Aarogyam dhansampada by Mr. Anant Ghanekar

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The document discusses the pillars of health which include proper nutrition, adequate rest and sleep, regular exercise and yoga, discipline, good habits, and autosuggestion. Maintaining these pillars is important for overall health and well-being.

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Defecation Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool. Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool CONSTIPATION Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces IMPACTION Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon. DIARRHEA Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration HEMORRHOIDS Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal. FLATULENCE As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus) FECAL INCONTINENCE Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY, An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig

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Male patients confined to bed usually prefer to use the urinal for voiding. The use of a urinal in the standing position facilitates emptying of the bladder If the patient is unable to stand, the urinal may be used in bed. Patients may also use a urinal in the bathroom to facilitate measurement of urinary output. Provide skin care and perineal hygiene after urinal use and maintain a professional manner EQUIPMENT Urinal with end cover (usually attached) Toilet tissue Clean gloves Additional PPE, as indicated ASSESSMENT Assess the patient’s normal elimination habits. Determine why the patient needs to use a urinal, such as a physician’s order for strict bed rest or immobilization. Assess the patient’s degree of limitation and ability to help with activity Assess for activity limitations, such as hip surgery or spinal injury, which would contraindicate certain actions by the patient. Check for the presence of drains, dressings, intravenous fluid infusion sites/equipment, traction, or any other devices that could interfere with the patient’s ability to help with the procedure or that could become dislodged. Assess the characteristics of the urine and the patient’s skin. Document the patient’s tolerance of the activity. Record the amount of urine voided on the intake and output record, if appropriate. Document any other assessments, such as unusual urine characteristics or alterations in the patient’s skin. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION Urinal should not be left in place for extended periods because pressure and irritation to the patient’s skin can result. If patient is unable to use alone or with assistance, consider other interventions, such as commode or external condom catheter. It may be necessary to assist patients who have difficulty holding the urinal in place, such as those with limited upper extremity movement or alteration in mentation, to prevent spillage of urine. The urinal may also be used standing or sitting at the bedside or in the patient’s bathroom, if patient is able to do so.

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