The document provides an overview of low energy electron beam (EB) technology for curing industrial coatings. It discusses:
1) How EB equipment advancements have enabled safe and consistent curing of coatings.
2) A case study of a company that implemented a hybrid UV/EB coil coating line, increasing line speed 6x and reducing energy costs.
3) Remaining challenges for UV/EB coatings in replacing conventional coil coatings, including matching weathering performance and end user awareness.
Acrolab Company Presentation 2011 - "Advanced Technology in Thermal Engineering"Acrolab Ltd.
Acrolab updated company presentation c2011
Technology and innovation will ultimately drive economic development. Acrolab as an R&D Mfg Centre seeks partners and programs where we can be an extension to your thermal engineering challenges. Energy moves projects forward and Acrolab Engineering can maximize the optimal thermal footprint of your new project. This is an open invitation from Acrolab to explore how thermal engineering can make a difference in your tooling and manufacturing processes.
This document discusses opportunities to replace traditional metal materials with engineered polymers in LED luminaires to reduce costs and improve design flexibility. It outlines how polymers can lower material and manufacturing expenses for lens, reflectors, housings and heat sinks. Case studies show projects achieving weight reductions of 33-60%, manufacturing productivity gains of 13-49%, and overall cost savings of 13-39% by converting to optimized polymer solutions. Implementing polymer conversions requires considering regulatory compliance, prototype validation, and global supply chain coordination.
The document discusses advanced polymers and their applications in engineering sciences. It describes how polymers are increasingly being used for structural applications instead of conventional materials due to their good mechanical properties. Thermally stable polymers, photoconducting polymers, photonic polymers, electroluminescent polymers, electrically conducting polymers, and polymer composites are some examples of advanced polymers discussed in the document along with their properties and applications. The document concludes that advanced polymers offer a wide range of materials that can improve strength, durability and other properties for use across many industries.
Nano conductive adhesives for nano-electronics interconnectionnguyentruong22
1. Electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) are becoming more important for electronics packaging as alternatives to tin/lead solders due to their environmental friendliness and ability to enable fine-pitch interconnects.
2. Incorporating nano-sized conductive fillers into ECAs can enhance their electrical properties and enable ultra-fine pitch capabilities by reducing the percolation threshold and improving conductivity.
3. Recent research has focused on developing nanoconductive adhesives containing nanofillers like nanoparticles, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes to achieve the properties required for applications like flexible electronics and transparent electrodes.
Composites combine multiple materials to create new materials with improved properties. Nanocomposites embed nanoscale particles in a matrix material. Epoxy resins are commonly used as the matrix for nanocomposites due to their versatility. Incorporating nanoscale fillers like graphene and carbon nanotubes into epoxy matrices can enhance the material's thermal and electrical conductivity compared to using microscale or no fillers. The type and concentration of filler, as well as the fabrication method, influence the degree of enhancement in the epoxy composite's properties.
TE Rail - A26 Replacement Polymeric Insulator - white paperbmcgowan
This document summarizes the development of a polymeric replacement for the A26 porcelain insulator for use on the West Coast Main Line railway project in the UK. It describes how the polymeric insulator has advantages over porcelain, including improved mechanical properties, lighter weight, and reduced maintenance costs. The development process included material selection, finite element analysis, design testing, and qualification to industry standards. Testing showed the polymeric insulator had a higher elastic limit than the porcelain version, was lighter, and better able to withstand impacts and rough handling.
IRJET- Research and Development of Advanced Fibers Composite Materials and Pr...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on advanced fiber composite materials (AFCM). It discusses various advanced fibers like carbon, glass, ceramic and organic fibers. It describes the production processes and properties of these fibers. The properties discussed include density, modulus, strength, stiffness and thermal expansion coefficient. Composites using these fibers can be used for lightweight and high strength applications in aerospace. The document concludes that AFCM have great potential for aerospace, aircraft and spacecraft due to their improved mechanical properties compared to traditional materials.
Acrolab Company Presentation 2011 - "Advanced Technology in Thermal Engineering"Acrolab Ltd.
Acrolab updated company presentation c2011
Technology and innovation will ultimately drive economic development. Acrolab as an R&D Mfg Centre seeks partners and programs where we can be an extension to your thermal engineering challenges. Energy moves projects forward and Acrolab Engineering can maximize the optimal thermal footprint of your new project. This is an open invitation from Acrolab to explore how thermal engineering can make a difference in your tooling and manufacturing processes.
This document discusses opportunities to replace traditional metal materials with engineered polymers in LED luminaires to reduce costs and improve design flexibility. It outlines how polymers can lower material and manufacturing expenses for lens, reflectors, housings and heat sinks. Case studies show projects achieving weight reductions of 33-60%, manufacturing productivity gains of 13-49%, and overall cost savings of 13-39% by converting to optimized polymer solutions. Implementing polymer conversions requires considering regulatory compliance, prototype validation, and global supply chain coordination.
The document discusses advanced polymers and their applications in engineering sciences. It describes how polymers are increasingly being used for structural applications instead of conventional materials due to their good mechanical properties. Thermally stable polymers, photoconducting polymers, photonic polymers, electroluminescent polymers, electrically conducting polymers, and polymer composites are some examples of advanced polymers discussed in the document along with their properties and applications. The document concludes that advanced polymers offer a wide range of materials that can improve strength, durability and other properties for use across many industries.
Nano conductive adhesives for nano-electronics interconnectionnguyentruong22
1. Electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) are becoming more important for electronics packaging as alternatives to tin/lead solders due to their environmental friendliness and ability to enable fine-pitch interconnects.
2. Incorporating nano-sized conductive fillers into ECAs can enhance their electrical properties and enable ultra-fine pitch capabilities by reducing the percolation threshold and improving conductivity.
3. Recent research has focused on developing nanoconductive adhesives containing nanofillers like nanoparticles, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes to achieve the properties required for applications like flexible electronics and transparent electrodes.
Composites combine multiple materials to create new materials with improved properties. Nanocomposites embed nanoscale particles in a matrix material. Epoxy resins are commonly used as the matrix for nanocomposites due to their versatility. Incorporating nanoscale fillers like graphene and carbon nanotubes into epoxy matrices can enhance the material's thermal and electrical conductivity compared to using microscale or no fillers. The type and concentration of filler, as well as the fabrication method, influence the degree of enhancement in the epoxy composite's properties.
TE Rail - A26 Replacement Polymeric Insulator - white paperbmcgowan
This document summarizes the development of a polymeric replacement for the A26 porcelain insulator for use on the West Coast Main Line railway project in the UK. It describes how the polymeric insulator has advantages over porcelain, including improved mechanical properties, lighter weight, and reduced maintenance costs. The development process included material selection, finite element analysis, design testing, and qualification to industry standards. Testing showed the polymeric insulator had a higher elastic limit than the porcelain version, was lighter, and better able to withstand impacts and rough handling.
IRJET- Research and Development of Advanced Fibers Composite Materials and Pr...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on advanced fiber composite materials (AFCM). It discusses various advanced fibers like carbon, glass, ceramic and organic fibers. It describes the production processes and properties of these fibers. The properties discussed include density, modulus, strength, stiffness and thermal expansion coefficient. Composites using these fibers can be used for lightweight and high strength applications in aerospace. The document concludes that AFCM have great potential for aerospace, aircraft and spacecraft due to their improved mechanical properties compared to traditional materials.
IRJET- Enhancement Performance of Polymer High Voltage Insulators using Nano-...IRJET Journal
The document discusses enhancing the performance of polymer high voltage insulators using nano-fillers. It aims to study the electrical properties of epoxy composites containing inorganic fillers of different sizes and concentrations under contaminated weather conditions. Epoxy composites were prepared with silica fillers in micro and nano sizes at various weight percentages. Flashover voltage tests were conducted on the samples under dry, wet and salty wet conditions. The results show that flashover voltage generally increases with filler content under dry conditions but decreases under wet conditions due to degradation from water. Nano-filled epoxy samples exhibited higher flashover voltages than micro-filled samples under both dry and wet conditions, with an optimal nano-filler content of 5
This document provides an overview of a presentation on smart process plant automation and electrical safety products. Some key points:
- It discusses automation of process plants that handle materials, products, water, air and packaging. Electrical controls, communication and monitoring networks are important.
- Electrical safety topics covered include earthing systems, lightning protection using early streamer emission technology, surge protection, and compliance with Indian and international standards.
- The presentation promotes the use of maintenance-free earthing using copper-bonded rods and exothermic welding to reduce joints. It also discusses lightning protection systems and surge protection devices.
Comparative study of power cables and testing as per indian standardsIAEME Publication
The document discusses power cables and provides a comparative study of PVC, XLPE, and elastomeric insulated cables. It summarizes that PVC cables are widely used for power transmission and distribution. XLPE cables were developed to overcome moisture ingress issues with PILC cables. Elastomeric cables are flexible and used in industries like mining. A table compares characteristics of the three cable types such as definitions, properties, Indian testing standards, insulation material, and physical tests. The document provides an overview of power cables and their comparative qualities.
The document discusses the various applications of polymers in different areas. It describes how polymers are used in agriculture to improve soil aeration and plant growth through cross-linking polymers that can absorb large amounts of water. In medicine, polymers are used for cardiovascular applications as well as replacements for joints, fingers, and teeth. Polymers are also widely used in electronics as insulators in devices like TVs, computers, and transistors. Automobiles incorporate various polymers for parts like trim panels, impact absorbers, door panels, fog light covers, tires, and bumpers. Finally, polymers have applications in daily life for items like non-stick pans, cups, bottles, mattresses, furniture, toys, food packaging, ships, boats
The document provides an overview of various coating processes. It discusses that coatings are applied to improve surface properties like corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and scratch resistance. Some common coating methods described are physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, electroplating, electroless plating, and roll-to-roll coating. Physical vapor deposition involves evaporating or sputtering materials onto a substrate in vacuum. Chemical vapor deposition uses gaseous precursors deposited onto a substrate. Electroplating and electroless plating use electrical or chemical processes respectively to deposit a metal layer onto a substrate. Roll-to-roll coating continuously applies coatings as a substrate is unwound and rewound on rolls.
PSX 700 is a weatherable epoxy-siloxane coating that is self-priming or can be used with a suitable epoxy primer. PSX 700 offers a combination of outstanding corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, stain resistance and long-term gloss retention. Whether applied to structural steel, concrete floors or non-ferrous substrates, PSX 700 delivers longterm performance.
a review performance study of electrochemical machining on metalNEERAJKUMAR1898
1) The document discusses aluminum matrix composites (AMCs), which have promising properties for industrial applications but are challenging to machine.
2) Electrochemical micromachining (EMM) is presented as a potential machining method for AMCs as it provides good surface finish, avoids tool wear and thermal damage, and can machine complex shapes in hard materials.
3) The document reviews literature on AMCs fabricated through stir casting, as well as experimental studies on EMM processes for micro-machining composites.
IMAGRO UK CORPORATE PROFILE & PRODUCT RANGEElaine Harris
Imagro focuses on providing excellent technical and commercial services to customers based on their team's industry experience. They offer a wide range of polymer materials from their UK warehouses, including engineering, styrenic, and commodity materials in natural colors, custom compounds, or modified with fillers and additives. Their product portfolio includes grades that are anti-scratch, anti-static, automotive approved, blow molding/extrusion grades, electrically/thermally conductive, FDA approved, flame retardant, high clarity, high heat, injection molding, light blocking/diffusing/reflecting, low/high gloss, metal plating/painting compatible, metal replacement, and UV stabilized.
Twinfix is a UK-based company that develops polycarbonate and roof glazing systems, including their innovative Multi-Link-Panel system. The Multi-Link-Panel is a modular roof panel system that is quick to install and outperforms traditional systems in terms of cost, performance, and appearance. It consists of pre-assembled modular panels made of structural aluminum frames filled with lightweight polycarbonate glazing. The panels are classified as non-fragile and meet UK safety standards. Twinfix also offers various polycarbonate glazing options for the panels, including solid, Georgian wired, and multiwall polycarbonate.
IRJET- High Effect of 22Cr10AlY Coating Thickness on Air Hot Corrosion of...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the effect of coating thickness on the oxidation and hot corrosion behavior of nickel-based alloys exposed to air at 850°C and 900°C under cyclic conditions. Nickel-based alloy samples were coated with 22Cr10AlY coatings of thicknesses 50 microns and 100 microns using detonation gun coating. The samples were then subjected to cyclic oxidation testing involving heating for 5 hours at 850°C and 900°C followed by 20 minutes cooling for 10 cycles. Weight change measurements were made to determine the kinetics of oxidation and hot corrosion. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the corroded products. It was observed that the coated nickel alloy with 100 micron coating showed better resistance to oxidation
This document is a supplier line card that lists various polymer families, suppliers, trade names, and grades available. It provides information on materials like ABS, nylon, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, PVC, SAN, thermoplastic elastomers, and thermoplastic polyurethane. For each material, it specifies the supplier, common trade names, and typical grades like general purpose, flame retardant, reinforced, and transparent varieties. The document acts as a reference for customers to learn about material options from various suppliers.
EPP company is innovative engineering and renovative life VaishnaviAegis
EPP Composites is one of the leading global players in the rapidly growing Composite Industry. EPP was established in 1986 with the intention to develop its place in the Composite Industry with focus on Quality and Customer Service. It is a global multi-product.
Corona Treatment &. Plasma Treatment - The OpportuntiesFlexoGlobal
This document summarizes a presentation about surface treatment systems. It discusses corona treatment and plasma treatment. Corona treatment increases the surface energy of plastics by generating functional groups and reactive species on the surface. Plasma treatment also modifies surfaces by creating radical sites and new functional groups through reactions with plasma gases like oxygen and argon. Both treatments improve adhesion by increasing surface energy and creating sites for bonding. The presentation recommends optimizing treatments based on factors like material type and required adhesion level.
Performance Safety and Cost Dependencies of Large Energy Storage SystemsAntonio Reis
Lithium-ion battery technology has enabled mobile devices and electric vehicles, but further cost reductions are needed for large-scale energy storage applications. Performance, safety, and cost are interdependent and improvements require an integrated approach across material development, cell manufacturing, and energy storage system design. Early design choices strongly influence the manufacturing process and overall system integration. Optimizing these factors will depend on greater collaboration between academia, manufacturers, and system integrators through cross-training and a more vertically integrated approach to design and production.
LMI based nonlinear Iterative Learning Control for uncertain discrete repetit...NAAR Journal
The problem encountered in this paper is to design a robust, feedback-based improved control system for the plant that involves systematic uncertainty. This paper proposes a fault estimation algorithm based on iterative learning control. This algorithm is constructed through an optimization function to prove the robustness and convergence of the algorithm. Through linear matrix inequality (LMI), the observer gain matrix and iterative learning parameter matrix in the algorithm are solved. The two comprehensive parameters in LMI represent the parameter selection in the two specifications to make selected adjustments in learning and control. A numerical example shows the improvement process and the effectiveness of these methods. Through LMI techniques, we have obtained satisfactory results and controller stability and robustness against fault-tolerant control. Lastly, the simulation results show the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed algorithm.
JMV LPS LTD Everything Subject to Electrical Equipment Installation and Human...Mahesh Chandra Manav
JMV LPS Ltd Offer Product's for Electrical Safety as per Indian and International Electrical Standard,
Maintenance Free Earthing ,Grid Earthing ,Lightning Protection as Per IEC 62305 and NFC 17-102, Exothermic Weld, Copper Clad Steel Conductors , Surge Protection for Power ,Data and Communication Equipment's,
Useful for Architect , Electrical Consultants, MEP Consultants, Electrical Contractors's EPC Project Companies, Building Infra Project ,Housing Project ,Railways Buildings, Airports,Hospital ,Large Campus. Smart City Project ,AMRUT Projects,ICT Projects,Street Light LED's
The document discusses applications of nanotechnology in the construction industry. It describes how nanomaterials can improve properties of materials like concrete, coatings, and glass. Some key nanomaterials discussed are nano silica, titanium dioxide, and carbon nanotubes which can enhance strength, self-cleaning abilities, and durability of construction materials. The document also outlines various nanocoatings that provide benefits like fire protection, heat insulation, corrosion protection and abrasion resistance. Reinste Nano Ventures provides several nanomaterials and nanocoatings tailored for the construction industry.
Elysator Professional Summary VDI 2035, Part 2Roger Conarroe
This document summarizes guidelines from VDI 2035 Part 2 on preventing corrosion in hydronic heating systems. Key factors that influence corrosion are dissolved oxygen content, electrical conductivity, and pH of the water. To minimize corrosion, oxygen content should be less than 0.1 mg/L for low-salinity systems and less than 0.02 mg/L for saline systems, while maintaining pH between 8.2-10. Proper sealing and limiting oxygen entry into the system through components like expansion vessels and tubing is important to control these factors and prevent corrosion damage to system materials like steel, copper, aluminum, and others.
Session2 _solar water_heaters_in_egypt_ status and recommendations_moataz sol...RCREEE
The document summarizes the status of solar water heaters in Egypt. It finds that while the materials and technology exist locally, solar water heaters have low usage due to low prices of conventional energy, building design challenges, lack of standards and incentives, and some underperforming early systems. It recommends increasing public awareness, providing financial incentives, improving technology through research, establishing standards and regulations, and fostering industry cooperation to enhance solar water heater adoption in Egypt.
EOS Service provider Canto produced PA2200 plastic dive light bayonettes usin...Machine Tool Systems Inc.
Please find attached a case study about the production of a robust dive light made by German manufacturing service provider Canto. Because of its reliability and precision the Thor Rev 2.0 is used by special units of the police and military in Europe. Thanks to EOS technology, savings were made on injection-molding tool costs in the region of 35,000 Euros and assembly costs of approximately 6.80 Euros per light.
Influência das tintas imobiliárias (suas cores e pigmentos) sobre o desempenh...triplicecor
A radiação solar é um dos mais importantes contribuintes para o ganho térmico em edifícios; e os comprimentos de onda refletidos por cada cor são fatores fundamentais para que a absortância solar diminua as cargas térmicas das edificações.
Marketing internship at bacon’s castle 2013C3lticqueen1
The document summarizes Amber Bryant's marketing internship at Bacon's Castle in 2013. As part of her internship, she promoted several special events through various media outlets, developed relationships with local businesses, posted promotional materials on campus and in local businesses, contacted senior facilities to promote field trips, and helped take down a large event tent at the end of her internship. In total, she contributed 56 volunteer hours with an estimated donated value of $1,218.56. She created greater awareness of Bacon's Castle and supported the mission of preservation Virginia through her marketing efforts during the internship.
IRJET- Enhancement Performance of Polymer High Voltage Insulators using Nano-...IRJET Journal
The document discusses enhancing the performance of polymer high voltage insulators using nano-fillers. It aims to study the electrical properties of epoxy composites containing inorganic fillers of different sizes and concentrations under contaminated weather conditions. Epoxy composites were prepared with silica fillers in micro and nano sizes at various weight percentages. Flashover voltage tests were conducted on the samples under dry, wet and salty wet conditions. The results show that flashover voltage generally increases with filler content under dry conditions but decreases under wet conditions due to degradation from water. Nano-filled epoxy samples exhibited higher flashover voltages than micro-filled samples under both dry and wet conditions, with an optimal nano-filler content of 5
This document provides an overview of a presentation on smart process plant automation and electrical safety products. Some key points:
- It discusses automation of process plants that handle materials, products, water, air and packaging. Electrical controls, communication and monitoring networks are important.
- Electrical safety topics covered include earthing systems, lightning protection using early streamer emission technology, surge protection, and compliance with Indian and international standards.
- The presentation promotes the use of maintenance-free earthing using copper-bonded rods and exothermic welding to reduce joints. It also discusses lightning protection systems and surge protection devices.
Comparative study of power cables and testing as per indian standardsIAEME Publication
The document discusses power cables and provides a comparative study of PVC, XLPE, and elastomeric insulated cables. It summarizes that PVC cables are widely used for power transmission and distribution. XLPE cables were developed to overcome moisture ingress issues with PILC cables. Elastomeric cables are flexible and used in industries like mining. A table compares characteristics of the three cable types such as definitions, properties, Indian testing standards, insulation material, and physical tests. The document provides an overview of power cables and their comparative qualities.
The document discusses the various applications of polymers in different areas. It describes how polymers are used in agriculture to improve soil aeration and plant growth through cross-linking polymers that can absorb large amounts of water. In medicine, polymers are used for cardiovascular applications as well as replacements for joints, fingers, and teeth. Polymers are also widely used in electronics as insulators in devices like TVs, computers, and transistors. Automobiles incorporate various polymers for parts like trim panels, impact absorbers, door panels, fog light covers, tires, and bumpers. Finally, polymers have applications in daily life for items like non-stick pans, cups, bottles, mattresses, furniture, toys, food packaging, ships, boats
The document provides an overview of various coating processes. It discusses that coatings are applied to improve surface properties like corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and scratch resistance. Some common coating methods described are physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, electroplating, electroless plating, and roll-to-roll coating. Physical vapor deposition involves evaporating or sputtering materials onto a substrate in vacuum. Chemical vapor deposition uses gaseous precursors deposited onto a substrate. Electroplating and electroless plating use electrical or chemical processes respectively to deposit a metal layer onto a substrate. Roll-to-roll coating continuously applies coatings as a substrate is unwound and rewound on rolls.
PSX 700 is a weatherable epoxy-siloxane coating that is self-priming or can be used with a suitable epoxy primer. PSX 700 offers a combination of outstanding corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, stain resistance and long-term gloss retention. Whether applied to structural steel, concrete floors or non-ferrous substrates, PSX 700 delivers longterm performance.
a review performance study of electrochemical machining on metalNEERAJKUMAR1898
1) The document discusses aluminum matrix composites (AMCs), which have promising properties for industrial applications but are challenging to machine.
2) Electrochemical micromachining (EMM) is presented as a potential machining method for AMCs as it provides good surface finish, avoids tool wear and thermal damage, and can machine complex shapes in hard materials.
3) The document reviews literature on AMCs fabricated through stir casting, as well as experimental studies on EMM processes for micro-machining composites.
IMAGRO UK CORPORATE PROFILE & PRODUCT RANGEElaine Harris
Imagro focuses on providing excellent technical and commercial services to customers based on their team's industry experience. They offer a wide range of polymer materials from their UK warehouses, including engineering, styrenic, and commodity materials in natural colors, custom compounds, or modified with fillers and additives. Their product portfolio includes grades that are anti-scratch, anti-static, automotive approved, blow molding/extrusion grades, electrically/thermally conductive, FDA approved, flame retardant, high clarity, high heat, injection molding, light blocking/diffusing/reflecting, low/high gloss, metal plating/painting compatible, metal replacement, and UV stabilized.
Twinfix is a UK-based company that develops polycarbonate and roof glazing systems, including their innovative Multi-Link-Panel system. The Multi-Link-Panel is a modular roof panel system that is quick to install and outperforms traditional systems in terms of cost, performance, and appearance. It consists of pre-assembled modular panels made of structural aluminum frames filled with lightweight polycarbonate glazing. The panels are classified as non-fragile and meet UK safety standards. Twinfix also offers various polycarbonate glazing options for the panels, including solid, Georgian wired, and multiwall polycarbonate.
IRJET- High Effect of 22Cr10AlY Coating Thickness on Air Hot Corrosion of...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the effect of coating thickness on the oxidation and hot corrosion behavior of nickel-based alloys exposed to air at 850°C and 900°C under cyclic conditions. Nickel-based alloy samples were coated with 22Cr10AlY coatings of thicknesses 50 microns and 100 microns using detonation gun coating. The samples were then subjected to cyclic oxidation testing involving heating for 5 hours at 850°C and 900°C followed by 20 minutes cooling for 10 cycles. Weight change measurements were made to determine the kinetics of oxidation and hot corrosion. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the corroded products. It was observed that the coated nickel alloy with 100 micron coating showed better resistance to oxidation
This document is a supplier line card that lists various polymer families, suppliers, trade names, and grades available. It provides information on materials like ABS, nylon, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, PVC, SAN, thermoplastic elastomers, and thermoplastic polyurethane. For each material, it specifies the supplier, common trade names, and typical grades like general purpose, flame retardant, reinforced, and transparent varieties. The document acts as a reference for customers to learn about material options from various suppliers.
EPP company is innovative engineering and renovative life VaishnaviAegis
EPP Composites is one of the leading global players in the rapidly growing Composite Industry. EPP was established in 1986 with the intention to develop its place in the Composite Industry with focus on Quality and Customer Service. It is a global multi-product.
Corona Treatment &. Plasma Treatment - The OpportuntiesFlexoGlobal
This document summarizes a presentation about surface treatment systems. It discusses corona treatment and plasma treatment. Corona treatment increases the surface energy of plastics by generating functional groups and reactive species on the surface. Plasma treatment also modifies surfaces by creating radical sites and new functional groups through reactions with plasma gases like oxygen and argon. Both treatments improve adhesion by increasing surface energy and creating sites for bonding. The presentation recommends optimizing treatments based on factors like material type and required adhesion level.
Performance Safety and Cost Dependencies of Large Energy Storage SystemsAntonio Reis
Lithium-ion battery technology has enabled mobile devices and electric vehicles, but further cost reductions are needed for large-scale energy storage applications. Performance, safety, and cost are interdependent and improvements require an integrated approach across material development, cell manufacturing, and energy storage system design. Early design choices strongly influence the manufacturing process and overall system integration. Optimizing these factors will depend on greater collaboration between academia, manufacturers, and system integrators through cross-training and a more vertically integrated approach to design and production.
LMI based nonlinear Iterative Learning Control for uncertain discrete repetit...NAAR Journal
The problem encountered in this paper is to design a robust, feedback-based improved control system for the plant that involves systematic uncertainty. This paper proposes a fault estimation algorithm based on iterative learning control. This algorithm is constructed through an optimization function to prove the robustness and convergence of the algorithm. Through linear matrix inequality (LMI), the observer gain matrix and iterative learning parameter matrix in the algorithm are solved. The two comprehensive parameters in LMI represent the parameter selection in the two specifications to make selected adjustments in learning and control. A numerical example shows the improvement process and the effectiveness of these methods. Through LMI techniques, we have obtained satisfactory results and controller stability and robustness against fault-tolerant control. Lastly, the simulation results show the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed algorithm.
JMV LPS LTD Everything Subject to Electrical Equipment Installation and Human...Mahesh Chandra Manav
JMV LPS Ltd Offer Product's for Electrical Safety as per Indian and International Electrical Standard,
Maintenance Free Earthing ,Grid Earthing ,Lightning Protection as Per IEC 62305 and NFC 17-102, Exothermic Weld, Copper Clad Steel Conductors , Surge Protection for Power ,Data and Communication Equipment's,
Useful for Architect , Electrical Consultants, MEP Consultants, Electrical Contractors's EPC Project Companies, Building Infra Project ,Housing Project ,Railways Buildings, Airports,Hospital ,Large Campus. Smart City Project ,AMRUT Projects,ICT Projects,Street Light LED's
The document discusses applications of nanotechnology in the construction industry. It describes how nanomaterials can improve properties of materials like concrete, coatings, and glass. Some key nanomaterials discussed are nano silica, titanium dioxide, and carbon nanotubes which can enhance strength, self-cleaning abilities, and durability of construction materials. The document also outlines various nanocoatings that provide benefits like fire protection, heat insulation, corrosion protection and abrasion resistance. Reinste Nano Ventures provides several nanomaterials and nanocoatings tailored for the construction industry.
Elysator Professional Summary VDI 2035, Part 2Roger Conarroe
This document summarizes guidelines from VDI 2035 Part 2 on preventing corrosion in hydronic heating systems. Key factors that influence corrosion are dissolved oxygen content, electrical conductivity, and pH of the water. To minimize corrosion, oxygen content should be less than 0.1 mg/L for low-salinity systems and less than 0.02 mg/L for saline systems, while maintaining pH between 8.2-10. Proper sealing and limiting oxygen entry into the system through components like expansion vessels and tubing is important to control these factors and prevent corrosion damage to system materials like steel, copper, aluminum, and others.
Session2 _solar water_heaters_in_egypt_ status and recommendations_moataz sol...RCREEE
The document summarizes the status of solar water heaters in Egypt. It finds that while the materials and technology exist locally, solar water heaters have low usage due to low prices of conventional energy, building design challenges, lack of standards and incentives, and some underperforming early systems. It recommends increasing public awareness, providing financial incentives, improving technology through research, establishing standards and regulations, and fostering industry cooperation to enhance solar water heater adoption in Egypt.
EOS Service provider Canto produced PA2200 plastic dive light bayonettes usin...Machine Tool Systems Inc.
Please find attached a case study about the production of a robust dive light made by German manufacturing service provider Canto. Because of its reliability and precision the Thor Rev 2.0 is used by special units of the police and military in Europe. Thanks to EOS technology, savings were made on injection-molding tool costs in the region of 35,000 Euros and assembly costs of approximately 6.80 Euros per light.
Influência das tintas imobiliárias (suas cores e pigmentos) sobre o desempenh...triplicecor
A radiação solar é um dos mais importantes contribuintes para o ganho térmico em edifícios; e os comprimentos de onda refletidos por cada cor são fatores fundamentais para que a absortância solar diminua as cargas térmicas das edificações.
Marketing internship at bacon’s castle 2013C3lticqueen1
The document summarizes Amber Bryant's marketing internship at Bacon's Castle in 2013. As part of her internship, she promoted several special events through various media outlets, developed relationships with local businesses, posted promotional materials on campus and in local businesses, contacted senior facilities to promote field trips, and helped take down a large event tent at the end of her internship. In total, she contributed 56 volunteer hours with an estimated donated value of $1,218.56. She created greater awareness of Bacon's Castle and supported the mission of preservation Virginia through her marketing efforts during the internship.
"Aporte de los filósofos mas relevantes"Ambar Accardi
El documento presenta los aportes más significativos de importantes filósofos de la historia. Entre ellos se encuentran Aristóteles, quien sistematizó el reino vegetal y clasificó especies de peces; Sócrates, pionero en plantear problemas de moral y justicia; y Platón, fundador de la Academia de Atenas y creador de ideas como la Caverna y el Amor platónico. El documento brinda una breve reseña de las principales contribuciones de estos y otros filósofos a lo largo de la historia
1. Coors Brewing Company contracted their malt barley supply to address uncertainty in barley prices and ensure high quality standards were met.
2. Transaction cost theory best describes Coors' decision, as contracting minimized costs from price uncertainty and asset specificity compared to a spot market.
3. Agency theory concerns about adverse selection and moral hazard were also reduced through contracts specifying unique barley varieties, quality standards, and information sharing.
El documento define la tecnología como el conjunto de conocimientos técnicos y científicos que permiten crear bienes y servicios para satisfacer las necesidades humanas y adaptarse al medio ambiente. Explica que la tecnología en Colombia ha contribuido al desarrollo económico e industrial pero carece de un sistema articulado de ciencia e innovación. También destaca algunos datos sobre el uso de tecnología en el Planetario de Medellín y la baja participación de Colombia en investigación científica e inventos patentados a nivel mundial.
O documento define direitos autorais como os direitos dos autores sobre suas obras intelectuais literárias, artísticas ou científicas. Ele apresenta uma lei que regula os direitos autorais no Brasil, incluindo os direitos de autor e direitos conexos, e estabelece que estrangeiros no exterior desfrutarão da proteção fornecida por acordos e tratados internacionais em vigor no país.
Este documento resume los aportes más significativos de tres importantes filósofos griegos: Aristóteles, Sócrates y Platón. Resalta que Aristóteles fue el fundador de la lógica y desarrolló teorías sobre la generación espontánea, la física y el alma. Sócrates hizo contribuciones a la definición, la dialéctica, el conocimiento de uno mismo y el intelectualismo moral. Platón aportó a la psicología, influyó en la ciencia, fundó la Academia de A
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El documento desea una feliz navidad y un próspero año nuevo para todos, argumentando que la mejor decoración navideña es una sonrisa en cada persona. También incluye deseos de que Dios ilumine a las personas con felicidad y paz durante las fiestas y que cuando abran los regalos, miren a Jesús y le den las gracias.
IB Chemistry Titration Techniques and IA on TitrationLawrence kok
The document discusses various concepts related to titration including:
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- Titration equipment like burettes, pipettes, indicators, and apparatus.
- Sample titration calculations to determine concentration of unknown solutions.
- Procedures for common titration experiments like determining active ingredients.
IB Chemistry on Titration Techniques and IA on TitrationsLawrence kok
The document provides information on titration techniques including acid/base titration, standardization procedures, and sample titration calculations. It discusses setting up and performing titrations, calculating molarity and percentage error from experimental data, and sources of uncertainty. Videos and simulations are linked to demonstrate titration methods and calculations. Sample titration problems cover determining concentration of analytes using acid-base and complexometric titrations. The document is a reference for IB Chemistry students on titration theory and techniques.
Manufacturing Process Dependencies and the Performance of Prismatic Large For...Antonio Reis
This document discusses lithium-ion battery manufacturing processes and their impact on battery performance. It notes that manufacturing speed, variation, and yield are currently too low and contribute to high costs. Improving understanding of process dependencies could help address constraints and optimize performance and costs to enable lithium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage applications. The document focuses on manufacturing processes for electrode coatings, conversion processes, and electrolyte filling and how consistency and control at each stage impacts final battery characteristics and performance.
THEORETICAL ASPECT OF THE MUTUAL ATTRACTION AND REPULSION BETWEEN CHARGE PART...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the theoretical aspects of attraction and repulsion between charged particles. It summarizes research on developing composite materials using natural fibers reinforced with polymer matrices. Specifically, it examines creating polymer matrix composites using Luffa cylindrical fibers. The fibers are treated with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to increase surface roughness and reaction sites at the fiber-matrix interface, improving mechanical bonding and properties. The treated composites will then be tested under different environmental conditions to evaluate their mechanical properties and moisture absorption characteristics. The goal is to develop low-cost composite materials for various industrial applications.
The desired to reach higher efficiencies, lower specific fuel consumption and reduced emission in modern engines has becomes the primary focus of engine researches and manufactures over the past three decades. Ceramic coating is a solution to such problem as they provide good thermal barrier properties for designers. In the design of adiabatic engines, reducing in cylinder heat rejection requires very special thermal barrier coatings on the engine combustion chamber. Partial Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) on the top surface of the piston is considered as a solution for reduction of unburned Hydrocarbon (HC) emission produce by incomplete combustion with respect to crevice volume when engines start. The TBC on the top piston surface decreases the thermal conductivity and increases the unburned charged oxidation, so that the metallic substrates will be exposed to lower peak temperature thereby reducing the thermal stress in engines components. Also thermal barrier coatings on other elements of combustion chamber of internal combustion engine offer advantages including fuel efficiency, multi fuel capacity and high power density. Therefore, thermal barrier coating (TBC) technology is successfully applied to the internal combustion engines, in particular to the combustion chamber.
This document summarizes a seminar report on thermal barrier coatings. It discusses that thermal barrier coatings consist of a metallic bond coat, thermally grown oxide layer, and ceramic top coat, most commonly yttria-stabilized zirconia. It reviews common deposition methods for thermal barrier coatings like air plasma spray, electron beam physical vapor deposition, and electrostatic spray assisted vapor deposition. The document concludes that thermal barrier coatings improve engine performance by allowing higher operating temperatures and reduce maintenance costs, making them an important technology with applications in industries like aerospace and automotive.
Corona treating increases the surface tension/energy of HDPE sheets from 33 to approximately 45-46 dynes/cm2. The effects of corona treatment last for around 3-4 months, after which the surface energy starts to decrease again. Corona treatment does not affect the tensile strength or other physical properties of HDPE sheets. While ozone gas is emitted during corona treatment, it can be exhausted out of the work area using suitable ducting. The best adhesive to use for corona treating HDPE sheets in corrugated sheet manufacturing depends on the required peel strength, shear strength, and tack properties. Starch adhesives are commonly used but can absorb moisture over time, so synthetic adhesives based on P
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Keronite applies plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings to improve the performance of light alloys such as aluminum, magnesium, and titanium. PEO creates very hard, uniform, and corrosion-resistant oxide coatings through millions of plasma discharges during electrolysis. Keronite has developed PEO coatings for applications such as wear protection on aircraft parts, thermal barrier coatings for engines, and corrosion protection in oil and gas components.
Nanotechnology has wide applications across many industries such as food, agriculture, oil and gas, consumer goods, aerospace, chemicals, construction, biotechnology, electronics and energy. In the energy sector, nanotechnology can contribute to energy production through applications in solar energy like photovoltaics and hydrogen production, biofuels, and thermoelectricity. It can enable energy savings through applications like catalysis, advanced materials, and insulators. Nanotechnology may also transform energy distribution using quantum wires and support energy storage in areas like ultracapacitors and hydrogen storage. While offering benefits, nanotechnology risks need assessment regarding potential impacts of nanoparticles on human health through inhalation and ingestion and on the environment if released.
This document discusses different types of fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings used to protect oil and gas pipelines from corrosion. It describes several innovations in FBE coatings, including high operating temperature coatings that can withstand temperatures up to 150°C, dual-layer coatings that provide enhanced mechanical protection and weathering resistance, and three-layer FBE systems that create outstanding corrosion protection with minimal plant modification requirements. The document emphasizes that FBE coating manufacturers are developing solutions to meet the evolving needs of the pipeline industry for protection under more demanding operating conditions.
Epcon specializes in integrated oven and oxidizer systems for industrial applications. Their systems combine heat recovery methods that recycle heat from oxidation processes to power heating ovens, minimizing operating fuel usage and costs. Epcon has several patented integrated systems proven across multiple global installations. Their website provides information on case studies of comprehensive integrated systems for applications such as paint coating, metal processing, and fiberglass web processing that include ovens, thermal oxidizers, and heat recovery methods to improve energy efficiency and meet pollution regulations.
This document discusses ways to prevent coatings from peeling on pipelines. It reports on several pipeline coating failures in recent years caused by extreme operating environments and discrepancies between actual service conditions and coating design conditions. Recent case studies show disbonding of coal tar, FBE, and 3LPE coatings. Investigations aim to enhance adhesion between coatings and steel substrates. New coating materials and longer hot water immersion tests provide better adhesion. A silane-based chemical treatment is presented as an environmentally-friendly alternative to chromate treatments for improving coating-steel bonding and corrosion protection. Test results show the silane treatment provides similar adhesion benefits as chromate after hot water immersion.
Micro Components Ltd. (MCL) developed a new nano porous aluminum oxide substrate technology called ALOXTM for packaging high power semiconductor devices like LEDs. ALOXTM offers high thermal performance using a direct metal thermal path from the device to the heat sink. This allows for higher power utilization and reliability compared to standard polymer or ceramic substrates. MCL has licensed the technology to manufacturers and sees opportunities in the growing market for high brightness LEDs.
This technical bulletin discusses four methods of protecting carbon steel pipe supports from corrosion: painting, zinc coatings, hot dip galvanizing, and combinations of these. It explains that zinc coatings and galvanizing provide both barrier protection from corrosion as well as cathodic protection of the steel. Hot dip galvanizing provides greater protection than zinc coatings alone because the molten zinc reacts with the steel to form alloy layers that are harder and more corrosion-resistant. While painting can provide barrier protection, galvanizing is usually more cost effective over the long term due to its greater resistance to damage from scratches.
Internal flow efficiency coatings were first applied to gas pipelines in the 1950s to enhance flow and reduce operational costs. Modern high solids and solvent-free internal coatings provide improved environmental benefits over conventional solvent-based coatings by greatly reducing or eliminating volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. A study found that the volume solids content of internal coatings is highly significant in reducing the surface roughness of coated pipelines, with solvent-free coatings achieving the lowest roughness, even at an equivalent dry film thickness as other coatings. This allows pipeline operators to realize enhanced flow and environmental benefits without increasing coating thickness.
The Role of Material in Fertilizers IndustrieswithEnergy saving.pdfPremBaboo4
In Fertilizers industries the material plays a
very important role. Right material can save
energy as well as plant life and wrong
selection of material may lead to
catastrophic failures and outage of plants &
even loss of Human lives, Right selection of
material leads to long life of plant. In urea
plant very corrosive chemicals are used for
urea production. The raw material of urea
plant is Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide gas
which makes very corrosive chemical
ammonium Carbamate. For reduced
corrosion passivation air is used in reactor as
well as stripper according to material of
selection different quaintly of air is used.
Controlled and less quantity of passivation
air is required for Titanium and Zirconium
material and hence saving of energy because
the huge amount of ammonia is waste with
venting of inerts, i.e. saving of energy and
environments also. Passivation oxygen
given in CO2 is directly proportional to
ammonia losses in MP section. This paper
intended how to increase life of urea reactor
liner and energy saving with low passivation
air and high N/C ratio, Ammonia is the
noncorrosive and ammonia to CO2 Ratio is
an important parameter for process optimization occurring less losses and less
explosion probability in urea reactor because
it affects the amount of produced urea and
corrosion to the material in the reactor.
Generally we are using urea reactor liner
316L (urea grade), now adopted 2RE69 for
large capacity plant (world largest) and
Duplex stainless steel.
This document provides an overview of coatings and surface engineering capabilities at TWI Ltd. It describes their staff and sites focusing on coatings and materials. It highlights sectors of interest like aerospace, oil/gas, and technologies like anti-corrosion coatings, hydrophobic coatings, and surface modification. Examples of projects involving functional coatings, composite tool coatings, and anti-icing coatings are summarized. Testing capabilities and facilities for thermal spray coatings and plasma electrolytic oxidation are also mentioned.
This proposal requests $395,000 in funding from the California Energy Commission's PIER Natural Gas program to develop a novel solar-powered system for maximizing algal biomass growth and carbon sequestration from coal plant flue gases. The system would use Xtreme Energetics' patented prismatic light guide technology to deliver uniform illumination to closed-loop algal bioreactors. This would allow for 24/7 bioreactor operations and optimize parameters like CO2 and nutrient delivery to increase algal growth rates and biomass output, which could then be converted to biomethane fuel. If successful, the system could sequester up to 90% of carbon emissions from coal plants while producing a renewable natural
The automotive industry has traditionally been at the forefront of engineering applications for fiber laser systems. The new demands made by the breakthrough of e-mobility has placed even more requirements on fiber lasers in reducing costs, improving performance, and creating new composite materials and components.
Read on to learn more about how fiber lasers support the inevitable breakthrough of e-mobility
Nucor Corporation has adapted to changing market conditions and found success through technology and innovation. It moved from the nuclear industry to steel in 1964 after facing bankruptcy. Nucor is known as a low-cost and technologically innovative steel producer, using energy efficient electric arc furnaces and mini-mills. It supplements raw materials with scrap metal and through continuous innovation has maintained a competitive advantage in the steel industry.
Similar to ABRAFATI 2015 OVERVIEW OF LOW ENERGY EB FOR INDUSTRIAL COATINGS 100915 (20)
ABRAFATI 2015 OVERVIEW OF LOW ENERGY EB FOR INDUSTRIAL COATINGS 100915
1. “OVERVIEW OF LOW ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM TECHNOLOGY
FOR CURING OF INDUSTRIAL COATINGS”
By Anthony Carignano
PCT Engineered Systems, LLC
1
INTRODUCTION
Over the past decade the commercial use of low energy electron beam (EB) technology
has significantly increased in a variety of industrial applications. Electron beam equipment
design advancements have resulted in safe, consistent and reliable process methods for a
broad range of surface curing and polymer crosslinking applications. Numerous value chain co-
suppliers have stepped forward with complimentary EB curable coatings and process
additives. Miniaturized, economical sealed electron beam lamp (ebeam Lamp) technology,
originally designed for surface sterilization applications, has equally opened the scope and
integration possibilities of low energy EB into multiple new surface curing applications areas.
This paper and presentation will focus on the development of low energy EB equipment
and processes as a new way of curing various industrial coating systems. Applications covered
in the presentation will include coil and sheet applications for non-food general line metal
packaging. A case study on the successful incorporation of EB curing on an industry metal
packaging line will be reviewed. EB process benefits from minimized energy consumption to the
ability to instantaneously cure high solid systems will be covered. Outside of metal coatings the
presentation will cover emerging areas of EB for curing on three-dimensional objects.
WHAT IS COIL COATING?
Coil coating, also known as "pre-painted metal coating," is an automated inline process
that involves roll coating coils of flat metal. After coating the metal substrates (generally steel
and aluminum) are put through a forming process that bends and draws the coated metal into
intended end-use shapes with little or no cured imperfections such as film cracking, crazing or
delamination. Over 70% of coil coatings are typically formulated for high performance
applications. Weathering, corrosion resistance and longevity of aesthetics are all highly desired
key attributes. In addition, metal substrates converted with conventional coil coating systems
require chemical pretreatment and must be preheated to a target activation temperature before
organic solvent based coatings can be applied. Typical conventional coil coating processes
require the use of over 100 foot long drying ovens with solvent incinerators and explosion proof,
ventilated coating rooms. At the end of the process a quenching (cooling) zone is required to
reduce metal
2. “OVERVIEW OF LOW ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM TECHNOLOGY
FOR CURING OF INDUSTRIAL COATINGS”
By Anthony Carignano
PCT Engineered Systems, LLC
2
temperature before additional coating layers can be applied prior to rewinding. In addition, large
and costly accumulators are required to keep lines moving during coil changes.
Source: National Coil Coating Association https://www.coilcoating.org/how-to-paint-metal-coils
Coil coating lines are built for long runs to reduce overall operating costs. Aside from
applications in general infrastructure, transportation and consumer appliance industry
applications, coil coatings are now finding use in “smart applications” that fulfill requirements
from promoting smog protection and antimicrobial properties to optimizing HVAC heat exchange
in commercial buildings. According to a recent market report published by Research and
Markets: “it is anticipated that the global market for coil coatings will grow at a CAGR of 6.5%
from 2014-2019.” Key global suppliers of conventional coil coatings systems include Akzo
Nobel, BASF, PPG and Valspar. Key drivers for the adoption of coil coated products include
performance, cost reduction and sustainability.
WHAT IS ULTRAVIOLET (UV) AND LOW ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM (EB) CURING
TECHONLOGY?
Ultraviolet curing (commonly known as UV curing) is a photochemical process in which
high-intensity ultraviolet light is used to instantly cure or “dry” inks, coatings or adhesives.
Contrary to free-radical UV curing which requires photoinitiators (or at least some photo-reactive
moiety incorporated into an oligomer backbone) for polymerization, low energy EB (which is
defined as operating with an accelerating voltage of less than 300 kV) accelerates electrons
produced by EB equipment with sufficient energy to break chemical bonds within coatings
3. “OVERVIEW OF LOW ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM TECHNOLOGY
FOR CURING OF INDUSTRIAL COATINGS”
By Anthony Carignano
PCT Engineered Systems, LLC
3
without need for photoinitiators. It is the bond breaking (scission) induced by photointitiators in
UV curing and with electrons in EB curing which generates free radicals and initiate the
polymerization (crosslinking and curing) of coating films. One major advantage of EB curing
over UV curing is that EB provides the ability to cure high opacity, high film build coating
systems at near room temperature without photoinitiator.
SOURCE: ADAPTED FROM AMERICAN HERITAGE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Compared with conventional drying and curing methods, EB curing requires less footprint and
drastically reduces the elapsed full cure time for coatings from minutes to a fraction of a second. It
eliminates the need for large thermal drying ovens, cooling lines, solvent incinerators or explosion
proof rooms. “Comparing basic information on the evaporation and drying of solvents and
diluents, like water, versus EB curing, one finds a remarkable savings in the energy merely
required to dry or cure a coating.”…” EB curing is a direct means of energy transfer. Energy
emitted from an EB unit is directly absorbed in the coating and causes the chemical changes
that convert a liquid coating into a dried and cured material. Drying and curing take place
irrespective of pigment type or total pigment volume content loading.”i
In addition, Lapin and
Minon concluded in 2008 that: “total energy costs for conventional thermally cured coatings are
between seven and nine times higher than for a UV/EB cured coating system, putting
conventional energy consumption in the range of 4,600 to 5,900 Btu/m2.” Calculations
Adapted from American Heritage Dictionary
4. “OVERVIEW OF LOW ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM TECHNOLOGY
FOR CURING OF INDUSTRIAL COATINGS”
By Anthony Carignano
PCT Engineered Systems, LLC
4
completed by Lapin and Minon are similar in magnitude to savings calculated by Coors1
and
BASF in earlier energy studies on the energy savings benefits of energy curing technology.”ii
CONSIDERING EB CURING TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRIAL COATING APPLICATIONS
COIL COATING
The chemistries used in conventional coil coating systems are almost universally organic
solvent based and include epoxies, acrylics, polyurethanes, fluorocarbons, plastisols and
polyesters. Siliconized polyesters, durable polyesters and poly(vinylidene)difluoride (PVdF)
systems are used almost exclusively for exterior construction applications. PVdF and siliconized
polyesters coatings have excellent weathering characteristics which allow manufacturers to
promote 40 year performance warranties. Plastisol coatings based on poly (vinyl) chloride, offer
excellent forming, mar and chemical resistance characteristics and are principally used in heavy
duty construction applications for chemical plants, smelting operations and in agriculture.
Conventional waterborne coil coatings serve niche applications and require greater energy to
drive off the water and cure than solvent based systems.
Most resin backbone chemistries used in conventional coil coatings have similar acrylate
functional types used in photo polymeric surface curing. PVdF has been known to be cross-
linkable with low energy electron beam and is one well known resin binder currently being
investigated in the manufacture of novel lithium ion battery storage devices. Acrylate functional
polyester resins have been commercially available for decades. Less common coil coating
chemistries including epoxies (used mainly in primers), acrylics (used for transportation and
building applications) and urethanes (used in primers) all have acrylate functional analogues
adapted for direct to metal applications. A growing number of global conventional coil coating
suppliers and certain regional specialty coating manufacturers in the Americas now offer
acrylate functional systems specifically designed for UV/EB coil coating applications. In
addition, more than a dozen highly competitive acrylate functional resin suppliers now offer
monomer and oligomer species specifically designed for metal coatings.2
1
Coors Brewing Company adopted ultraviolet (UV) light curing technology for aluminum beverage cans in
the late 1990s. BASF is a global manufacturer of specialty chemicals and intermediates.
2
Leading global acrylate resin suppliers include: Sartomer, Allnex, Basf, Miwon, Eternal, AGI, IGM and Rahn.
5. “OVERVIEW OF LOW ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM TECHNOLOGY
FOR CURING OF INDUSTRIAL COATINGS”
By Anthony Carignano
PCT Engineered Systems, LLC
5
The use of UV/EB 100% solid energy curable surface curing in metal coil coating
operations can be traced back to British Steel (U.K.) and Nisshin Steel (Japan) in the early
1990s. Since then, barriers to the large scale commercial adoption of UV/EB curing for coil
coatings applications have significantly diminished. Raw material costs have become much
more affordable as acrylate functional monomers and oligomers have commoditized.
Technological advancements made in acrylate functional polymer chemistry have significantly
improved coating performance relating to flexibility, impact resistance, weathering
characteristics and tenacious film adhesion which is required in most all metal coil applications.
Still there are very few commercially formulated EB coil coatings qualified to replace
conventional coil coatings. Significant development is required.
HYBRID UV/EB COIL COATING LINE DESIGNiii
Source: “UV/EB Technology for Coil Coating” Presentation RadTech UV/EB West 2013
A CASE STUDY EXAMPLE OF UV/EB COIL COATING IN COMMERCIALIZATIONiv
Cleveland Steel Container (CSC), the largest steel pail producer in North America,
designs and manufactures steel pails for industrial and consumer product applications and is. Its
parts manufacturing plant in Streetsboro, Ohio, makes covers, bottoms and tops for all CSC pail
plants in the United States. In March 2012, CSC decided to implement a new, centralized coil
coating and press line in Streetsboro to make pail lids for all operations. In lieu of employing
thermal drying technology for its new line, CSC chose ultraviolet (UV) and EB hybrid curing. The
steel pails converted as a result of this process are composed of three parts: a body, the bottom
ELECTRON
BEAM
CLEANING
BACKER
APPLICATION
REWIND
UNWIND
PRIMER
APPLICATION
TOP COAT
UV GLOSS
CONTROL
TOP COAT
APPLICATIONPRIMER
UV CURE
BACKER
UV CURE
6. “OVERVIEW OF LOW ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM TECHNOLOGY
FOR CURING OF INDUSTRIAL COATINGS”
By Anthony Carignano
PCT Engineered Systems, LLC
6
and the top (or lid). The new hybrid EB/UV Streetsboro coil line process, coils are unwound and
flame-treated to enable optimal coating adhesion. The top and bottom sides of the coil are first
roll coated. A highly pigmented urethane acrylate functional system is applied to the top side of
the coil which will eventually be shaped and crimped into a lid. The bottom side of the coil (the
inner lid) receives a clear UV coating. At a line speed of over 300 feet per minute the bottom
side of the coil is cured first with UV lamps. The top side of the coil is then cured at a dosage of
4-12 Mrad. The coated coil goes in front of the EB at an ambient temperature of circa 100F. Due
to thermal absorption of the metal coil, the EB cured top side of the coil emerges at
approximately 150F. Flame treated, uncoated coil is somewhat porous and CSC believes that
substrate porosity and inline process heat transferred into the coil actually allow for better flow
and substrate hinging of the acrylate functional chemistry immediately prior to the UV/EB
crosslinking process. Compared to the conventional coating chemistry used in the past, CSC
also found that EB cured coatings actually exhibit much lower delamination and cracking in
crimped areas of the outer pail lid.
From proof of concept to installation, CSC’s new line was completed in eighteen months.
CSC worked with Watson-Standard (W-S) to formulate its UV/EB coating. CSC found other EB
curing benefits beyond energy costs savings: no loss of evaporated solvent, in-can stability over
time and much less clean up as UV/EB coatings are easier to clean than solvent systems which
can harden on the coating line. As UV/EB systems are non-flammable and high solids, up to
100%, UV/EB curing also uses less applied coating and storage area. Overall, after doing the
math and achieving six fold line speed increases using its hybrid UV/EB coil coating line, CSC
believes that UV/EB systems are competitive in total cost of ownership when compared with
conventional solvent based coating systems.
7. “OVERVIEW OF LOW ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM TECHNOLOGY
FOR CURING OF INDUSTRIAL COATINGS”
By Anthony Carignano
PCT Engineered Systems, LLC
7
CHALLENGES FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF UV/EB IN COIL COATING APPLICATIONS
There are significant performance and cost barriers to using current UV/EB coating
system based on polyester and aliphatic urethane chemistry that will make it difficult to match
the weathering and durability performance found in siliconized polyester/melamine or PVdF
based systems. For example, Cymel 303, a highly methylated melamine resin and Resimene
747 hexamethoxymethyl melamine-formaldehyde are two well know resin system ingredients
commonly used in conventional weather resistant coil coating applications. Both sell for
approximately US $2/kg. While some low-end acrylated monomers may be in the price range,
Left: EB cured highly pigmented coil coatings in
black, gray and white supplied by Watson-Standard.
Left: UV cured clear lacquer used for pail interior
supplied by Watson-Standard.
Left: Crimped, crotch area of outer pail. Coating exhibits
excellent resistance to delamination or cracking.
8. “OVERVIEW OF LOW ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM TECHNOLOGY
FOR CURING OF INDUSTRIAL COATINGS”
By Anthony Carignano
PCT Engineered Systems, LLC
8
other high performance aliphatic urethane acrylates which are better in overall weathering
properties and provide abrasion resistance and adhesion are typically above US$6/Kg.
Another UV/EB coil coating market adoption challenge is end user awareness.
Producers of metal coil are faced with two sets of customers: the coaters who paint the metal
and the OEMs who fabricate the final articles and bring them to market. The needs of these two
sets of customers differ and sometimes even conflict depending on geographic. In general,
fabricators are most concerned about performance attributes. Coaters have no influence over
coatings used but still attempt to exert influence over OEMs who fabricate through pricing
strategies. In North America, suppliers of conventional coil coatings have limited motivation to
develop disruptive technologies unless compelled to do so by brandowners. Although there has
been much discussion over the past decade regarding UV/EB energy curable coil coating
technology, it is most likely that companies interested in bringing their own coil coating process
in house along with end users in Europe and Asia Pacific concerned with lowering overall VOCs
and energy costs are best fit candidates for adoption.
EB FOR INDUSTRIAL COATING BATCH PROCESS APPLICATIONS
Over the past decade, EB surface curing technology has gradually been adopted in a
variety of batch coating and printing applications. Its ability to cure and crosslink through highly
filled opaque and metallic pigmented film surfaces without the effects of shadowing are
desirable for profiled and multidimensional shapes. The photo below shows coated 3D parts
immediately following ebeam surface curing. The surface cured 3D parts were irradiated with a
COMET 200kV EBLab Unit at a dosage of 3MRad while travelling at 30 meters per minute. The
EBLab uses integrated sealed ebeam 400mm Lamp.
Shielding and throughput are two major considerations when integrating low energy
ebeam Lamps into surface curing applications. These considerations become more complex
when going from continuous inline processes to smaller footprint multidimensional surface
9. “OVERVIEW OF LOW ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM TECHNOLOGY
FOR CURING OF INDUSTRIAL COATINGS”
By Anthony Carignano
PCT Engineered Systems, LLC
9
Photo: Surface curing 3D parts inside of lead shielded 200kV ebeam
Technologies EBLab nitrogen inerted chamber.
curing applications. “When an accelerated electron impinges upon any material, it generates X-
radiation or X-rays. As a result, shielding is needed to prevent exposure to X-radiation.”v
For low
energy ebeam Lamp integrated equipment (at or below 300 kV), shielding is accomplished
through multilayered steel and lead constructions. As a part of the ebeam equipment integration
processes, shielding design labyrinths are developed where all x-ray escape points are
addressed.
Throughput is a measure of EB energy deposition rate and relates directly to the amount
of material or parts that can be surface cured or crosslinked within a given time and rate of
speed. Throughput is measured in MegaRad (MRad) or kilogray (kGy) meters per minute. One
kGy is equal to one joule per gram of absorbed energy per mass and 10 kGy is equal to 1
MRad. Since electrons have mass and electrical charge, their penetration into materials is
limited by their kinetic energy, distance from target and by the mass and density of the target
substrate. Depending on throughput and coating density requirements, typical values of the
dose needed for coating drying and curing applications can range anywhere from 15-30 kGy.
The photo (below) shows an ebeam integrated 3D 100kV curing system for 63.5mm x
270mm shapes. The system has a maximum duty of circa 480 parts per minute which can be
robotically fed onto a rotating mandrel index system. Aside from surface curing, the system is
integratable with spray and digital inkjet printing functions. The system has also been
10. “OVERVIEW OF LOW ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM TECHNOLOGY
FOR CURING OF INDUSTRIAL COATINGS”
By Anthony Carignano
PCT Engineered Systems, LLC
10
considered for applying and crosslinking adhesives on cylindrical objects.
Photo: 3D ebeam curing system.
EB INDUSTRIAL COATINGS: THE ROAD AHEAD
Although EB surface curing technology is now nearing its 50th
anniversary of commercial
use in industrial coating applications, the arrival of ebeam Lamp technology for inline smaller
footprint applications is a potential game changer for the technology and emerging applications.
In general, the adoption of EB as a preferred method for surface curing industrial coatings
provides energy and labor savings, reduced environmental risk, consistent cure performance
and outstanding end product wear resistance. The shift towards lower VOC coatings and a
carbon taxation driven by schemes such as the US. EPA’s Clean Power Plan and China’s
recent legislation on coating VOC levels3
will continue to drive demand for greener chemistry
and coating processes. For coil coaters and other industrial coating users of organic solvents,
the trend is identified. The value chain supporting EB curing for coil other industrial coating
applications is there, technologically ready and waits to be engaged.
REFERENCES
Advances in Coil Coating Technology: 43rd
ECCA Autumn Congress,
23-24 November, 2009, Brussels, Belgium
3
Based on regulations imposed in early 2015, coating producer in China must now pay a 4% tax on the
invoice price of any coating whose ready-to-spray VOC level exceeds 420 g/L.
11. “OVERVIEW OF LOW ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM TECHNOLOGY
FOR CURING OF INDUSTRIAL COATINGS”
By Anthony Carignano
PCT Engineered Systems, LLC
11
Fischer, W., Kuczewski, H., Rappen, D., Weikard, J. (18-20 October, 2005). Urethane Acrylates
on Metal Substrates. Paper presented by Bayer MaterialScience at RadTech Europe
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Epstein, J. (2008, April 1). The EB advantage: Modern EB curing technology can provide a
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Lund, T., Laurell, B., & Foll, E. (2010). New Developments in EB Accelerators. RadTech Report,
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Pilcher, G. (2012, February 1). Coil and Extrusion Coatings. Market Analysis Review.
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i
Berejka, A. (2003). Electron Beam Curing of Coil Coatings. RadTech Report, (SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2003), 47-53.
ii
Golden, R. (2012). What's the Score? A Method for Quantitative Estimation of Energy Use and Emission Reductions for
UV/EB Curing. RadTech Report, (3), 44-48.
iii Swanson, K., & Joesel, K. (2013, February 26). UV/EB Technology for Coil Coating. Lecture presented at Uv.eb WEST 2013
Advanced Materials Conference, Redondo Beach, CA.
iv Page, C. (2015, April 7). A Case Study in Metal Coating Curing Innovation: Cleveland Steel Container Harnesses Electron
Beam (EB) Technology [Taken from telephone interview with John Salkeld, Marketing Manager PCT Engineered Systems
LLC].
v Industrial Radiation Processing with Electron Beam and X-Ray (1 May 2011 ed., p. 20). (2011). International Atomic Energy
Agency.