El documento habla sobre el ponchado de cables. Explica que el ponchado de cables consiste en hacer un cableado estructurado siguiendo las normas EIA/TIA-568A o EIA/TIA-568B en cuanto al orden de los colores de los pares en el conector RJ45. También describe brevemente estas normas y los materiales necesarios para realizar el ponchado de cables como cable UTP, conectores RJ45, ponchadora y probador de cables.
The document is a CV for Anne Phillimore, an experienced HR consultant. It summarizes her qualifications and over 30 years of experience in senior HR roles in the public sector. Her experience includes developing workforce strategies, managing organizational change, and providing HR leadership, advice and investigations at board level for organizations such as the NHS in Wales and HM Customs and Excise.
O documento é um plano de uma casa com o endereço de Av. Washington Luís, 374 em Santos-SP. O plano lista as áreas da casa como cozinha, área de serviço, área gourmet, suítes no piso inferior e superior, sala, lavabo e informações do cliente e consultor.
This document discusses insurance for natural disasters in Italy. It provides an overview of seismic and hydrogeological risks in Italy, noting that over 3,000 municipalities are in high seismic hazard zones and over 5,500 are in high flood risk areas. Currently insurance coverage for earthquakes is very rare in Italy. The document then examines proposals for a legislative framework around compulsory or semi-compulsory natural disaster insurance in Italy and key considerations around determining insurance premiums based on risk levels and maintaining affordability.
El documento proporciona información sobre la clasificación de los animales. Explica que los animales son seres vivos eucariotas, heterótrofos, pluricelulares y tisulares. Además, describe las principales características de los animales como la locomoción, la ausencia de clorofila, el desarrollo embrionario y la presencia de un plan corporal fijo.
Las contribuciones especiales son tributos que se pagan cuando se obtiene un beneficio o aumento en el valor de los bienes como consecuencia de obras públicas. Se clasifican en contribución de mejoras, que se paga por el beneficio de una obra pública, y contribución por gasto, que se paga cuando una actividad genera gastos de vigilancia o control para el Estado.
El documento habla sobre el ponchado de cables. Explica que el ponchado de cables consiste en hacer un cableado estructurado siguiendo las normas EIA/TIA-568A o EIA/TIA-568B en cuanto al orden de los colores de los pares en el conector RJ45. También describe brevemente estas normas y los materiales necesarios para realizar el ponchado de cables como cable UTP, conectores RJ45, ponchadora y probador de cables.
The document is a CV for Anne Phillimore, an experienced HR consultant. It summarizes her qualifications and over 30 years of experience in senior HR roles in the public sector. Her experience includes developing workforce strategies, managing organizational change, and providing HR leadership, advice and investigations at board level for organizations such as the NHS in Wales and HM Customs and Excise.
O documento é um plano de uma casa com o endereço de Av. Washington Luís, 374 em Santos-SP. O plano lista as áreas da casa como cozinha, área de serviço, área gourmet, suítes no piso inferior e superior, sala, lavabo e informações do cliente e consultor.
This document discusses insurance for natural disasters in Italy. It provides an overview of seismic and hydrogeological risks in Italy, noting that over 3,000 municipalities are in high seismic hazard zones and over 5,500 are in high flood risk areas. Currently insurance coverage for earthquakes is very rare in Italy. The document then examines proposals for a legislative framework around compulsory or semi-compulsory natural disaster insurance in Italy and key considerations around determining insurance premiums based on risk levels and maintaining affordability.
El documento proporciona información sobre la clasificación de los animales. Explica que los animales son seres vivos eucariotas, heterótrofos, pluricelulares y tisulares. Además, describe las principales características de los animales como la locomoción, la ausencia de clorofila, el desarrollo embrionario y la presencia de un plan corporal fijo.
Las contribuciones especiales son tributos que se pagan cuando se obtiene un beneficio o aumento en el valor de los bienes como consecuencia de obras públicas. Se clasifican en contribución de mejoras, que se paga por el beneficio de una obra pública, y contribución por gasto, que se paga cuando una actividad genera gastos de vigilancia o control para el Estado.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
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H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A - z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
1
09. i 10. studeni 2007.
Željko LeboŽeljko LeboŽeljko LeboŽeljko Lebo, dipl.ing.grañ.
član HZN/TO 221
Tehničko veleučilište u Zagrebu
REGULATIVA U GEOTEHNIČKOM INŽENJERSTVUREGULATIVA U GEOTEHNIČKOM INŽENJERSTVUREGULATIVA U GEOTEHNIČKOM INŽENJERSTVUREGULATIVA U GEOTEHNIČKOM INŽENJERSTVU
(E(E(E(Eurocodeurocodeurocodeurocode 7)7)7)7)
1. UVOD1. UVOD1. UVOD1. UVOD
Kad se govori o geotrehničkom inženjerstvu tada ono obuhvaća cjelokupne aktivnosti u grañevinskoj
struci na polju geotehnike. Time su obuhvaćeni svi sustavi od izrade projektnog zadatka, programa istražnih
radova, laboratorijskog i “ in situ” ispitivanja, obrade i analize rezultata ispitivanja, pa sve do same finalizacije
izrade geotehničkog projekta i na koncu izvedba geotehničke konstrukcije ili zahvata.
Godine 1992. započelo je usklañenje zakonodavstva RH u geotehničkom inženjerstvu s
zakonodavstvom EU. Ubrzo nakon 1992. godine, započinje proces usklañenja na području normizacije i
akreditacije. Taj process se nastavlja još i danas koji nije u potpunosti okončan. U sklopu novog
zakonodavstva RH pripremljene su i usvojene odreñene norme za geotehničko projektiranje. Geotehničko
projektiranje je obrañeno u normi za projektirnje HRV ENV 1997.
2. SUSTAV EUROKODOVA2. SUSTAV EUROKODOVA2. SUSTAV EUROKODOVA2. SUSTAV EUROKODOVA
Sustav eurokodova čini skup od sljedećih 10 normi:
• EN 1990 Eurokod 0: Osnove projektiranja konstrukcija
• EN 1991 Eurokod 1: Djelovanja na konstrukciju
• EN 1992 Eurokod 2: Projektiranje betonskih konstrukcija
• EN 1993 Eurokod 3: Projektiranje čeličnih konstrukcija
• EN 1994 Eurokod 4: Projektiranje kompozitnih čeličnih i betonskih konstrukcija
• EN 1995 Eurokod 5: Projektiranje drvenih konstrukcija
• EN 1996 Eurokod 6: Projektiranje zidanih konstrukcija
• EN 1997 Eurokod 7: Geotehničko projektiranje
• EN 1998 Eurokod 8: Projektiranje konstrukcija otpornih na potres
• EN 1999 Eurokod 9: Projektiranje aluminijskih konstrukcija
Eurokodovi 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 i 9 su takozvani materijalni eurokodovi relevantni za djelove konstrukcije iz
pojedinih grañevinskih materijala, dok su eurokodovi 0, 1, 7 i 8 zajednički za sve konstrukcije. Tako svaki od
materijalnih eruokodova čini cjelinu tek uz zajedničke eurokodova i bez njih se ne može koristiti.
Geotehnički eurokod (EN 7) sastoji se iz dva dijela (drugi dio nastao je spajanjem drugog i trećeg
„starog“ EC 7):
EN 1997-1 Geotehničko projektiranje – Dio 1: Opća pravila,
EN 1997-2 Geotehničko projektiranje – Dio 2: Istraživanje i ispitivanje tla.
Sadržaj EN 1997-1 Geotehničko projektiranje – Dio 1: Opća pravila, obuhvaćeni su:
• Osnove geotehničkog projektiranja,
• Geotehnički podaci,
• Nadzor pri izviñenju,
• Opažanje i održavanje,
• Nasipi, sniženje vode, poboljšanje tla i armiranje,
• Plitki temelji,
• Temelji na pilotima,
• Sidra,
• Potporne konstrukcije,
• Hidraulički slom,
• Opća stabilnost,
• Nasipi,
• 9 priloga (parcijalni i korelacijski faktori),
2. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A - z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
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09. i 10. studeni 2007.
• Dodatne informacije za projektne pristupe 1, 2 i 3,
• Proračun graničnih pritisaka na vertikalne sitjene,
• Analitički postupak proračuna nosivosti tla,
• Poluempirijski postupak proračuna nosivosti tla,
• Postupak proračuna slijeganja,
• Procjena nosivosti stijene,
• Granične vrijednosti deformacija konstrukcija i pomicanja temelja,
• Popis provjere za nadzor nad izvoñenjem i monitoring ponašanja konstrukcije,
EN-1997 se poziva, osim na ostale navedene norme iz sustava eurokodova, još i na sljedeće norme za
izvoñenje posebnih geotehničkih radova:
• EN 1536:1999 Bušeni piloti
• EN 1537:1999 Sidra u tlu
• EN 12063:1999 Stijene od talpi,
• EN 12699:2000 Razmičući piloti (zabijeni i utisnuti piloti)
• EN 14199:2001 Mikropiloti
• EN ISO 13793:2001 Toplinsko ponašanje zgrada, toplinsko projektiranje temelja radi izbjegavanja
izdizanja od smrzavanja
Eurocode 7 je namijenjen:
- rješavanju svih problema interakcije temeljnih i potpornih
konstrukcija s tlom, odnosno stijenom
- odnosi se sve konstrukcije u grañevinarstvu
- definiranju načina proračuna geotehničkog djelovanja na
konstrukcije
- proračunavanju otpora tla na vanjska djelovanja od konstrukcije
- davanju pravila pri projektiranju za korištenje u standardnoj
inženjerskoj praksi, u svijetlu problematike geotehničkog
EN 1990
EN 1991
Mehanička otpornost i
stabilnost, uporabivost i trajnost
Djelovanje na konstrukcije
EN 1992 EN 1993 EN 1994
EN 1995 EN 1996 EN 1999
EN 1997 EN 1998
Projektiranje i razrada,
materijalni (u funkciji materijala)
Projektiranje u geotehničkom
inženjerstvu i seizmika
STRUKTURA 10 EUROCODOVA I VEZA IZMEðU NJIH
EN 1997
EN 1997-1 Geotehničko projektiranje - Dio 1: Opća pravila
EN 1997-2 Geotehničko projektiranje - Dio 2: Terenski i
laboratorijski istražni radovi
Tijekom 90’ tih tiskane su pred-norme (ENV)
U rujnu 2005. godine kompletirane su norme (EN)
3. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
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09. i 10. studeni 2007.
inženjerstva
Eurocode 7 - Odjeljak 1 je općeniti dokument, koji daje osnovne principe pri geotehničkom projektiranju,
unutar usvojenog koncepta graničnih stanja. Spomenuti principi su mjerodavni pri proračunu geotehničkih
djelovanja na konstrukcije, te pri projektiranju samih elemenata konstruktivnih sklopova, u kontaktu s tlom
(temelji, piloti, potporni zidovi i dr.). Detaljnija pravila projektiranja, što znači proračunski modeli, precizne
formule, krivulje, dijagrami i dr., dani su samo u informativnim Aneksima. Glavni razlog tomu je taj što se
proračunski postupci i modeli, u području geotehničkog inženjerstva, znatno razlikuju od zemlje do zemlje, pa
nije bilo moguće postići konzensus izmeñu njih.
3.3.3.3. GEOTEHNIGEOTEHNIGEOTEHNIGEOTEHNIČČČČKEKEKEKE KATEGORIJEKATEGORIJEKATEGORIJEKATEGORIJE
Za minimalne zahtjeve, glede opsega i kvalitete geotehničkih istražnih radova, treba odrediti “težinu i
kompleksnost” geotehničkog projekta. U tu svrhu definirane su tri kategorije: 1. 2. i 3.
GEOTEHNIGEOTEHNIGEOTEHNIGEOTEHNIČČČČKKKKAAAA KATEGORIJAKATEGORIJAKATEGORIJAKATEGORIJA 1111
Male i jednostavne konstrukcije kao:
• lagani objekti sa centričnom silom po stupu manjom od 250 kN ili ispod zida manjom od 100 kN/m'
• potporni ili razuporni zidovi niži od 2m,
• nasipi niži od 3m ispod prometnih površina, odnosno 1m ispod temelja,
• jednokatne ili dvokatne stambene zgrade na plitkim temeljima ili pilotima,
• mali iskopi za drenaže i sl.
GEOTEHNIGEOTEHNIGEOTEHNIGEOTEHNIČČČČKAKAKAKA KATEGORIJAKATEGORIJAKATEGORIJAKATEGORIJA 2222
Konstrukcije gdje s kvantitativnim geotehničkim podaci i analizama, radi zadovoljenja osnovnih zahtjeva, a
moguće je primjeniti uobičajene postupke projektiranja i izvoñenja npr.:
• pojedinačni plitki temelji-smaci
• roštilji,
ANEKSI:
1 NORMATIVAN
8 INFORMATIVNIH
A Parcijalni i korelacijski faktori za
granična stanja
B Dodatne informacije za projektne
pristupe 1, 2 i 3,
C Primjeri odreñivanja graničnih
pritisaka na vertikalne stijene,
D Analitički postupak proračuna
nosivosti tla,
E Poluempirijski postupak proračuna
nosivosti tla,
F Primjer proračuna slijeganja,
G Procjena nosivosti stijene,
H Granične vrijednosti deformacija
konstrukcija i pomicanja temelja,
J Popis provjere za nadzor nad
izvoñenjem i monitoring ponašanja
konstrukcije,
SADRŽAJ:
1 Osnove geotehničkog projektiranja
2 Geotehnički podaci
3 Nadzor pri izviñenju
4 Opažanje i održavanje
5 Nasipi, sniženje vode, poboljšanje
tla i armiranje
6 Plitki temelji
7 Temelji na pilotima
8 Sidra
9 Potporne konstrukcije
10 Hidraulički slom
11 Opća stabilnost
12 Nasipi
Sadržaj EN 1997-1 Geotehničko projektiranje Dio 1: Opća pravila
4. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
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09. i 10. studeni 2007.
• piloti,
• potporni zidovi,
• iskopi
• upornjaci i stupovi mostova
• nasipi i zemljani radovi
• geotehnička sidra i sl
GEOTEHNIGEOTEHNIGEOTEHNIGEOTEHNIČČČČKAKAKAKA KATEGORIJAKATEGORIJAKATEGORIJAKATEGORIJA 3333
Svi slučajevi koji ne ulaze u prve dvije kategorije. Zahtjeva uključivanje kvalificiranog inženjera, s
odgovarajućim iskustvom u rješavanju različitih problema u geotehničkom inženjerstvu. Propis ne daje
detaljne zahtjeve na projektantske postupke za tu kategoriju, osim što se podrazumjeva da zahtjevi za drugu
kategoriju čine donju granicu. Nekoliko primjera:
• zgrade s izuzetnim opterećenjem, višekatni podrumi,
• brane, veliki mostovi i tuneli u lošem tlu, te s prisutnošću vode,
• temelji strojeva s velikim dinamičkim opterećenjem,
• priobalne konstrukcije,
• nuklearne centrale,
• industrijski objekti, koji rabe opasne kemikalije,
• zgrade jače osjetljive na seizmička opterećenja,
• iskopi u složenim uvjetima (većinom u urbanim cjelinama),
• konstrukcije na kolapsibilnom ili ekspanzivnom tlu
¸¸¸¸
Je li konstrukcija mala i relativno
jednostavna?
Je li konstrukcija veoma velika i neuobičajena?
Jesu li uvjeti u tlu, poznati na osnovu
iskustva
na lokaciji, dovoljni za provedbu rutinskih
postupaka projektiranja i izvedbe?
DA
NE
Ako je potrebno provesti iskope ispod
razine podzemne vode, govori li iskustvo na
lokaciji da je to moguće rutinski?
DA
DA
DA
KATEGORIJA
3
Je li rizik zanemariv s obzirom na globalnu
stabilnost ili pomake tla?
DA
KATEGORIJA 1
NE
NE
NE
NE
Postoje li neuobičajeni rizici?
NE
Jesu li uvjeti u tlu ekstremno teški?
NE
Je li opterećenje izrazito veliko?
NE
Je li objekt u visoko seizmičnom području?
NE
Je li objekt u području s mogućom pojavom
nestabilnosti ili permanentnih pomaka tla?
NE
KATEGORIJA 2
Npr. plitko temeljenje, temeljni roštilji, piloti,
potporni zidovi, iskopi, temelji mostova,
geotehnička sidra, tuneli u čvrstim stijenama.
DA
DA
DA
DA
DA
DIJAGRAM TOKA ZA ODREðIVANJE GEOTEHNIČKE KATEGORIJE
5. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A - z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
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09. i 10. studeni 2007.
GRANIČNA STANJA - DEFINICIJE
Potrebno je dokazati da slijedeća GRANIČNA STANJA nisu dosegnuta:
• gubitak ravnoteže konstrukcije ili tla promatranih kao kruto tijelo (EQU)
• slom ili neprihvatljivo velike deformacije konstrukcije ili njenog elementa, uključujući temelje, pilote,
potporne zidove (STR)
• slom ili neprihvatljivo velike deformacije tla (GEO)
• gubitak ravnoteže konstrukcije ili tla uslijed djelovanja pornog pritiska (izdizanje) ili druga vertikalna
djelovanja vlačne sile (UPL)
• hidraulički slom uslijed prevelikog hidrauličkog gradijenta (HYD)
POSTUPCI PROVJERE GRANIČNIH STANJA
Granična stanja trebaju biti provjerena jednim ili kombinacijom slijedećih postupaka
• analitičkim i numeričkim proračunima
• usvajanjem ‘’recepata’’ ili ‘’prepisivanjem’’
• eksperimentalnim modeliranjem i in-situ testiranjima
• metodom opažanja
Slika 1. Granična stanja - ilustracija
Pristupi
STR uključuju
geot. djelovanja
GGRRAANNIIČČNNAA SSTTAANNJJAA ((EEQQUU -- SSTTRR -- GGEEOO))
6. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A - z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
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09. i 10. studeni 2007.
Parcijalni faktori za strukturna (STR) i geotehnička (GEO) granična stanja
Projektni pristup
(DA)
Kombinacije Djelovanje (γγγγF) Simbol A1 A2
STALNO
Nepovoljno γG 1,35 1,001 A1 + M+ + R1
A2 + M2 + R1 Povoljno γG 1,00 1,00
2 A1 + M1 + R2 POVREMENO
Nepovoljno γQ 1,50 1,30
3 A1 ili A2 + M2 + R3 Povoljno γQ 0 0
Parametri tla (γγγγM) Simbol M1 M2
Kut unutarnjeg trenja γϕ 1,00 1,25
Efektivna kohezija γc' 1,00 1,25
Nedrenirana čvrstoća γcu 1,00 1,40
Jednoaksijalna čvrstoća γqu 1,00 1,40
Zapreminska težina γγ 1,00 1,00
Otpor (γγγγR) Simbol R1 R2 R3
Nosivost γRv 1,00 1,40 1,00
Klizanje γRh 1,00 1,10 1,00
Parcijalni faktori za plitke temelje
Kompetetna osoba je ona osoba, koja je sposobna indetificirati posotjeće i prediktibilne rizike ili radne uvjete
, s visokim stupnjem rizičnosti, a koji su generalno opasni i nepoželjni. Takva je osoba ovlaštena da poduzme
promptne korektivne mjere, u cilju eliminiranja ili uspostave kontrole nad uočenim rizičnim situacijama.
Projektant:
Prije same izvedbe sagledava sva relevantna (predvidiva) stanja, a po potrebi, u slučaju promjene predviñene
situacije, riješava ih tijekom gradnje.
Revident:
Obavlja kontrolu proračuna mehaničke otpornosti i stabilnosti i korektivni faktor projektanta.
Izvoñač:
Neposredno prije, te tijekom same izvedbe, izbjegava ili se dovodi, svojom ili objektivnom krivnjom u
neželjena stanja te poduzima odgovarajuće korake u cilju njihova sprečavanja.
Nadzor:
Korektivni faktor izvoñača te veza s projektantom i regulativnim zakonodavstvom
Investitor:
Poveznica, kohezivni faktor svih sudionika u gradnji, zbog kojega se gradi.
7. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A - z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
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09. i 10. studeni 2007.
3.3.3.3. PROJEKTIRANJE ZAPROJEKTIRANJE ZAPROJEKTIRANJE ZAPROJEKTIRANJE ZA PLITKO TEMELJENJE (EUROCOD 7)PLITKO TEMELJENJE (EUROCOD 7)PLITKO TEMELJENJE (EUROCOD 7)PLITKO TEMELJENJE (EUROCOD 7)
U nastavku se daje opis i postupak projektiranja plitkog temeljenja po Eurocodu 7 i važećem našem
PRAVILNKU O TEHNIČKIM NORMATIVIMA ZA TEMELJENJE GRAðEVINSKIH OBJEKATA (Službeni list 15/1990)
GRANIČNA STANJA
• gubitak globalne stabilnosti
• nosivost temelja
• slom na klizanje
• kombinacija sloma tla i konstrukcije
• slom konstrukcije uslijed pomaka temelja
• neprihvatljivo velika slijeganja
• izdizanje temelja uslijed bubrenja ili smrzavanja tla
• neprihvatljive vibracije
Definirati preliminarnu Geotehničku kategoriju
Preliminarno ispitivanje tla
Provedba potrebnih istražnih radova
Dovoljno informacija?
DA
Geotehnički elaborat, te provjera Geotehničke
kategorije
Projektiranje proračunom, ’prepisivanjem’’,
in-situ ili modelskim ispitivanjem ili
metodom opažanja
Geotehnički izvještaj, te eventualno redefiniranje
Geotehničke kategorije
NE
Nadzor nad izvedbom, te eventualno ponovno
redefiniranje Geotehničke kategorije
POSTUPAK PROJEKTIRANJA
8. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A - z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
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09. i 10. studeni 2007.
PROJEKTIRANJE KONTROLA
• odgovarajuća dubina temeljenja
• razina nivoa podzemne vode
• mogući pomaci tla uslijed primjerice toka vode, same izgradnje i dr.
• utjecaj iskopa na susjedne objekte
• transmisija temperature iz budućeg objekta
• vodonepropusnost (kvalitetna hidroizolacija)
• varijacija nivoa podzemne vode kroz duže vremensko razdoblje
PROJEKTIRANJEPROJEKTIRANJEPROJEKTIRANJEPROJEKTIRANJE ---- METODEMETODEMETODEMETODE
DIREKTNA METODA
• Provedba odvojenih analiza za svako granično stanje.
• Proračun mora biti što je moguće bliže mehanizmu sloma.
• Provesti odgovarajuće proračune slijeganja.
INDIREKTNA METODA
• Korištenje usporedivog iskustva i rezultata terenskih i laboratorijskih istražnih radova, te rezultata
opažanja ponašanja tla i konstrukcije.
PRESKRIPTIVNA METODA (‘’prepisivanje’’)
• Upotreba konzervativnih pravila, s naglaskom na kontrolu materijala pri ugradnji, provedba nadzora i dr.
GRANIČNA STANJA SLOMAGRANIČNA STANJA SLOMAGRANIČNA STANJA SLOMAGRANIČNA STANJA SLOMA
GLOBALNA STABILNOST
• blizina prirodnih ili umjetnih kosina
• blizina iskopa ili potpornih zidova
• blizina kanala, rijeka, jezera
• blizina rudarskih aktivnosti i podzemnih konstrukcija
NOSIVOST TEMELJA
• granično stanje sloma Vd ≤ Rd
• granično stanje klizanja Hd ≤ Rd
SLOM KONSTRUKCIJE USLIJED POMAKA TEMELJA
• vrijednost dozvoljenih kontaktnih pritisaka mora biti takva da ne dolazi do prekoračenja slijeganja
• poduzeti mjere pri anuliranju pomaka uslijed bujanja tla
GRANIČNA STANJA UPORABIVOSTI
• proračun slijeganja u odnosu na zadane kriterije
• proračun slijeganja predstavlja približnu vrijednost uzeti u obzir djelovanje susjednih temelja
• obratiti pažnju na vrijednost relativnog kuta zaokreta
PRORAČUN SLIJEGANJA
• trenutno i konsolidaciono (primarno i sekundarno) slijeganje
• proračunska dubina deformabilnog tla (osim za jako deformabilna tla) ovisi o veličini i obliku temelja,
varijaciji krutosti tla po dubini, te razmaku temelja, obično na dubini gdje je vertikalno efektivno
naprezanje uslijed opterećenja temelja 20% vrijednosti početnog geološkog naprezanja ili do 2× širine
temelja
• po potrebi uključiti interaktivno djelovanje konstrukcije i tla
• slijeganje ekscentrično opterećenog temelja pretpostavlja linearnu raspodjelu kontaktnih pritisaka, a
proračun se provodi za dvije rubne točke s nagibom za kruti temelj
9. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A - z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
9
09. i 10. studeni 2007.
γγγγk = 18 kN/m3
cu,k = 30 kPa
φφφφu,k = 0
B×B
h2 = 0.5 m
h1 = 0.5 mγγγγ’k = 15 kN/m3
Pk = 270 kN Qk = 70 kN
qa = (ππππ +2)×cu×sc×dc×ic + q
EUROCODE 7 R/A' = (ππππ +2)×cu×sc×bc×ic + q sc = 1 + 0.2×(B'/L')
bc = 1 - 2×αααα/5.14 = 1, za αααα=0
ic = 1 , za centrično opterećenje
q = γγγγk×(h1 + h2)
sc = 1 + 0.2×(B'/L')
dc = 1 + 0.35× ×(h1 + h2)/B’
ic = 1 , za centrično opterećenje
q = γγγγk×(h1 + h2)
PRAVILNIK 1990
NUMERIČKI PRIMJER
NOSIVOST CENTRIČNO OPTEREĆENOG TEMELJA – NEDRENIRANO STANJE
10. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A - z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
10
09. i 10. studeni 2007.
Provjera Vd ≤ Rd za odabrane dimenzije temelja 2.0×2.0 m
Gt,k = 2.0
2
×(0.5×18 + 0.5×25) = 86 kN
Vd = γγγγG×(Pk + Gt,k) + γγγγQ×Qk
Vd = 1.35×(270 + 86) + 1.5×70 = 586 kN
cu,d = cu / γγγγcu
cu,d = 30 / 1.0 = 30 kN/m
2
sc = 1.2 za odnos stranica B’/L’ = 1
bc = 1, horizontalna baza temelja
ic = 1, centrično opterećenje
qd = (γ/ γγγγγγγγ ) ×(h1 + h2) = (18/ 1.0 ) ×(0.5 + 0.5) = 18 kN/m
2
Rk /A’ = 5.14×30×1.2×1×1 + 18 = 203 kN/m
2
Rd = Rk / γγγγR,v = 203×2.0×2.0/1.0 = 812 kN
Uvjet Vd ≤ Rd je zadovoljen jer vrijedi 586 kN < 812 kN
Projektni pristup 1, Kombinacija 1
A1 + M1 + R1
11. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A - z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
11
09. i 10. studeni 2007.
Provjera Vd ≤ Rd za odabrane dimenzije temelja 2.0×2.0 m
Gt,k = 2.0
2
×(0.5×18 + 0.5×25) = 86 kN
Vd = γγγγG×(Pk + Gt,k) + γγγγQ×Qk
Vd = 1.0×(270 + 86) + 1.3×70 = 447 kN
cu,d = cu / γγγγcu
cu,d = 30 / 1.4 = 21.4 kN/m
2
sc = 1.2 za odnos stranica B’/L’ = 1
bc = 1, horizontalna baza temelja
ic = 1, centrično opterećenje
qd = (γ/ γγγγγγγγ ) ×(h1 + h2) = (18/ 1.0 ) ×(0.5 + 0.5) = 18 kN/m
2
Rk /A’ = 5.14×21.4×1.2×1×1 + 18 = 150 kN/m
2
Rd = Rk / γγγγR,v = 150×2.0×2.0/1.0 = 600 kN
Uvjet Vd ≤ Rd je zadovoljen jer vrijedi 447 kN < 600 kN
Projektni pristup 1, Kombinacija 2
A2 + M2 + R1
12. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A - z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
12
09. i 10. studeni 2007.
Provjera Vd ≤ Rd za odabrane dimenzije temelja 2.0×2.0 m
Gt,k = 2.0
2
×(0.5×18 + 0.5×25) = 86 kN
Vd = γγγγG×(Pk + Gt,k) + γγγγQ×Qk
Vd = 1.35×(270 + 86) + 1.5×70 = 585 kN
cu,d = cu / γγγγcu
cu,d = 30 / 1.0 = 30 kN/m
2
sc = 1.2 za odnos stranica B’/L’ = 1
bc = 1, horizontalna baza temelja
ic = 1, centrično opterećenje
qd = (γ/ γγγγγγγγ ) ×(h1 + h2) = (18/ 1.0)×(0.5 + 0.5) = 18 kN/m
2
Rk /A’ = 5.14×30×1.2×1×1 + 18 = 203 kN/m
2
Rd = Rk / γγγγR,v = 203×2.0×2.0/1.4 = 580 kN
Uvjet Vd ≤ Rd je zadovoljen jer vrijedi 585 kN ≈ 580 kN
Projektni pristup 2
A1 + M1 + R2
13. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A - z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
13
09. i 10. studeni 2007.
Provjera Vd ≤ Rd za odabrane dimenzije temelja 2.0×2.0 m
Gt,k = 2.0
2
×(0.5×18 + 0.5×25) = 86 kN
Vd = γγγγG×(Pk + Gt,k) + γγγγQ×Qk
Vd = 1.35×(270 + 86) + 1.5×70 = 585 kN
cu,d = cu / γγγγcu
cu,d = 30 / 1.4 = 21.4 kN/m
2
sc = 1.2 za odnos stranica B’/L’ = 1
bc = 1, horizontalna baza temelja
ic = 1, centrično opterećenje
qd = (γ/ γγγγγγγγ ) ×(h1 + h2) = (18/ 1.0)×(0.5 + 0.5) = 18 kN/m
2
Rk /A’ = 5.14×21.4×1.2×1×1 + 18 = 150 kN/m
2
Rd = Rk / γγγγR,v = 150×2.0×2.0/1.0 = 600 kN
Uvjet Vd ≤ Rd je zadovoljen jer vrijedi 585 kN ≈ 600 kN
Projektni pristup 3
A1 + M2 + R3
Globalni faktor sigurnosti GFS = Rk / (Pk + Gt,k + Qk ) = 812/(270 + 86 + 70) = 1.91
qa = (ππππ +2)×cu×sc×dc×ic + q sc = 1 + 0.2×(B'/L')
dc = 1 + 0.35× ×(h1 + h2)/B’
ic = 1 , za centrično opterećenje
q = γγγγk×(h1 + h2)
Prema PRAVILNIKU (Sl.list 15/1990.)
Provjera Vd ≤ Rd za odabrane dimenzije temelja 2.0×2.0 m
cum = cu/FSc = 30/2.0 = 15 kN/m
2
qa = 5.14×15×1.2×(1+0.35/2.0) ×1 + 18 = 127 kN/m
2
Rd = 127×2.0×2.0 = 508 kN
Vd = Gt,k + Pk + Qk = 86 + 270 + 70 = 426 kN
Uvjet Vd ≤ Rd je zadovoljen jer vrijedi 426 kN < 508 kN
14. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A - z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
14
09. i 10. studeni 2007.
USPOREDBAUSPOREDBAUSPOREDBAUSPOREDBA EEEEUROCODEUROCODEUROCODEUROCODE 7 i DO7 i DO7 i DO7 i DOMAĆEG PRAVILNIKAMAĆEG PRAVILNIKAMAĆEG PRAVILNIKAMAĆEG PRAVILNIKA (Sl.list 15/1990)(Sl.list 15/1990)(Sl.list 15/1990)(Sl.list 15/1990)
U tekstu Eurocode 7 težište je na razlici izmeñu načela i pravila primjene. Načela čine opće izjave i
definicije te zahtjevi i analitički modeli, za koje se ne dopuštaju alternative. Pravila primjene su opće
prihvaćena pravila koj sllijede načela te zadovoljavaju njihove zahtjeve. Dopušta se uporaba i drugih pravila
ako se dokaže da su u skladu s odgovarajućim načelima te imaju barem istu pouzdanost kao i pravila
primjene.
Eurocode 7 pretpostavlja da su sljedeći elementi zadovoljeni:
• Podaci za projektiranje su prikupljeni, dokumentirani i interpretirani
• Kvalificirane i iskusne osobe su projektirale konstrukciju
• Postoji zadovovljavajući kontinuitet i komunikacija izmeñu osoba uključenih u prikupljanje podataka,
projektiranje i izvoñenje,
• osiguran je odgovarajući nadzor i provjera kvalitete u tvornicama, pogonima, te na lokaciji,
• izvoñenje je provjereno osoblju s odgovarajućim vještinama,
• grañevinski materijali i proizvodi upotreblajvaju se kako je navedeno u ovom dokumentu ili
relevantnim specifikacijama za materijal ili proizvode,
• konstrukcija će biti primjereno održavana, konstrukcija će se primjenjivati sukladno svrsi utvrñenoj za
projektiranje.
Za čitava sustava Eurocode utvrñeni su zajednički izrazi, definicije i oznake, a uvedene su i
posebnosti za EC 7. Tamo gdje nije navedeno primjenjuje se Meñunarodni standard ISO 8930. Zahtjeva se
uporaba sustava S.I. jedinica prema ISO 1000, a preporučaju se odreñene izvedene jedinice za geotehničke
proračune.
Regulativni dokument iz područja geotehnike u RH je Pravilnik o tehničkim normativima za
temeljenje grañevinskih objekata (Sl. list broj 15 od 16.ožujka 1990.godine)
Usporedba Eurocode 7 i Pravilnika ( Sl. List 15/90)
EUROCODE 7 PRAVILNIK (Sl.list 15/90)
pisan 1990. godine
izrañen uzimajući u obzir današni razvoj struke i
znanosti
obrañuje geotehniku (istražni radovi, nasipi, sniženje
podzemne vode, poboljšanje tla, plitki temelji, piloti,
potporne konstrukcije, kosine ,stručni nadzor,
opažanja, održavanje)
uravnoteženje izmeñu zahtjeva za sigurnost,
uporabivost i ekonomičnost konstrukcije, sjedne
strane te potrebne slobode projektanta i
industrijskih inovacija s druge strane
razrañen je na osnovnoj ideji o dvodimenzionalnoj
harmonizaciji: meñu državama te meñu različitim
materijalima, konstukcijama, metodama
projektiranja..i t.d. radi postizanja usporedivih razina
sigurnosti
provjera zadovoljenja osnovnih zahtjeva zasniva se
na konceptu graničnog stanja (konačno granično
stanje i granično stanje uporabivosti) te parcijalnih
faktora sigurnosti (za opterećenja i za parametre
materijal); osnovni zahtjevi su jasno razlučeni i
pisan 1965., u primjeni do 1974., djelomično
prerañen 1990.
znatnim dijelom zastario već kad je izdan (1974.),
koncepcijski se nije promjenio u zadnjoj izmjeni
(1990.)
obrañuje temeljenje (istražni radovi, plitki i duboki
temelji, potporne konstrukcije, opažanja)
često je jednostran u kriterijima
usporedivost s drugim propisima nije dosljedno
provedena
pojam faktora sigurnosti svodi na koncept
dopuštenih naprezanja koji u sebi onda neminovno
sadrže sigurnost od sloma, ali i sigurnost od pojave
velikih deformacija, što danas znači bezrazložno
miješanje raznorodnih kriterija te omogućuje
15. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A - z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
15
09. i 10. studeni 2007.
detaljno razrañeni; koncept kritičnih stanja i
parcijalnih faktora sigurnosti bitn su novina ovog
propida s obzirom na postojeće propise velike
većine zemalja svijeta.
jasno definira odnose izmeñu projektiranja, te
istražnih radova, izvoñenja, nadzora, opažanja i
održavanja; te se odnosi definiraju u projektu; ti
jasno definirani odnosi omogućuju planiranje i
provedbu danas sve češće obvezatnog programa
osiguranja kvalitete.
uvodeći pojmove triju geotehničkih kategorija
omogućeno je djelotvorno projektiranje za vrlo
različite situacije u praksi, od vrlo jednostavnih do
vrlo složenih; odabir geotehničke kategorije ima
bitan utjecaj na projektiranje i sve aktivnosti vezane
uz projektiranje; raznim segmentima istog zahvata
mogu se pridodati rezličite geotehničke kategorije;
za razne geotehničke kategorije zahtjevaju se razne
stručnosti projektanta
omogućena su četiri pristupa projektiranju prema
potrebi: pomoću proračuna, „receptima“, probnim
opterećenjima i modelskim ispitivanjima, te tzv.
metodom opažanja (razrañeno prvotno od K.
Terzaghia)
razlikuju se načela i pravila primjene:
načelima se dopušta alternativa, dok su pravila
primjene opće priznata pravila koja slijede iz načela
i zadovoljavaju njihove zahtjeve; dopušta se
primjena alternativnih pravila ako se dokaže da su u
skladu s odgovarajućim pojavama i ako su barem
jednake pozdanosti
jasno su i detaljno definirani sadržaji potrebne
dokumentacije: uvjeti u temeljnom tlu prikazuju se
u geotehničkom izvještaju, a projekt zahvata u
geotehničkom projektu; o neočekivanim uvjetima u
tlu primjećenim tijekom izvoñenja, mora se izvjestiti
odgovornog projektanta; rezultati opažanja moraju
se kvantitativno interpretirati; o svim izmjenama
tijekom izvoñenja mora se voditi dokumentacija
(„as built nacrti“) i izvještavati odgovornog
projektant; ovi zahtjevi omogućuju uredno voñenje
zahvata
detaljno je razrañen način interpretacije i evaluacije
geotehničkih parametara (odabir geotehničkih
parametara-parametara tla); gdje god je to moguće
traži se usporedba s dosadašnjim iskustvom (iz
literature i lokalnim)
da bi se omogućila sloboda projektanta te
implementiranje novih tehnoloških inovacija i
znanja, dokument je suvremeno geotehničko znanje
ugradio više putem niza detaljnih kriterija nego
putem dataljnih postupaka; takva situacija traži od
projektanta dobro poznavanje suvremenog
racionalnu primjenu novih stručnih znanja
djelomično definirani odnosi projektiranja te istražnih
radova
refleks složenosti geotehničke sitacije vrlo je slabo
razrañen
omogućeni su djelomično tri pristupa projektiranju:
pomoću proračuna, „receptima“, te probnim
opterećenjem
u velikoj većini slučajeva formalno nije moguća
primjena alternativnih pravila; kao posljedica, u
praksi se često odstupa od zahtjeva Pravilnika
uvjeti i način voñenja dokumentacije samo su
djelomično obuhvaćeni
evaluaciji geotehničkih parametara posvećena je
relativno mala pažnja, posebice glede dosadašnjih
spoznaja
pravilnik se više orjentirao na zahtjevane postupke
nego na zahtjevane kriterije za odabir postupka; time
nije stimulirana interventnost projektanta u primjeni
suvremenih postupaka
16. T E H N I Č K O V E L E U Č I L I Š T E U Z A G R E B U G R A D I T E L J S K I O D J E L E L E K T R O T E H N I Č K I O D J E L
P R O G R A M S T R U Č N O G U S A V R Š A V A N J A O V L A Š T E N I H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A
- z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
H A R H I T E K A T A I O V L A Š T E N I H I N Ž E N J E R A - z a r a z d o b l j e o d 2 0 0 6 . d o 2 0 1 1 . g o d i n e -
16
09. i 10. studeni 2007.
geotehničkog znanja, to većega što je viša
geotehnička kategorija
predviña se čuvanje dokumentacije o ponašanju i
geotehničkim uvjetima za konstrukcije geotehničke
kategorije 2 i 3, sa svrhom razvoja geotehničkog
inženjerstva
predviña se čuvanje geotehničkih podataka u
geotehničkom katastru, no razlozi čuvanja su više
administrativno formalne nego stvarne naravi
8.8.8.8. ZAKLJUČAKZAKLJUČAKZAKLJUČAKZAKLJUČAK
S obzirom na različitu praksu projektiranja geotehničkih konstrukcija meñu zemljama CEN-a, što
proizilazi iz različitih geoloških specifičnosti i stečenog iskustva u pojedinoj zemlji, EN 1997 daje samo
okvirne zahtjeve pri projektiranju u skladu sa suvremenim spoznajama geotehničke struke. Pri tome norma
razlikuje načela projektiranja koji su obvezni i pravila primjene koja zadvoljavaju načela, ali nisu obvezna.
Pravila primjene su uglavnom općenita i ne daju razrañene i detaljne upute za primjenu pojedinih
postupaka u projektiranju, pa će projektant morati potražiti pomoć i u drugim normama (koji kod nas nema)
ili će morati konzultirati relevantnu noviju stručnu literaturu. Za neke jednostavnije slučajeve detaljno su dana
prihvatljiva pravila primjene (nosivost tla ispod plitikih temelj izračunata iz parametara čvrstoće tla ili
korelacijom iz presiometarskog pokusa, slijeganje prlitkih temelja, granične vrijednosti pritisaka na potporne
zidove, nosivost stijene ispod plitkih temelja).
Ako se daju detalji pojedine metode proračuna, oni imaju samo status prihvatljivosti, ali ne i obveze.
Meñutim zahtjevi su ipak toliko specifični da od geotehničara-specijalista, koji namjerava projektirati po toj
normi, traže detaljno poznavanje suvremenog geotehničkog znaja. Za ovakav pristup u RH nažalost uvijek nije
ispunjen uvjet.
Nakon više od 25 godina rada na izradi europskih normi za grañevinsko projektiranje, sustav
eurokodova konačno ulazi u primjenu. Karakteristično je da je po prvi puta postignuto da se koristi jedinstven
pristup projektiranju za sve grañevinske konstrukcije, pa tako i za geotehničko projektiranje. Ovakava pristup
trebao bi značajno doprinjeti, boljoj surdnji projektanat različitih specijalnosti.
Jednoobraznost i harmonizacija projektiranja meñu različitim grañevisnkim strukama uvela je u
geotehničku normu niz novina čiju će primjenu u praksi trebati potvrditi. Ako bi se mogla izdvojiti neka novina
ove norme u odnosu na tzv“stare“ norme je svakako zahtjev prema stručnjacima da moraju dobro poznavati i
pratiti novija istraživanja u struci. Bez toga norma će se teško koristiti jer njene odredbe uglavnom nisu opisi
detaljnih postupaka projektiranja, kao što smo svjedoci dosadašnjih tzv.“špranci“ za projektiranje.
Da bi se u RH ova norma što bezbolnije uvela u praksu, potrebno ju je pored ostalih prevesti na
hrvatski jezik, te se opredjeliti za neku od varijanti u pristupu geotehničkog projektiranja. Takoñer RH u normu
treba uvesti svoje specifičnosti kroz Nacionalni dodatak i što prije pristupiti s uvoñenjem sadržaja norme u
visokoškolske nastavne programe grañevinskih fakulteta i stručnih studija.
LITERATURA:LITERATURA:LITERATURA:LITERATURA:
• Breitshaft, G. : The structural Eurocodes, Structural Engineering International 2, 1991., pp 47-49
• Burland, J. B.: The teaching of soil mechanics – a personal view, Proc. IX ESCMFE, Vol.3., 1987., pp.1427-1447
• Driscoll, R.; Simpson, B.: EN 1997 Eurocode 7, Proceeding of ICE, Civil Engineering 144 november 2001., pp 49-54,
• Ivšić, T.; Grubić, N.: Geotehnički istražni radovi i geotehničko projektiranje, Grañevinar 44 (1992) 2, str. 81-88
• Eurocode 7, Geotednical Design in European Enginnering Practice, Volume 2. (Workshop), Budapest,October 1996.
• Krebs Ovesen, N: EC 7: Geotechnical Code of Practice, IABSE Coference: Structural Eurocodes, Davos, IABSE Reports,
Zurich, Vol.65, 1992., pp.261-281
• Simpson, B.: EC 7: Ground-Structure Interaction, IABSE Coference: Structural Eurocodes, Davos, IABSE Reports, Zurich,
Vol.65, 1992., pp 285-289
• Szavits-Nossan, A. ; Ivsic, T.: Geotehnika i grañevinsko projektiranje, Priopćenja sa Savjetovanja „Geotehnika
prometnih grañevina“, novigrad, Hrvatska 1994. str. 587-594.
• Szavits-Nossan, A. ; Ivsic, T.: GE-1, Geotehničko projektiranje prema eurocodu 7 (ENV 1997), Grañevinski fakutltet
Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Seminar, Stručno usavršavanje u grditeljstvu, svibanj 2006.
• Szavits-Nossan, A. ; Ivsic, T.: Novi Eurocod 7: geotehničko projektiranje, 4. Savjetovanje Hrvatskog geotehničkog
društva , Opatija, listopad 2006. str.455-470
• Tehnički propis za betonske konstrukcije (NN br. 101/05)
• Pravilnik o tehničkim normativima za temeljenje grañevinskih objekata (Sl. list broj 15/1990)
• Zakon o gradnji (NN BR. 175/03)
• Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama zakona o gradnji (NN br. 100/04)