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9.pptBanking and the Management of Financial Institutions
1.
Chapter 9 Banking and the
Management of Financial Institutions
2.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-2
3.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-3 Basic Banking—Cash Deposit • Opening of a checking account leads to an increase in the bank’s reserves equal to the increase in checkable deposits First National Bank First National Bank Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Vault Cash +$100 Checkable deposits +$100 Reserves +$100 Checkable deposits +$100
4.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-4 Basic Banking—Check Deposit When a bank receives additional deposits, it gains an equal amount of reserves; when it loses deposits, it loses an equal amount of reserves First National Bank Second National Bank Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Reserves +$100 Checkable deposits +$100 Reserves -$100 Checkable deposits -$100 First National Bank Assets Liabilities Cash items in process of collection +$100 Checkable deposits +$100
5.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-5 Basic Banking—Making a Profit • Asset transformation-selling liabilities with one set of characteristics and using the proceeds to buy assets with a different set of characteristics • The bank borrows short and lends long First National Bank Second National Bank Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Required reserves +$100 Checkable deposits +$100 Required reserves +$100 Checkable deposits +$100 Excess reserves +$90 Loans +$90
6.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-6 Bank Management • Liquidity Management • Asset Management • Liability Management • Capital Adequacy Management • Credit Risk • Interest-rate Risk
7.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-7 Liquidity Management: Ample Excess Reserves • If a bank has ample excess reserves, a deposit outflow does not necessitate changes in other parts of its balance sheet Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Reserves $20M Deposits $100M Reserves $10M Deposits $90M Loans $80M Bank Capital $10M Loans $80M Bank Capital $10M Securities $10M Securities $10M
8.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-8 Liquidity Management: Shortfall in Reserves • Reserves are a legal requirement and the shortfall must be eliminated • Excess reserves are insurance against the costs associated with deposit outflows Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Reserves $10M Deposits $100M Reserves $0 Deposits $90M Loans $90M Bank Capital $10M Loans $90M Bank Capital $10M Securities $10M Securities $10M
9.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-9 Liquidity Management: Borrowing • Cost incurred is the interest rate paid on the borrowed funds Assets Liabilities Reserves $9M Deposits $90M Loans $90M Borrowing $9M Securities $10M Bank Capital $10M
10.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-10 Liquidity Management: Securities Sale • The cost of selling securities is the brokerage and other transaction costs Assets Liabilities Reserves $9M Deposits $90M Loans $90M Bank Capital $10M Securities $1M
11.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-11 Liquidity Management: Federal Reserve • Borrowing from the Fed also incurs interest payments based on the discount rate Assets Liabilities Reserves $9M Deposits $90M Loans $90M Borrow from Fed $9M Securities $10M Bank Capital $10M
12.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-12 Liquidity Management: Reduce Loans • Reduction of loans is the most costly way of acquiring reserves • Calling in loans antagonizes customers • Other banks may only agree to purchase loans at a substantial discount Assets Liabilities Reserves $9M Deposits $90M Loans $81M Bank Capital $10M Securities $10M
13.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-13 Asset Management: Three Goals • Seek the highest possible returns on loans and securities • Reduce risk • Have adequate liquidity
14.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-14 Asset Management: Four Tools • Find borrowers who will pay high interest rates and have low possibility of defaulting • Purchase securities with high returns and low risk • Lower risk by diversifying • Balance need for liquidity against increased returns from less liquid assets
15.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-15 Liability Management • Recent phenomenon due to rise of money center banks • Expansion of overnight loan markets and new financial instruments (such as negotiable CDs) • Checkable deposits have decreased in importance as source of bank funds
16.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-16 Capital Adequacy Management • Bank capital helps prevent bank failure • The amount of capital affects return for the owners (equity holders) of the bank • Regulatory requirement
17.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-17 Capital Adequacy Management: Preventing Bank Failure When Assets Decline High Bank Capital Low Bank Capital Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Reserves $10M Deposits $90M Reserves $10M Deposits $96M Loans $90M Bank Capital $10M Loans $90M Bank Capital $4M High Bank Capital Low Bank Capital Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Reserves $10M Deposits $90M Reserves $10M Deposits $96M Loans $85M Bank Capital $5M Loans $85M Bank Capital -$1M
18.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-18 Capital Adequacy Management: Returns to Equity Holders Return on Assets: net profit after taxes per dollar of assets ROA = net profit after taxes assets Return on Equity: net profit after taxes per dollar of equity capital ROE = net profit after taxes equity capital Relationship between ROA and ROE is expressed by the Equity Multiplier: the amount of assets per dollar of equity capital EM = Assets Equity Capital net profit after taxes equity capital
19.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-19 Capital Adequacy Management: Safety • Benefits the owners of a bank by making their investment safe • Costly to owners of a bank because the higher the bank capital, the lower the return on equity • Choice depends on the state of the economy and levels of confidence
20.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-20 Credit Risk: Overcoming Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard • Screening and information collection • Specialization in lending • Monitoring and enforcement of restrictive covenants • Long-term customer relationships • Loan commitments • Collateral and compensating balances • Credit rationing
21.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-21 Interest-Rate Risk • If a bank has more rate-sensitive liabilities than assets, a rise in interest rates will reduce bank profits and a decline in interest rates will raise bank profits First National Bank Assets Liabilities Rate-sensitive assets $20M Rate-sensitive liabilities $50M Variable-rate and short-term loans Variable-rate CDs Short-term securities Money market deposit accounts Fixed-rate assets $80M Fixed-rate liabilities $50M Reserves Checkable deposits Long-term loans Savings deposits Long-term securities Long-term CDs Equity capital
22.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-22 Interest Rate Risk: Gap Analysis Basic Gap Analysis: (rate-sensitive assets
23.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-23 Interest Rate Risk: Duration Analysis Duration Analysis: %
24.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-24 Off-Balance-Sheet Activities • Loan sales (secondary loan participation) • Generation of fee income • Trading activities and risk management techniques Futures, options, interest-rate swaps, foreign exchange Speculation
25.
Copyright © 2007
Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-25 Off-Balance-Sheet Activities (cont’d) • Trading activities and risk management techniques (cont’d) Principal-agent problem Internal Controls • Separation of trading activities and bookkeeping • Limits on exposure • Value-at-risk • Stress testing
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