A 68-year-old Caucasian male presents to his pulmonologist for his 3-month follow up visit. He is a smoker, with a 150-pack-year history. He has no specific complaints but did mention in passing that he had two episodes where he woke up gasping for air, most recently, two days ago. He has a history of chronic bronchitis and mild emphysema. Focused assessment on the pulmonary system was significant for bilateral rales and scattered crackles. Oxygen saturation was recorded at 82% on room air. - What are the other priority assessments for this patient? - What is the next step in managing this patient? - What is the pathogenesis to this disease group?.