The document discusses the basics of infection prevention and control, including the chain of infection, standard precautions, transmission-based precautions, proper use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and medical waste, and decontamination methods like cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. It emphasizes that hand hygiene and standard precautions are the most effective ways to break the chain of infection and prevent the spread of disease. Healthcare-associated infections are a major concern, and strict compliance with infection control practices is needed to prevent transmission within healthcare settings.

1. Basics of Infection Prevention &Control

2. OBJECTIVES
Fundamental Principles of Infection
Prevention
Describe the role of isolation in preventing
the spread of certain infections
Describe each type of isolation with
examples of diseases
Understand significance of correct sequence
of donning and removing PPE

3. Localized
INFECTION

4. What is Infection Control?
• Identifying and reducing the risk of infections
developing or spreading

5. CHAIN OF INFECTION

6. BREAK
THE
CHAIN
PATHOGENS
RESERVOIR
PORTAL OF EXIT
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
PORTAL OF
ENTRY
SUSCEPTIBLE
HOST
• Diagnosis &
Tx.
• Antibiotics
• Cleaning,
disinfection,
sterilization
• Good Health and
Hygiene
• Hand Hygiene
• PPE
• Respiratory
Etiquette
• Proper waste
disposal
• Hand Hygiene
• PPE
• Cleaning, Disinfection,
sterilization
• ISOLATION
• Food safety
• Hand Hygiene
• PPE
• Aseptic
Technique
• Wound care
• Immunizations
• Tx of underlying
disease
• Health Education

7. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INFECTION CONTROL
• Identifying high risk patients and source of
infection.
• Standard precautions
• Prevent environmental contamination
• Safe use of sharp instruments and needles
• Handling specimen
• Biomedical waste
• Education and Training

8. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INFECTION CONTROL
HEALTHCARE
ASSOCIATED INFECTION
- infections people get while
they're receiving health care for
another condition.
- 48 hours or more after
hospitalization

9. HAI’s Risk Factors
Surgery
High sophisticated
procedure

10. HAI’s Risk Factors
Immunosuppressive
Incompliance to
antibiotic regimen

11. Healthcare Associated Infection
Organizational Factors (Insufficient
facilities to practice IC)

12. Healthcare Associated Infection
 Patient
characteristics
 Attitude
 Age
 Underlying
medical
condition
 Family members.

13. MAJOR HAI’s
CAUITI
(Cather associated Urinary Infection)
VAP
(Ventilator Associated Pneumonia)
CLABSI
(Central line- associated
bloodstream infection)

14. MAJOR HAI’s
MRSA
(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

15. HAI’s Prevention
STRICT
COMPLIANCE!!!!
Health Teaching Training for healthcare
professionals

16.  are a set of infection control practices used to prevent transmission of
diseases
 Underestimating the other components of standard precautions can expose to
infection even with the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment in place.
Performing Hand Hygiene.
Use of Personal Protective Equipment.
Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette.
Use and dispose of sharps safely.
Clean & reprocess shared patient care equipment.
Use of aseptic technique.
Handling & disposal of waste & used linen safely.
Routine Environmental cleaning & disinfection.
STANDARD PRECAUTION

17. Hand Hygiene
 Hand washing is the single best
method of limiting the spread of
microorganisms.
 Once gloves are removed after
routine contact with a patient, hands
should be washed for at least 20
seconds,

18. ACTIVITY
40 – 60 sec

19. Hand Rub
 not visibly soiled, use a hand sanitizer that
contains greater than 60% ethanol or 70%
isopropanol
20-30 sec

20. Opportunities for Hand Hygiene
 Before and after work duties
 After handling a cleaning equipment/chemical
 Before putting on and removing Personal
Protective
 Before and after Equipment (PPE) use.
 After handling waste/bins
 After using the toilet
 Before and after eating and drinking

21. Personal Protective Equipment

22. Personal Protective Equipment

23. Personal Protective Equipment

25. Key Points About PPE
• Don before contact with the patient, generally before entering the room
• Use carefully – don’t spread contamination
• Remove and discard carefully, either at the doorway or immediately outside patient
room; remove respirator outside room
• Perform hand hygiene before touching your PPE’s and Immediately after use.
• Proper usage of PPE’s.
 Keep gloved hands away from face
 Avoid touching or adjusting other PPE
 Remove gloves if they become torn; perform hand hygiene before donning new
gloves
 Limit surfaces and items touched

26. Where to Remove PPE?
• At doorway, before leaving patient room or
in the anteroom*
• Remove respirator outside room, after door
has been closed*

30. ACTIVITIES WITH POTENTIAL FOR NEEDLESTICK
INJURIES
 Handling needles that must be taken apart or
manipulated after use
 Disposing of needles attached to tubing.
 Recapping a needle.
 Aspirating IV medication.
Failure to dispose of used needles in puncture-
resistant sharps containers.
 Lack proper workstations for procedures using
sharps.
Working quickly.

31. Needlestick and Sharps Injuries
- serious hazard in any healthcare
setting.
- contaminated needles, scalpels,
broken glass, and other sharps with
blood that contains pathogens
- pose a grave, potentially lethal risk
healthcare workers.

32. If injury by a medical sharp device?
Clean the area
•Wash skin with soap and water for
15 min.
Report to Supervisor/ Team
Leader/ Management & Occupational
Health Clinic
Document the exposure in the
Event Reporting System by the
supervisor

34. EMPLOYERS SHOULD
Establish a bloodborne pathogen control program.
Eliminate the use of needle devices whenever safe and
effective alternatives are available.
Provide needle devices with safety features.
Provide sharps containers for workers to bring into clients’ homes.
Investigate all sharps-related injuries.
Provide post-exposure medical evaluations.

35. Transmission-Based Precautions
• used to prevent transmission
of microorganisms spread by
direct/indirect contact with
the source
• Examples:
• MRSA
• VRE
• EBOLA
• contagious skin
infections… Lice &
Scabies

36. Transmission-Based Precautions
• used to prevent transmission of
microorganisms spread by large, moist
droplets inhaled by or landing on the
mucous membranes of the susceptible
host
• examples:
• Influenza
• Meningitis
• Pneumonia
• vaccine preventable diseases:
• Rubella, Mumps, Pertussis

37. Transmission-Based Precautions
• used to prevent transmission of microorganisms
spread on very small particles that drift on air
currents (droplet nuclei, dust)
• examples:
• Pulmonary Tuberculosis
• Varicella
• Measles
• Localized (in immunocompromised
patient) or disseminated herpes zoster
(until lesions are crusted over)

38. BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
• Waste generated during the diagnosis, testing,
treatment, research, or production of
biological products for human or animals
• HEALTHCARE WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
- 75-90% NON-RISK WASTE
- 10-25% BIOMEDICAL WASTE

40. Waste Management

42. Waste Management

44. TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
• stored in a specified storage area of the hospital
• Bags should not be filled completely, ¾ full.
• Minimize manual handling of waste bags.
• removed daily from wards /OPDs or even more frequently if needed (OR, ICU, DR)
• Waste bags should be transported in a COVERED WHEELED CONTAINERS or
LARGE BINS IN COVERED TROLLEYS
• Ensure that waste bags/containers are properly SEALED AND LABELED
• Date of production
• Place of production
• Waste Category
NO UNTREATED BIOMEDICAL WASTE SHALL BE KEPT STORED BEYOND A PERIOD OF 48 HOURS.

45. TRANSPORT TO FINAL DISPOSAL SITE
Vehicles used for transport of BMW must have the
“Bio‐Hazard” symbol

46. Decontamination
- combination of processes that removes or destroys contamination.
Levels of decontamination:
Physical cleaning
Disinfection
Antisepsis
Sterilization
Disinfection and sterilization using heat
Autoclaving
Thermal washer disinfection
Chemical disinfection
Chemical disinfection of blood or body fluid spillage
Carpet and upholstery spills

47. Proper use of Spill Kit
Clean-up Procedure Using Bleach Solution
1. Block off the area of the spill from patrons until clean-up and disinfection is
complete.
2. Put on disposable gloves to prevent contamination of hands
3. Wipe up the spill using paper towels or absorbent material and place in
plastic garbage bag
4. Gently pour bleach solution onto all contaminated areas of the surface
5. Let the bleach solution remain on the contaminated area for 10 minutes
6. Wipe up the remaining bleach solution
7. All non-disposable cleaning materials used such as mops and scrub brushes
should be disinfected by saturating with bleach solution and air dried
8. Remove gloves and place in plastic garbage bags with all soiled cleaning
materials
9. Double-bag and securely tie-up plastic garbage bags and discard.

48. Wear Proper PPE’s and place a floor sign
Wipe or absorb as much spill as you can or
sprinkle the powder on the spill at least 2
minutes
Clean the remaining spill using the scoop and
scraper and place it inside the yellow bag
Spray or pour disinfectant and leave it for at
least 10 mins and wipe it after
Report the spill.

49. Infection Prevention and Control Quiz
Hand hygiene in your own housing is the
number one way of preventing the spread of
infections such as a common cold or influenza /
covid.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE

50. Infection Prevention and Control Quiz
Single-dose or single-use vials should not be used
for more than one patient regardless of how much
medicine is remaining..
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE

51. Infection Prevention and Control Quiz
The minimum length of time for quality
hand washing is 5-10 seconds.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE

52. Infection Prevention and Control Quiz
When entering a room with a Contact
Precautions sign on the door, you do not
need to put on a gown and gloves.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE

53. References
• https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/community/photos/photo-mrsa-8.html
• https://www.cdc.gov/injectionsafety/one-and-only.html