically adjust power levels for transmission of DATA/ACK according to the distance
between the transmitter and its neighbors.In IAPCMP power level for transmission of RTS/CTS is also
adjustable. This also used maximum power level for transmitting DATA/ACK periodically to make
neighboring nodes aware about ongoing transmission. The performance of IAPCMP is evaluated through
the metrics namely, packet delivery ratio and rate of energy efficiency.The simulation results show
significant improvement in protocol.
A Survey of Using Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks
In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview on Ad hoc networking by directional antennas. Use of
Directional antennas can largely reduce the interference, increase the spatial reuse and due to their longer
range we can have routes with fewer hop for two distant nodes. However the main problem of using
directional antennas in Ad hoc networks is due to the dynamic nature of the network. Neighbour discovery,
maintenance the track of moving neighbours, exploitation of the benefit of long range and directional MAC
protocols are the most challenging issues. We present three Directional MAC protocols and two
combinational protocols and system which give solutions to MAC and Neighbour discovery and compare
the throughput of them with 802.11 with omnidirectional antennas.
Wireless Evolution: IEEE 802.11N, 802.11AC, and 802.11AX Performance Comparison
The widespread adoption of IEEE 802.11 WLANs is attributed to their inherent mobility, flexibility, and
cost-effectiveness. Within the IEEE 802 working group, a dedicated task group is diligently advancing
WLAN technologies, particularly tailored for dense network scenarios. Amidst these advancements, the
802.11ac protocols have emerged as a preferred choice, delivering superior data transfer rates compared
to the preceding 802.11n standard. Significantly, the sixth-generation wireless protocol, IEEE 802.11ax,
has been introduced, showcasing enhanced performance capabilities that outpace its fifth-generation
predecessor, 802.11ac.In this pioneering investigation, we engage in an in-depth simulation-based scrutiny
of prominentWLAN protocols—namely, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, and the cutting-edge IEEE
802.11ax. Our exhaustive analyses traverse a spectrum of critical metrics, encompassing throughput,
coverage, spectral efficiency, Tx/Rx gain, and Tx/Rx power.In a single-user and SISO scenario, both
802.11ac and 802.11ax outperform 802.11n. Significantly, 802.11ax surpasses the previous 802.11n/ac
standards, highlighting substantial advancements in wireless performance.
Performance Improvement of Multiple Connections in AODV with the Concern of N...
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETS) consists of a collection of mobile nodes without having a central
coordination. In MANET, node mobility and dynamic topology play an important role in the performance.
MANET provide a solution for network connection at anywhere and at any time. The major features of
MANET are quick set up, self organization and self maintenance. Routing is a major challenge in MANET
due to it’s dynamic topology and high mobility. Several routing algorithms have been developed for
routing. This paper studies the AODV protocol and how AODV is performed under multiple connections in
the network. Several issues have been identified. The bandwidth is recognized as the prominent factor
reducing the performance of the network. This paper gives an improvement of normal AODV for
simultaneous multiple connections under the consideration of bandwidth of node.
An Efficient Call Admission Control Scheme for Handling Handoffs in Wireless ...
Personal Communication Network (PCN) is an emerging wireless network that promises many new
services for the telecommunication industry. The proliferation of demands for extending wireless services
to integrated services, which supports the transmission of data and multimedia information, has resulted in
the need for broadband wireless systems that are able to provide service capabilities similar to those of
wire line networks. The ATM cell - relay paradigm is one possible approach to provide broadband wireless
transmission with PCN’s using the ATM switching networks for interconnection of PCN cells. As traffic in
these mobile cellular networks increases, Handoffs will become an increasingly important issue. As cell
sizes shrink to accommodate an increasingly large demand of services, newer more efficient handoff
schemes need to be used. In this paper, the authors describe the use of novel and efficient data structure
which dynamically allocates guard channel for handoffs and introduces the concept of channel borrowing
strategy. The proposed scheme allocates the guard channels for handoff requests dynamically, based on the
traffic load for certain time period. A new originating call in the cell coverage area also uses these guard
channels if they are unused. Our basic idea is to allow Guard channels to be shared between new calls and
handoff calls. This approach maximizes the channel utilization. The simulation results prove that the
channel borrowing scheme improves the overall throughput.
Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Electric Vehicles (EVs) Supercharger: A...
This article presents a probabilistic modeling method utilizing smart meter data and an innovative agentbased simulator for electric vehicles (EVs). The aim is to assess the effects of different cost-driven EV charging strategies on the power distribution network (PDN). We investigate the effects of a 40% EV adoption on three parts of Frederiksberg's low voltage distribution network (LVDN), a densely urbanized municipality in Denmark. Our findings indicate that cable and transformer overloading especially pose a challenge. However, the impact of EVs varies significantly between each LVDN area and charging scenario. Across scenarios and LVDNs, the share of cables facing congestion ranges between 5% and 60%. It is also revealed that time-of-use (ToU)-based and single-day cost-minimized charging could be beneficial for LVDNs with moderate EV adoption rates. In contrast, multiple-day optimization will likely lead to severe congestion, as such strategies concentrate demand on a single day that would otherwise be distributed over several days, thus raising concerns about how to prevent it. The broader implications of our research suggest that, despite initial worries primarily centered on congestion due to unregulated charging during peak hours, a transition to cost-based smart charging, propelled by an increasing awareness of time-dependent electricity prices, may lead to a significant rise in charging synchronization, bringing about undesirable consequences for the power distribution network (PDN).
Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Electric Vehicles (EVs) Supercharger: A...
This article presents a probabilistic modeling method utilizing smart meter data and an innovative agentbased simulator for electric vehicles (EVs). The aim is to assess the effects of different cost-driven EV
charging strategies on the power distribution network (PDN). We investigate the effects of a 40% EV
adoption on three parts of Frederiksberg's low voltage distribution network (LVDN), a densely urbanized
municipality in Denmark. Our findings indicate that cable and transformer overloading especially pose a
challenge. However, the impact of EVs varies significantly between each LVDN area and charging
scenario. Across scenarios and LVDNs, the share of cables facing congestion ranges between 5% and
60%. It is also revealed that time-of-use (ToU)-based and single-day cost-minimized charging could be
beneficial for LVDNs with moderate EV adoption rates. In contrast, multiple-day optimization will likely
lead to severe congestion, as such strategies concentrate demand on a single day that would otherwise be
distributed over several days, thus raising concerns about how to prevent it. The broader implications of
our research suggest that, despite initial worries primarily centered on congestion due to unregulated
charging during peak hours, a transition to cost-based smart charging, propelled by an increasing
awareness of time-dependent electricity prices, may lead to a significant rise in charging synchronization,
bringing about undesirable consequences for the power distribution network (PDN).
Multilayer Perceptron Guided Key Generation through Mutation with Recursive R...
In this paper, a multilayer perceptron guided key generation for encryption/decryption (MLPKG) has been
proposed through recursive replacement using mutated character code generation for wireless
communication of data/information. Multilayer perceptron transmitting systems at both ends accept an
identical input vector, generate an output bit and the network are trained based on the output bit which is
used to form a protected variable length secret-key. For each session, different hidden layer of multilayer
neural network is selected randomly and weights or hidden units of this selected hidden layer help to form
a secret session key. The plain text is encrypted using mutated character code table. Intermediate cipher
text is yet again encrypted through recursive replacement technique to from next intermediate encrypted
text which is again encrypted to form the final cipher text through chaining , cascaded xoring of multilayer
perceptron generated session key. If size of the final block of intermediate cipher text is less than the size of
the key then this block is kept unaltered. Receiver will use identical multilayer perceptron generated
session key for performing deciphering process for getting the recursive replacement encrypted cipher text
and then mutated character code table is used for decoding. Parametric tests have been done and results
are compared in terms of Chi-Square test, response time in transmission with some existing classical
techniques, which shows comparable results for the proposed technique.
Performance Analysis of Mobile Adhoc Network Routing Protocols Over Tcp
In order to reduce the communication cost and time we are looking forward for successful implementation
of an infrastructure less network like Mobile Ad Hoc Network in all arena of wireless mobile
communication. But still it is a challenge to decide a most appropriate routing protocol for MANET. In
MANET there is no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation and
path loss. Since MANET does not use fixed infrastructure rather it always have to find suitable router and
routing path for each communication, existing established routing protocol is not suitable for MANET to
function properly. Different Routing protocols have been proposed to meet the challenges with MANETs.
This paper evaluates the performances of four MANET routing protocols which are DSDV, AODV, DSR
and TORA over TCP, a Transport Layer Protocol. The performance metrics which are considered in this
paper are packet delivery fractions, normalized routing overload, end to end delay and throughput. DSDV
is a proactive protocol and the others are reactive protocols.
Securing Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Key Management and Routing
Secure communication between two nodes in a network depends on reliable key management systems that generate and distribute keys between communicating nodes and a secure routing protocol that establishes a route between them. But due to lack of central server and infrastructure in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), this is major problem to manage the keys in the network. Dynamically changes in network’s topology causes weak trust relationship among the nodes in the network. . In MANETs a mobile node operates as not only end terminal but also as an intermediate router. Therefore, a multi-hop scenario occurs for communication in MANETs; where there may be one or more malicious nodes in between source and destination. A routing protocol is said to be secure that detects the detrimental effects of malicious node(s in the path from source to destination). In this paper, we proposed a key management scheme and a secure routing protocol that secures on demand routing protocol such as DSR and AODV. We assume that MANETs is divided into groups having a group leader in each group. Group leader has responsibility of key management in its group. Proposed key management scheme is a decentralized scheme that does not require any Trusted Third Party (TTP) for key management. In proposed key management system, both a new node and group leader authenticates each other mutually before joining the network. While proposed secure routing protocol allows both communicating parties as well as intermediate nodes to authenticate other nodes and maintains message integrity.
Different Ways to Achieve Trust in MANET
MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) is hot spot for research due to its various advantages and
disadvantages. Providing safe communication between mobile nodes, recognization the position of
nodes, reducing overhead, handling misbehavior and location updates are such a difficult issues in
ad-hoc network, so providing trust schemes is an important in this network. MANET provides some
basic functions like routing, communication, network management and packet forwarding etc over
self organized network. Because MANET has not a fixed topology, in which mobile nodes comes and
leaves the network within a random period of time. It effects energy, bandwidth and memory
computations of network. Providing trust in MANET is such a crucial task because it doesn’t having
centralized infrastructure. In this paper, we survey the different trust model schemes of MANET with
their unique features, merits and demerits & findings.
Manet Security Breaches : Threat to A Secure Communication Platform
Ad-hoc networks are the collection of autonomous nodes where all the nodes are configured dynamically
without any centralized management system. Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) are self-configuring
network of mobile routers connected via a wireless link. However,the feature of decentralization and
dynamic configuration of nodes makes MANETs vulnerable to various security attacks,that are otherwise
not so common in a wired network. For mitigation of these attacks,several secured routing protocols are
being proposed till now. This paper provides the view of overall security breaches present in the Ad-hoc
Networks till now and will discuss in brief about the several proposed secure routing protocols.
Throughput and Delay Analysis of Next-HOP Forwarding Method for Non-Linear Eh...
Position based routing plays a significant role in multi-hop Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), due to
high mobility of nodes. Selection of next-hop node is crucial to improve the performance of routing. In this
paper, we have proposed a method for selecting next-hop forwarding node based on the distance between
the source and next-hop node and link quality. Next-hop node is selected based on Expected Progress
Distance (EPD) criteria. The EPD is estimated in terms of expected distance between the source and nexthop node. The expected delay (ED) and throughput (Th) are also estimated for the proposed method. The
mathematical model derived for calculating EPD, delay, and throughput are simulated in MATLAB and
evaluated the performance of the proposed method.
Puzzle Based Approach for Solving Denial of Service Attack in Mobile WIMAX
Mobile WiMAX or IEEE 802.16e gives the access of Broadband Wireless even when the station is moving.
But, as always Wireless environment is more open to threats; various threats exist over Mobile WiMAX like
“Downgrade Attack”, “Key Space Vulnerability” and “Initial Network Vulnerability”, and “Denial of
Service (DoS)”. In this paper we are proposing solution for one of the main Threat which is Denial of
Service attack. Proposed solution is based on Puzzle approach. As, of more critical environment of MobileWiMAX we have Proposed use of Time Stamp and Nonce Variable for providing the more secure
environment prone to DoS. As, DoS mainly exist in two forms which have been mentioned further, proposed
work in Literature provides the solution for either of these but our proposed solution will be an attempt to
overcome from
THE PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE. WIRELESS NETWORKS REPRESENT AN IMPORTANT EXAMPLE
OF SUCH SCENARIOS WHERE CAPTURING AND FORGING PACKETS ARE RELATIVELY EASY.
ATTACKS AGAINST NETWORKED SYSTEMS ARE BECOMING MORE COMPLEX AND FOR MOBILE
WIMAX IT IS MORE CRITICAL AS WELL AS MORE IMPORTANT TO HANDLE BECAUSE IT
SUPPORTS SUBSCRIBER STATIONS MOVING AT VEHICULAR SPEEDS AND THEREBY SPECIFIES A
SYSTEM FOR COMBINED FIXED AND MOBILE BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS.
Comparison of Csma Based MAC Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks
This document compares several CSMA-based MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: S-MAC, T-MAC, B-MAC, B-MAC+, X-MAC, and D-MAC. It implements these protocols in TOSSIM simulator and evaluates their energy consumption and performance under different traffic loads. The key findings are that T-MAC consumes less energy than S-MAC due to its adaptive timeout, while B-MAC+ and X-MAC improve over B-MAC by reducing long preambles. D-MAC aims for low-latency data delivery using a staggered wakeup schedule but does not perform well under high traffic.
An Optimal RPC Based Approach to Increase Fault Tolerance in Wireless AD-HOC ...
In wireless network, fault tolerant topology control is an important and a challenging task. The wireless
nodes and links could experience frequent failures since Wireless networks are usually deployed under
extreme environments. Therefore, fault tolerance must be considered for many applications. In wireless
network Topology control has been proved effective in saving node power. The main idea of topology
control is that instead of using its maximal transmission power, each node sets its power to a certain level
such that the global topology satisfies a certain constraint. To increase fault tolerance, nodes in the
network will consume more power. Here we need to give the optimum distance between the nodes of the
wireless network in order to reduce the consumption of the power of each node.
This paper deals with the approach for the finding the minimum distance between the nodes of the wireless
network by the use of mat lab coding through the graph theory considering the minimum weight based
algorithm.
原版制作(Hull毕业证书)赫尔大学毕业证Offer一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Hull毕业证书)赫尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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More from pijans
Path Duration Analysis in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
In Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) the mobility of the nodes is the main concern. This mobility of
nodes makes the route unstable and unreliable for the information exchange and communication between
two nodes in the network. To enhance the performance and throughput of the VANETs, routes between
nodes must be reliable and stable. In this paper, we study the significance of path duration and link
duration in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs). Because of this mobility, connectivity graphs changes
very frequently and it affects the performance of VANETs. Therefore, path duration can be used to predict
the behaviour of the mobile nodes in the network. Estimation of the path duration in VANETs can be a key
factor to improve the performance of the routing protocol. Estimation of path duration is a challenging task
to perform as it depends on many parameters including node density, transmission range, numbers of hops,
and velocity of nodes. This paper will provide a comprehensive study for estimating the path duration in
VANETs.
Study of Various Schemes for Link Recovery in Wireless Mesh Network
As there is a growing need for the cost effective and highly dynamic large-bandwidth networks over large
coverage area , the Wireless Mesh Network provide first step towards effective communication. A Wireless
Mesh Network is one of the most advanced wireless network used for communication. During their
operating period , the wireless mesh network may suffer from frequent link failure which results in poor
performance of network. Link failure detection plays crucial role in performance of WMN. The proposed
paper presents the review of various techniques used for detection of link failure and the techniques used
for recovery of wireless mesh network.
A Survey on Security Issues to Detect Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Network
Sensor nodes, when deployed to form Wireless sensor network operating under control of central authority
i.e. Base station are capable of exhibiting interesting applications due to their ability to be deployed
ubiquitously in hostile & pervasive environments. But due to same reason security is becoming a major
concern for these networks. Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable against various types of external and
internal attacks being limited by computation resources, smaller memory capacity, limited battery life,
processing power & lack of tamper resistant packaging. This survey paper is an attempt to analyze threats
to Wireless sensor networks and to report various research efforts in studying variety of routing attacks
which target the network layer. Particularly devastating attack is Wormhole attack- a Denial of Service
attack, where attackers create a low-latency link between two points in the network. With focus on survey of
existing methods of detecting Wormhole attacks, researchers are in process to identify and demarcate the
key research challenges for detection of Wormhole attacks in network layer.
Dynamic Ridesharing Using Social Media -
This document is Intended for the purpose of Enabling the power of social media to Empower Ridesharing.
this entails the creation of an ad-ridesharing Initiative with a view to tackling real-world problems such as
traffic congestion and the ever-increasing fuel prices. The main objectives include creating applications,
both web and mobile based, to seamlessly integrate the app’s functionality into and everyday user’s
routine.
Performance Analysis of Improved Autonomous Power Control Mac Protocol (IAPCM...
Power Control in Mobile Ad Hoc networks is a critical issue, since nodes are powered by batteries.The
main idea of power control schemes is to use different power levels for RTS/CTS and DATA/ACK. These
schemes may degrade network throughput and reduce energy efficiency of the network. In this paper we
have evaluated the performance of Improved Autonomous Power Control MAC Protocol (IAPCMP),that
allows nodes to dynamically adjust power levels for transmission of DATA/ACK according to the distance
between the transmitter and its neighbors.In IAPCMP power level for transmission of RTS/CTS is also
adjustable. This also used maximum power level for transmitting DATA/ACK periodically to make
neighboring nodes aware about ongoing transmission. The performance of IAPCMP is evaluated through
the metrics namely, packet delivery ratio and rate of energy efficiency.The simulation results show
significant improvement in protocol.
A Survey of Using Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks
In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview on Ad hoc networking by directional antennas. Use of
Directional antennas can largely reduce the interference, increase the spatial reuse and due to their longer
range we can have routes with fewer hop for two distant nodes. However the main problem of using
directional antennas in Ad hoc networks is due to the dynamic nature of the network. Neighbour discovery,
maintenance the track of moving neighbours, exploitation of the benefit of long range and directional MAC
protocols are the most challenging issues. We present three Directional MAC protocols and two
combinational protocols and system which give solutions to MAC and Neighbour discovery and compare
the throughput of them with 802.11 with omnidirectional antennas.
Wireless Evolution: IEEE 802.11N, 802.11AC, and 802.11AX Performance Comparison
The widespread adoption of IEEE 802.11 WLANs is attributed to their inherent mobility, flexibility, and
cost-effectiveness. Within the IEEE 802 working group, a dedicated task group is diligently advancing
WLAN technologies, particularly tailored for dense network scenarios. Amidst these advancements, the
802.11ac protocols have emerged as a preferred choice, delivering superior data transfer rates compared
to the preceding 802.11n standard. Significantly, the sixth-generation wireless protocol, IEEE 802.11ax,
has been introduced, showcasing enhanced performance capabilities that outpace its fifth-generation
predecessor, 802.11ac.In this pioneering investigation, we engage in an in-depth simulation-based scrutiny
of prominentWLAN protocols—namely, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, and the cutting-edge IEEE
802.11ax. Our exhaustive analyses traverse a spectrum of critical metrics, encompassing throughput,
coverage, spectral efficiency, Tx/Rx gain, and Tx/Rx power.In a single-user and SISO scenario, both
802.11ac and 802.11ax outperform 802.11n. Significantly, 802.11ax surpasses the previous 802.11n/ac
standards, highlighting substantial advancements in wireless performance.
Performance Improvement of Multiple Connections in AODV with the Concern of N...
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETS) consists of a collection of mobile nodes without having a central
coordination. In MANET, node mobility and dynamic topology play an important role in the performance.
MANET provide a solution for network connection at anywhere and at any time. The major features of
MANET are quick set up, self organization and self maintenance. Routing is a major challenge in MANET
due to it’s dynamic topology and high mobility. Several routing algorithms have been developed for
routing. This paper studies the AODV protocol and how AODV is performed under multiple connections in
the network. Several issues have been identified. The bandwidth is recognized as the prominent factor
reducing the performance of the network. This paper gives an improvement of normal AODV for
simultaneous multiple connections under the consideration of bandwidth of node.
An Efficient Call Admission Control Scheme for Handling Handoffs in Wireless ...
Personal Communication Network (PCN) is an emerging wireless network that promises many new
services for the telecommunication industry. The proliferation of demands for extending wireless services
to integrated services, which supports the transmission of data and multimedia information, has resulted in
the need for broadband wireless systems that are able to provide service capabilities similar to those of
wire line networks. The ATM cell - relay paradigm is one possible approach to provide broadband wireless
transmission with PCN’s using the ATM switching networks for interconnection of PCN cells. As traffic in
these mobile cellular networks increases, Handoffs will become an increasingly important issue. As cell
sizes shrink to accommodate an increasingly large demand of services, newer more efficient handoff
schemes need to be used. In this paper, the authors describe the use of novel and efficient data structure
which dynamically allocates guard channel for handoffs and introduces the concept of channel borrowing
strategy. The proposed scheme allocates the guard channels for handoff requests dynamically, based on the
traffic load for certain time period. A new originating call in the cell coverage area also uses these guard
channels if they are unused. Our basic idea is to allow Guard channels to be shared between new calls and
handoff calls. This approach maximizes the channel utilization. The simulation results prove that the
channel borrowing scheme improves the overall throughput.
Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Electric Vehicles (EVs) Supercharger: A...
This article presents a probabilistic modeling method utilizing smart meter data and an innovative agentbased simulator for electric vehicles (EVs). The aim is to assess the effects of different cost-driven EV charging strategies on the power distribution network (PDN). We investigate the effects of a 40% EV adoption on three parts of Frederiksberg's low voltage distribution network (LVDN), a densely urbanized municipality in Denmark. Our findings indicate that cable and transformer overloading especially pose a challenge. However, the impact of EVs varies significantly between each LVDN area and charging scenario. Across scenarios and LVDNs, the share of cables facing congestion ranges between 5% and 60%. It is also revealed that time-of-use (ToU)-based and single-day cost-minimized charging could be beneficial for LVDNs with moderate EV adoption rates. In contrast, multiple-day optimization will likely lead to severe congestion, as such strategies concentrate demand on a single day that would otherwise be distributed over several days, thus raising concerns about how to prevent it. The broader implications of our research suggest that, despite initial worries primarily centered on congestion due to unregulated charging during peak hours, a transition to cost-based smart charging, propelled by an increasing awareness of time-dependent electricity prices, may lead to a significant rise in charging synchronization, bringing about undesirable consequences for the power distribution network (PDN).
Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Electric Vehicles (EVs) Supercharger: A...
This article presents a probabilistic modeling method utilizing smart meter data and an innovative agentbased simulator for electric vehicles (EVs). The aim is to assess the effects of different cost-driven EV
charging strategies on the power distribution network (PDN). We investigate the effects of a 40% EV
adoption on three parts of Frederiksberg's low voltage distribution network (LVDN), a densely urbanized
municipality in Denmark. Our findings indicate that cable and transformer overloading especially pose a
challenge. However, the impact of EVs varies significantly between each LVDN area and charging
scenario. Across scenarios and LVDNs, the share of cables facing congestion ranges between 5% and
60%. It is also revealed that time-of-use (ToU)-based and single-day cost-minimized charging could be
beneficial for LVDNs with moderate EV adoption rates. In contrast, multiple-day optimization will likely
lead to severe congestion, as such strategies concentrate demand on a single day that would otherwise be
distributed over several days, thus raising concerns about how to prevent it. The broader implications of
our research suggest that, despite initial worries primarily centered on congestion due to unregulated
charging during peak hours, a transition to cost-based smart charging, propelled by an increasing
awareness of time-dependent electricity prices, may lead to a significant rise in charging synchronization,
bringing about undesirable consequences for the power distribution network (PDN).
Multilayer Perceptron Guided Key Generation through Mutation with Recursive R...
In this paper, a multilayer perceptron guided key generation for encryption/decryption (MLPKG) has been
proposed through recursive replacement using mutated character code generation for wireless
communication of data/information. Multilayer perceptron transmitting systems at both ends accept an
identical input vector, generate an output bit and the network are trained based on the output bit which is
used to form a protected variable length secret-key. For each session, different hidden layer of multilayer
neural network is selected randomly and weights or hidden units of this selected hidden layer help to form
a secret session key. The plain text is encrypted using mutated character code table. Intermediate cipher
text is yet again encrypted through recursive replacement technique to from next intermediate encrypted
text which is again encrypted to form the final cipher text through chaining , cascaded xoring of multilayer
perceptron generated session key. If size of the final block of intermediate cipher text is less than the size of
the key then this block is kept unaltered. Receiver will use identical multilayer perceptron generated
session key for performing deciphering process for getting the recursive replacement encrypted cipher text
and then mutated character code table is used for decoding. Parametric tests have been done and results
are compared in terms of Chi-Square test, response time in transmission with some existing classical
techniques, which shows comparable results for the proposed technique.
Performance Analysis of Mobile Adhoc Network Routing Protocols Over Tcp
In order to reduce the communication cost and time we are looking forward for successful implementation
of an infrastructure less network like Mobile Ad Hoc Network in all arena of wireless mobile
communication. But still it is a challenge to decide a most appropriate routing protocol for MANET. In
MANET there is no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation and
path loss. Since MANET does not use fixed infrastructure rather it always have to find suitable router and
routing path for each communication, existing established routing protocol is not suitable for MANET to
function properly. Different Routing protocols have been proposed to meet the challenges with MANETs.
This paper evaluates the performances of four MANET routing protocols which are DSDV, AODV, DSR
and TORA over TCP, a Transport Layer Protocol. The performance metrics which are considered in this
paper are packet delivery fractions, normalized routing overload, end to end delay and throughput. DSDV
is a proactive protocol and the others are reactive protocols.
Securing Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Key Management and Routing
Secure communication between two nodes in a network depends on reliable key management systems that generate and distribute keys between communicating nodes and a secure routing protocol that establishes a route between them. But due to lack of central server and infrastructure in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), this is major problem to manage the keys in the network. Dynamically changes in network’s topology causes weak trust relationship among the nodes in the network. . In MANETs a mobile node operates as not only end terminal but also as an intermediate router. Therefore, a multi-hop scenario occurs for communication in MANETs; where there may be one or more malicious nodes in between source and destination. A routing protocol is said to be secure that detects the detrimental effects of malicious node(s in the path from source to destination). In this paper, we proposed a key management scheme and a secure routing protocol that secures on demand routing protocol such as DSR and AODV. We assume that MANETs is divided into groups having a group leader in each group. Group leader has responsibility of key management in its group. Proposed key management scheme is a decentralized scheme that does not require any Trusted Third Party (TTP) for key management. In proposed key management system, both a new node and group leader authenticates each other mutually before joining the network. While proposed secure routing protocol allows both communicating parties as well as intermediate nodes to authenticate other nodes and maintains message integrity.
Different Ways to Achieve Trust in MANET
MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) is hot spot for research due to its various advantages and
disadvantages. Providing safe communication between mobile nodes, recognization the position of
nodes, reducing overhead, handling misbehavior and location updates are such a difficult issues in
ad-hoc network, so providing trust schemes is an important in this network. MANET provides some
basic functions like routing, communication, network management and packet forwarding etc over
self organized network. Because MANET has not a fixed topology, in which mobile nodes comes and
leaves the network within a random period of time. It effects energy, bandwidth and memory
computations of network. Providing trust in MANET is such a crucial task because it doesn’t having
centralized infrastructure. In this paper, we survey the different trust model schemes of MANET with
their unique features, merits and demerits & findings.
Manet Security Breaches : Threat to A Secure Communication Platform
Ad-hoc networks are the collection of autonomous nodes where all the nodes are configured dynamically
without any centralized management system. Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) are self-configuring
network of mobile routers connected via a wireless link. However,the feature of decentralization and
dynamic configuration of nodes makes MANETs vulnerable to various security attacks,that are otherwise
not so common in a wired network. For mitigation of these attacks,several secured routing protocols are
being proposed till now. This paper provides the view of overall security breaches present in the Ad-hoc
Networks till now and will discuss in brief about the several proposed secure routing protocols.
Throughput and Delay Analysis of Next-HOP Forwarding Method for Non-Linear Eh...
Position based routing plays a significant role in multi-hop Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), due to
high mobility of nodes. Selection of next-hop node is crucial to improve the performance of routing. In this
paper, we have proposed a method for selecting next-hop forwarding node based on the distance between
the source and next-hop node and link quality. Next-hop node is selected based on Expected Progress
Distance (EPD) criteria. The EPD is estimated in terms of expected distance between the source and nexthop node. The expected delay (ED) and throughput (Th) are also estimated for the proposed method. The
mathematical model derived for calculating EPD, delay, and throughput are simulated in MATLAB and
evaluated the performance of the proposed method.
Puzzle Based Approach for Solving Denial of Service Attack in Mobile WIMAX
Mobile WiMAX or IEEE 802.16e gives the access of Broadband Wireless even when the station is moving.
But, as always Wireless environment is more open to threats; various threats exist over Mobile WiMAX like
“Downgrade Attack”, “Key Space Vulnerability” and “Initial Network Vulnerability”, and “Denial of
Service (DoS)”. In this paper we are proposing solution for one of the main Threat which is Denial of
Service attack. Proposed solution is based on Puzzle approach. As, of more critical environment of MobileWiMAX we have Proposed use of Time Stamp and Nonce Variable for providing the more secure
environment prone to DoS. As, DoS mainly exist in two forms which have been mentioned further, proposed
work in Literature provides the solution for either of these but our proposed solution will be an attempt to
overcome from
THE PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE. WIRELESS NETWORKS REPRESENT AN IMPORTANT EXAMPLE
OF SUCH SCENARIOS WHERE CAPTURING AND FORGING PACKETS ARE RELATIVELY EASY.
ATTACKS AGAINST NETWORKED SYSTEMS ARE BECOMING MORE COMPLEX AND FOR MOBILE
WIMAX IT IS MORE CRITICAL AS WELL AS MORE IMPORTANT TO HANDLE BECAUSE IT
SUPPORTS SUBSCRIBER STATIONS MOVING AT VEHICULAR SPEEDS AND THEREBY SPECIFIES A
SYSTEM FOR COMBINED FIXED AND MOBILE BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS.
Comparison of Csma Based MAC Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks
This document compares several CSMA-based MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: S-MAC, T-MAC, B-MAC, B-MAC+, X-MAC, and D-MAC. It implements these protocols in TOSSIM simulator and evaluates their energy consumption and performance under different traffic loads. The key findings are that T-MAC consumes less energy than S-MAC due to its adaptive timeout, while B-MAC+ and X-MAC improve over B-MAC by reducing long preambles. D-MAC aims for low-latency data delivery using a staggered wakeup schedule but does not perform well under high traffic.
An Optimal RPC Based Approach to Increase Fault Tolerance in Wireless AD-HOC ...
In wireless network, fault tolerant topology control is an important and a challenging task. The wireless
nodes and links could experience frequent failures since Wireless networks are usually deployed under
extreme environments. Therefore, fault tolerance must be considered for many applications. In wireless
network Topology control has been proved effective in saving node power. The main idea of topology
control is that instead of using its maximal transmission power, each node sets its power to a certain level
such that the global topology satisfies a certain constraint. To increase fault tolerance, nodes in the
network will consume more power. Here we need to give the optimum distance between the nodes of the
wireless network in order to reduce the consumption of the power of each node.
This paper deals with the approach for the finding the minimum distance between the nodes of the wireless
network by the use of mat lab coding through the graph theory considering the minimum weight based
algorithm.
More from pijans (20)
Path Duration Analysis in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
Path Duration Analysis in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
Study of Various Schemes for Link Recovery in Wireless Mesh Network
Study of Various Schemes for Link Recovery in Wireless Mesh Network
A Survey on Security Issues to Detect Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Network
A Survey on Security Issues to Detect Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Network
Performance Analysis of Improved Autonomous Power Control Mac Protocol (IAPCM...
Performance Analysis of Improved Autonomous Power Control Mac Protocol (IAPCM...
A Survey of Using Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks
A Survey of Using Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks
Wireless Evolution: IEEE 802.11N, 802.11AC, and 802.11AX Performance Comparison
Wireless Evolution: IEEE 802.11N, 802.11AC, and 802.11AX Performance Comparison
Performance Improvement of Multiple Connections in AODV with the Concern of N...
Performance Improvement of Multiple Connections in AODV with the Concern of N...
An Efficient Call Admission Control Scheme for Handling Handoffs in Wireless ...
An Efficient Call Admission Control Scheme for Handling Handoffs in Wireless ...
Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Electric Vehicles (EVs) Supercharger: A...
Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Electric Vehicles (EVs) Supercharger: A...
Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Electric Vehicles (EVs) Supercharger: A...
Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Electric Vehicles (EVs) Supercharger: A...
Multilayer Perceptron Guided Key Generation through Mutation with Recursive R...
Multilayer Perceptron Guided Key Generation through Mutation with Recursive R...
Performance Analysis of Mobile Adhoc Network Routing Protocols Over Tcp
Performance Analysis of Mobile Adhoc Network Routing Protocols Over Tcp
Securing Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Key Management and Routing
Securing Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Key Management and Routing
Manet Security Breaches : Threat to A Secure Communication Platform
Manet Security Breaches : Threat to A Secure Communication Platform
Throughput and Delay Analysis of Next-HOP Forwarding Method for Non-Linear Eh...
Throughput and Delay Analysis of Next-HOP Forwarding Method for Non-Linear Eh...
Puzzle Based Approach for Solving Denial of Service Attack in Mobile WIMAX
Puzzle Based Approach for Solving Denial of Service Attack in Mobile WIMAX
Comparison of Csma Based MAC Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks
Comparison of Csma Based MAC Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks
An Optimal RPC Based Approach to Increase Fault Tolerance in Wireless AD-HOC ...
An Optimal RPC Based Approach to Increase Fault Tolerance in Wireless AD-HOC ...
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原版制作(Hull毕业证书)赫尔大学毕业证Offer一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Hull毕业证书)赫尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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一比一原版（CSULB毕业证）加州州立大学长滩分校毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：176555708】【加州州立大学长滩分校毕业证（CSULB学位证）成绩单】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：176555708】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理加州州立大学长滩分校毕业证（CSULB学位证）学位证【微信：176555708 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理加州州立大学长滩分校毕业证（CSULB学位证）学位证【微信：176555708 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理加州州立大学长滩分校毕业证（CSULB学位证）学位证【微信：176555708 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理加州州立大学长滩分校毕业证（CSULB学位证）学位证【微信：176555708 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(AU毕业证)英国阿伯丁大学毕业证如何办理
AU毕业证文凭证书【微信95270640】《英国阿伯丁大学毕业证书原版制作AU成绩单》【Q微信95270640】《仿制AU毕业证成绩单英国阿伯丁大学学位证书pdf电子图》，A.为什么留学生需要操作留信认证?
留信认证全称全国留学生信息服务网认证,隶属于北京中科院。①留信认证门槛条件更低,费用更美丽,并且包过,完单周期短,效率高②留信认证虽然不能去国企,但是一般的公司都没有问题,因为国内很多公司连基本的留学生学历认证都不了解。这对于留学生来说,这就比自己光拿一个证书更有说服力,因为留学学历可以在留信网站上进行查询!
B.为什么我们提供的毕业证成绩单具有使用价值？
查询留服认证是国内鉴别留学生海外学历的唯一途径，但认证只是个体行为，不是所有留学生都操作，所以没有办理认证的留学生的学历在国内也是查询不到的，他们也仅仅只有一张文凭。所以这时候我们提供的和学校颁发的一模一样的毕业证成绩单，就有了使用价值。
实体公司，专业可靠，办理加拿大毕业证|办美国成绩单|做德国文凭学历认证|办新西兰学位证，办澳洲文凭认证，办留信网认证（网上可查，实体公司，专业可靠）铸就十年品质！信誉！实体公司！
文凭办理流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：微信95270640我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）。
7完成交易删除客户资料
高精端提供以下服务：
一：英国阿伯丁大学英国阿伯丁大学本科学位证成绩单全套材料从防伪到印刷水印底纹到钢印烫金
二：真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明）使馆存档
三：真实教育部认证教育部存档教育部留服网站可查
四：留信认证留学生信息网站可查
五：与学校颁发的相关证件1:1纸质尺寸制定（定期向各大院校毕业生购买最新版本毕,业证成绩单保证您拿到的是鲁昂大学内部最新版本毕业证成绩单微信95270640）
A.为什么留学生需要操作留信认证?
留信认证全称全国留学生信息服务网认证,隶属于北京中科院。①留信认证门槛条件更低,费用更美丽,并且包过,完单周期短,效率高②留信认证虽然不能去国企,但是一般的公司都没有问题,因为国内很多公司连基本的留学生学历认证都不了解。这对于留学生来说,这就比自己光拿一个证书更有说服力,因为留学学历可以在留信网站上进行查询!
B.为什么我们提供的毕业证成绩单具有使用价值？
查询留服认证是国内鉴别留学生海外学历的唯一途径但认证只是个体行为不是所有留学生都操作所以没有办理认证的留学生的学历在国内也是查询不到的他们也仅仅只有一张文凭。所以这时候我们提供的和学校颁发的一模一样的毕业证成绩单就有了使用价值。却也灵机一动立马仰起头双手拢在嘴边朝楼上大喊：“爸爸爸——有人找——那人一听朝山娃尴尬地笑笑悻悻地走了山娃立马“嘭的一声将铁门锁死心却咚咚地乱跳当山娃跟父亲说起这事时父亲很吃惊抚摸着山娃的头说还好醒得及时要不家早被人掏空了到时连电视也没得看啰不过父亲还是夸山娃能临危不乱随机应变有胆有谋山娃笑笑说那都是书上学的看童话和小说时学的不管如何父亲再也不许山娃敞开门坐到门口了父亲递给山娃钥匙说一出门就将门山
一比一原版（UCSD毕业证）加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：176555708】【加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校毕业证（UCSD学位证）成绩单】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：176555708】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校毕业证（UCSD学位证）学位证【微信：176555708 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校毕业证（UCSD学位证）学位证【微信：176555708 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校毕业证（UCSD学位证）学位证【微信：176555708 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校毕业证（UCSD学位证）学位证【微信：176555708 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
CYBER SECURITY ENHANCEMENT IN NIGERIA. A CASE STUDY OF SIX STATES IN THE NORT...
ABSTRACT: Security plays an important role in human life and endeavors. Securing information and
disseminating are critical challenges in the present day. This study aimed at identifying innovative technologies
that aid cybercrimes and can constitute threats to cybersecurity in North Central (Middle Belt) Nigeria covering
its six States and the FCT Abuja. A survey research design was adopted. The researchers employed the use of
Google form in administering the structured questionnaire. The instruments were faced validated by one expert
each from ICT and security. Cronbach Alpha reliability Coefficient was employed and achieved 0.83 level of
coefficient. The population of the study was 200, comprising 100 undergraduate students from computer science
and Computer/Robotics Education, 80 ICT instructors, technologists and lecturers in the University and
Technical Colleges in the Middle Belt Nigeria using innovative technologies for their daily jobs and 20 officers
of the crime agency such as: Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) andEconomic and Financial
Crimes Commission (EFCC). Three research purposes and questions as well as the hypothesis guided the study
on Five (5) point Likert scale. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for the three
research questions while three hypotheses were tested using t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Major findings
revealed that serious steps are needed to better secure the cybers against cybercrimes. Motivation, types, threats
and strategies for the prevention of cybercrimes were identified. The study recommends that government,
organizations and individuals should place emphasis on moral development, regular training of its employees,
regular update of software, use strong password, back up data and information, produce strong cybersecurity
policy, install antivirus soft and security surveillance (CCTV) in offices in order to safeguard its employees and
properties from being hacked and vandalized.
KEYWORDS: Cybersecurity, cybercrime, cyberattack, cybercriminal, computer virus, Virtual Private Networks
(VPN).
On Storytelling & Magic Realism in Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, Shame, and ...
ABSTRACT: Salman Rushdie’s novels are humorous books about serious times. His cosmopolitanism and
hybrid identity allowed him access to multiple cultures, religions, languages, dialects, and various modes of
writing. His style is often classified as magic realism, blending the imaginary with the real. He draws
inspiration from both English literature and Indian classical sources. Throughout his works, there is a lineage of
‘bastards of history’, a carnival of shameful characters scrolling all along his works. Rushdie intertwines fiction
with reality, incorporating intertextual references to Western literature in his texts, and frequently employing
mythology to explore history. This paper focuses on Rushdie’s three novels: Midnight’s Children, Shame, and
Haroun and the Sea of Stories, analyzing his postmodern storytelling techniques that aim to explore human
vices and follies while offering socio-political criticism.
KEYWORDS : Magic Realism, Rushdie, Satire, Storytelling, Transfictional Identities
快速办理(worcester毕业证书)伍斯特大学毕业证PDF成绩单一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(worcester毕业证书)伍斯特大学毕业证PDF成绩单》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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Advanced Medical Sciences: An International Journal (AMS)
- 1. Advanced Medical Science: An International Journal (AMS) ISSN : 2320 - 3935 https://airccse.com/ams/index.html Scope &Topics Advanced Medical Sciences: An International Journal (AMS) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Medical Sciences. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding advances in Medical Sciences and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to the journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the areas of Medical Sciences. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to the followings Cardiovascular medicine and haematology Clinical sciences Complimentary and alternative medicine Dentistry Human movement and sports science Immunology Medical biochemistry and metabolomics Medical microbiology Medical physiology Neurosciences Nursing Nutrition and dietetics Oncology and carcinogensis Optometry and opthamology Paediatrics and reproductive medicine Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences Public health and health services Paper Submission Authors are invited to submit papers for this journal through Submission System. Submissions must be original and should not have been published previously or be under consideration for publication while being evaluated for this Journal.
- 2. Important Dates • Submission Deadline: April 02, 2022 • Authors Notification: May 02, 2022 • Registration & camera – Ready Paper Due: May 10, 2022 Contact Us Here's where you can reach us: ams_journal@yahoo.com & ams_journal@airccse.com For other details : https://airccse.com/ams/index.html Paper Submission System: https://airccse.com/submission/home.html