Rezni Alati Od Tvrdog Materijala Oslojeni Aluminijum Oksidom - kratka prezentacija!
Fajl je u pdf formatu tako da su moguce nesuglasice u pismu ako vam je potreban word doc ili full pdf verzija javite mi se!
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
Rezni Alati Od Tvrdog Materijala Oslojeni Aluminijum Oksidom
1. Rezni alati od tvrdog materijala oslojeni
aluminijum oksidom
2. 2
Uvod
Istorija reznih alata je obeležena periodičnim pronalazcima materijala koje imaju za posledicu
dramatična poboljšanja u produktivnosti. U 1890 - oj je velikom brzinom krenuo razvoj čelika.
Kasnije su došli obojeni materijali, a još kasnije, u 1920-oj, cementirani karbidi su postali
dostupni. Pored razvoja karbida, mnogi drugi alati za rezanje materijala su razvijeni uključujući i
karbide, kermete, keramičke alate za sečenje razne vrste, kubni bor nitrid i dijamant - ali niko
nije imao neposredni i neodoljiv komercijalni uspeh kao što su oslojavani materijali.
Oslojavanje - Titanijum karbida (TIC) je uveden komercijalno 1969. Od tada, mnoštvo premaza
je razvijeno i obuhvataju: titanijum nitrid (PIB), Hafnium karbid i nitrid, cirkonium nitrid,
karbon nitrid, sadržaji premaza bora, i razni oksidi, uključujući i aluminijum oksid (Al, O).
Najuspešniji premazi za opštu obradu su Tic, PIB-a i Al, O,. Svaka od ovih premaza je efikasan
U prilično pojednostavljenoj obradi, PIB oslojavanje je poželjno pri niskim brzinama, jer je
najefikasniji u sprečavanju gomilanja metala. Tic, - zbog svoje tvrdoće na niskim i srednjim
temperaturama najviše je efikasan na "Medium" brzinama gde dinamička abrazija dominira i
predstavlja mehanizam neuspeha. Sloj koji obezbeđuje najveći potencijal za poboljšanje
produktivnosti je i oksid. Prednost oksida, leži u činjenici da je inertan i da hemijski zadržava
svoje tvrdoće višim temperaturama u odnosu na druge vrste oslojavanja.
Danas se oksidni premazi obicno dobijaju iz više proizvoda gde su sva tri od ovih premaza
kombinovana u pokušaju da se ostvare najbolje osobine svakog od njih. Dva oblika Al2O3,
dostupni su: Alpha formular koji je stabilna verzija, i Kappa formular. Alpha je najčešći oblik i
verovatno najbolji oblik za obradu sivog liva. Nedavno K- Al2O3, je stabilizovan u tanko slojnom
obliku. Njegove prednosti su fina zrna strukture, a on je generalno slobodniji od nedostataka
nego Alpha obrazac. Proces taloženja za KVB i Al2O3, premaza je dobro uspostavljen.
Formiranje ovog oksida može opisati pomoću sledeće reakcije:
2AlCl3 (g) + 3CO2(g) + 3H2(g) Al2O3(s) + 3CO(g) + 6HCl(g)
3. 3
Prednosti oslojenjih materijala
Skoro svi karbidi koji se koriste u mašinskoj obradi danas su presvučeni. Što se tiče
produktivnosti, prisustvo premaza omogućava značajno povećanje brzine rezanja koja se može
dobiti bez habanja. Brzina rezanja je najisplatljiviji način da iskoriste premaz. Poboljšanje
produktivnosti uz pomoć Al2O3 prikazano je u tabelama.
Slika 1 Moguće poboljšanje produktivnosti sa Al2O3
Povećanje brzina rezanja sa alatima oslojenjim Al2O3, može značajno da poboljša produktivnost.
Poboljšanje produktivnosti je još dramatičnije kod obrade livenog gvožđa iako razlog zašto je to
tako još nisu u potpunosti poznati.
4. Fleksibilnost je takođe značajna korist. Veća znanja i iskustva stečena tokom poslednje dve
decenije je dovela su do razvoja raznih oslojenih proizvoda. Zbog tvrdoće, otpornosti na habanje
i hemijska stabilnost koje mogu biti dobijene korišćenjem oslojenih materijala, oni imaju veću
primenu u odnosu na ne oslojene materijale Na primer, za nepremazan karbid, korisnik je
primoran da prihvati veliko smanjenje otpora i lom u cilju dobijanja otpora na habanje.
Praktične prednosti za to su šematski ilustrovani na slici. Generalno, određena minimalna
žilavost je potrebna da bi alat bio neupotrebljiv.
4
Slika 2 Habanje i otpor za obložene i neobložene materijale
Sa današnjim mašininama alatkama, visoke temperature i teška čip opterećenja su zajednička i
uspešan materijal alata mora da ih izdrži. Opterećenje nosećeg krila, ispupčenih bočnih ivica, i, u
nekim slučajevima, isecanja, može biti smanjeno kada je alat obložen Al2O3. Otpornost,
deformacije i žilavost su prvenstveno funkcije podloge i na njih ne utiče prisustvo ili odsustvo
oslojenja.
Najvažnija prednost koju, Al2O3 premazi daju je difuzni otpor ili krater nose. Cratering je
ozbiljan problem u obradi obojenih materijala i postaje sve značajniji kako se temperatura
(brzina) se povećava. Ovaj proces može biti predstavljen, na pojednostavljen način, kao
ispadanje materijala alata u radni materija. Zato ova reakcija zavisi pre svega od stabilnosti alata
materijala u prisustvu radnog materijala, najvažniji sloj parametar je slobodan energija
formacije u prisustvu posla materijala. Nažalost, ova računanja su veoma komplikovana i nisu
učinjena. Iako tačne kalkulacije nisu uradili, iskustvo je pokazalo da se standard slobodne
energije formiranja može koristiti za približno relativne performanse različitih
premaza. Praktični rezultati toga su prikazani na slikama, gde se može videti da je na velikim
5. brzinama, gde su hemijski faktori relativno više važniji od mehaničkih faktora, koje premaz
pruža. Najveći radni vek alata je oksidni sloj.
5
Slika 3 Slobodno formiranje energije i temperatura za različite materijale alata
Slika 4 Otpora protiv debljine nanosa materijala za različite alatke
6. 6
Betonirani karbitni alati oslojeni aluminijum oksidom
Tvrdoća je još jedna važna promenljiva, iako izolacija može ostati hemijski netaknuta.
Efikasnost i temperatura je povećana. Ispod temperature od 500 ° C teško je ocekivati da premaz
može ostvariti najbolju otpornost na habanje. Iznad te temperature - i u mnogim operacijama
čelikom gde brzina prevazilazi 200 m / min (650 sfpm) temperatura prelazi 1000 ° C i Al2O3
oslovanje je teže i obezbeđuje najbolju otpornost na habanje, i na krilu i u čip kontaktu.
Prvi stepen habanja značajno se povećava posle probijanja presvučenog sloja. Relativno
niske stope habanja su oko male debljine nanosa, onda se stopa povećava.
Slika 5 Vreme za za izradu alata sa različitim debljinama nanosa Al2O3
Drugo, čak i posle nanosa premaza, stopa je povećana usled kontakta između čipa i
podloge, stopa po kom je levak dubine povećan pod snažnim uticajem prisustva premaza
na ivici levka.
Treće, otpor je direktno proporcionalan debljini premaza. Ova linearna zavisnost važi bez
obzira na to kako neko bira da definiše rast levka.
7. 7
Slika 6 Alat presvučen Al2O3 i TIC – brzina sečenja = 230m/min
Slika 7 Alat presvučen Al2O3 i TIC – brzina sečenja = 300m/min
8. Otpornost na habanje prvog raste sa porastom debljine sloja, onda se povećava iznad 5-6
mikrona po nivou.
Razlog za ovo izravnavanje off performansi odnosi se na činjenicu da kritički region za habanje
čini da se stvori uska zona na dnu. Sloj treba da pokrije samo ovu zonu i da obezbedi kontakt
između sečiva i obratka i da poboljša otpornost na habanje.. Kako se povećava brzina sečenja,
tako i hemijski sloj postaje uticajniji i Al2O3 sloj obezbeđuje duži radni vek alata.
8
Ugrađivanje do ivice
Ugrađivanje do ivice je problem posebno na niskim brzinama i nastaje kada čestice
materijala vrše pritisak na zavarenu ivicu alata. Kao što se brzine povećavaju, čip prelazi sečivo
suviše brzo. Imajući ovo u vidu, serija eksperimenata je urađena gde je obim skupljanja na ivici
obložen različitim premazima, meren u funkciji brzine.
Slika 8 Alat presvučen Al2O3 i TIC – brzina sečenja = 130m/min
9. 9
Slika 9 Količina gomilanja sloja u zavisnosti od brzine za razne materijale alata
Dok su nitrid slojevi najefikasniji, Al2O3 je takođe efikasan i poželjniji nego neoslojeni
materijali.
Isecanje
Dubina rezne linije isecanja je komplikovaniji neuspeh mehanizma, jer mnogi faktori mogu da
doprinesu tome. Isecanje je obično uzrokovano mehaničkim sredstvima kao što je, abrazija
površine ili obim rada otvrdne sloj, itd. ali može biti uzrokovana hemijska interakcija između
radnog materijala i alata. Može se videti da, alat obložen Al2O3 nudi bolje performanse u odnosu
na druge alate. Razlozi za ovakvo ponašanje su isti kao oni predstavljeni za otpor.
Višeslojni premazi
Danas je trend kombinovanje više prevlaka u jednom uređaju kako bi dobili prednosti svakog
sastava. Pod pretpostavkom da su pojedinačni slojevi dovoljne debljine da bi bili efikasni,
10. trebalo bi da bude moguće da se dobije materijal koji je otporan na Build-a zbog prisustva PIB,
otporan na abraziju i habanje zbog prisustva TIC. Iako ovaj cilj verovatno nikada neće biti u
potpunosti ostvaren, poboljšanjem tehnike vezivanja i razvoja vrhunske podloge je rezultiralo
veoma širok asortiman proizvoda. Multi- sloj proizvodi su zaista opšte namene. Ovi višeslojni
proizvodi obično imaju premaz debljine koji se kreće od 5-15 μm (U zavisnosti od primene), ali
su obično 10 - 12 μm.
10
Slika 10. Zarez dubine u odnosu na vreme za alate obložene PIB, TIC i A2O3
Stalna renukleacija različitih slojeva zadržava malu veličine zrna koja rezultiraju glatkijim,
višeslojnim premazom. Ovo je korisno u izgrađivanju od ivice.
Premazi namenjeni za niske brzine rada - navoji, ukopavanje, odsecanje, ili teško
sečenje ili brušenje - obično su tanki (-5 μm) i sastoje se od baze titanijum premaza i retko
sadrže Al2O3. Na drugoj strani, umeci koji su namenjeni za operacije velikih brzina ili su
namenjeni tržištu livenog gvožđa obično imaju deblje Al2O3 slojeve.
11. 11
Literatura
J. i S. Skogsmo Vuorinen, Metalurški premazi 1990: Zbornik radova Međunarodne konferencije,
Elsevier, (1990)
T.E. Hale i D.E. Zagrevanje, reznog materijala alata, ASM Conference Proceedings, ASM, str
175 (1981).
D.E. Graham i T.E. Karbid i alatke za časopis, Vol. 14, No 3, s. 34 (1982).
A.T. Santhanam i P. Tirni, "Betonirani Karbidi," Metali - Priručnik - Deveto izdanje, vol 16,
ASM, str 71.