The document discusses Italy's regime for corporate criminal liability introduced in 2001 through Legislative Decree 231. It provides an overview of key aspects of the regime including: (1) the introduction of liability for legal persons reversed the traditional principle that corporations cannot be criminally liable; (2) an organizational model can provide a defense from liability if it is adequately designed and implemented; (3) sanctions for legal persons include fines and interdictive measures like contracting bans; (4) confiscation of proceeds from offenses is mandatory for legal persons. The document also outlines the expansion of predicate offenses and recent legislative developments.
In a baby's first year, parents need to show them love while preparing for lack of sleep. Babies will develop routines around feeding, changing, and bedtime. As babies grow older, they begin sleeping more at night and developing faster than expected. Introducing solid foods is important for nutrition and health, as is keeping regular doctor visits. Babies typically crawl before taking their first steps around their first birthday, having learned to eat, walk, and get their teeth by that point.
Corporate liability for corruption offences in Latin AmericaEUROsociAL II
This document discusses corporate liability for corruption offenses in Latin America. It begins by outlining the international legal framework on corporate liability established by conventions like the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention and UN Convention against Corruption. It then provides examples of corporate liability legislation from various Latin American countries like Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and others. The document aims to help countries establish effective corporate liability regimes in line with international standards to better prevent and punish corruption.
Buenas Practicas en Políticas Publicas para las Personas Mayores / FJ Leturia...EUROsociAL II
Este documento presenta las buenas prácticas en políticas públicas para las personas mayores. Resume los principales modelos de servicios sociales en la UE, incluyendo el modelo nórdico, continental, anglosajón y mediterráneo. También destaca los retos del envejecimiento de la población como la seguridad económica, la salud y los cuidados a largo plazo. Propone cien propuestas para mejorar el bienestar de las personas mayores centrándose en su autonomía, necesidades y garantizando el buen tr
Bribery Act 2010 From Criminal Law Policy Unit (Ministery of Justice) circula...EUROsociAL II
This circular summarizes key provisions of the Bribery Act 2010, which comes into effect on July 1, 2011. It outlines four main parts of the Act: 1) General bribery offences of offering, promising, or giving a bribe, as well as requesting, agreeing to receive, or accepting a bribe. 2) A separate offence of bribing a foreign public official. 3) A new offence of a commercial organization failing to prevent bribery carried out on its behalf. 4) Details on individual and corporate liability, consent to prosecution, penalties, and a defense for intelligence/military functions. The maximum penalty for individuals is 10 years imprisonment and an unlimited fine.
Latin American Meeting on Private Sector Responsibility in the Fight against ...EUROsociAL II
This document summarizes a meeting held in Bogota, Colombia on private sector responsibility in fighting corruption. It discusses international standards for corporate liability, experiences of different countries, and key issues debated. These include different approaches to corporate liability (criminal, civil, administrative); ensuring sanctions are effective, proportionate and dissuasive; and the importance of compliance programs and protecting whistleblowers. The meeting allowed experts to share experiences and identify best practices and challenges in promoting corporate anti-corruption measures.
Política de personal en España / Mercedes Caballero Fernández, Ignacio Gutiér...EUROsociAL II
Este documento proporciona información sobre la política de personal en España, incluyendo la distribución del gasto en personal en las administraciones central y autonómica, la evolución de las remuneraciones y los empleados públicos entre 1995-2013, y los preceptos de la Ley de Presupuestos Generales del Estado de 2015 relativos a la planificación de efectivos y las retribuciones del personal al servicio del sector público.
El documento resume las herramientas y estadísticas de un centro de información telefónica. Proporciona bases de datos, guías y capacitación para la atención, así como software y hardware como un sistema de gestión de llamadas y grabación. Presenta estadísticas como un promedio de 47,714 llamadas y 33,759 atendidas mensualmente, con un 70.75% de atención y un tiempo promedio de espera de 4 minutos y 1 segundo.
In a baby's first year, parents need to show them love while preparing for lack of sleep. Babies will develop routines around feeding, changing, and bedtime. As babies grow older, they begin sleeping more at night and developing faster than expected. Introducing solid foods is important for nutrition and health, as is keeping regular doctor visits. Babies typically crawl before taking their first steps around their first birthday, having learned to eat, walk, and get their teeth by that point.
Corporate liability for corruption offences in Latin AmericaEUROsociAL II
This document discusses corporate liability for corruption offenses in Latin America. It begins by outlining the international legal framework on corporate liability established by conventions like the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention and UN Convention against Corruption. It then provides examples of corporate liability legislation from various Latin American countries like Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and others. The document aims to help countries establish effective corporate liability regimes in line with international standards to better prevent and punish corruption.
Buenas Practicas en Políticas Publicas para las Personas Mayores / FJ Leturia...EUROsociAL II
Este documento presenta las buenas prácticas en políticas públicas para las personas mayores. Resume los principales modelos de servicios sociales en la UE, incluyendo el modelo nórdico, continental, anglosajón y mediterráneo. También destaca los retos del envejecimiento de la población como la seguridad económica, la salud y los cuidados a largo plazo. Propone cien propuestas para mejorar el bienestar de las personas mayores centrándose en su autonomía, necesidades y garantizando el buen tr
Bribery Act 2010 From Criminal Law Policy Unit (Ministery of Justice) circula...EUROsociAL II
This circular summarizes key provisions of the Bribery Act 2010, which comes into effect on July 1, 2011. It outlines four main parts of the Act: 1) General bribery offences of offering, promising, or giving a bribe, as well as requesting, agreeing to receive, or accepting a bribe. 2) A separate offence of bribing a foreign public official. 3) A new offence of a commercial organization failing to prevent bribery carried out on its behalf. 4) Details on individual and corporate liability, consent to prosecution, penalties, and a defense for intelligence/military functions. The maximum penalty for individuals is 10 years imprisonment and an unlimited fine.
Latin American Meeting on Private Sector Responsibility in the Fight against ...EUROsociAL II
This document summarizes a meeting held in Bogota, Colombia on private sector responsibility in fighting corruption. It discusses international standards for corporate liability, experiences of different countries, and key issues debated. These include different approaches to corporate liability (criminal, civil, administrative); ensuring sanctions are effective, proportionate and dissuasive; and the importance of compliance programs and protecting whistleblowers. The meeting allowed experts to share experiences and identify best practices and challenges in promoting corporate anti-corruption measures.
Política de personal en España / Mercedes Caballero Fernández, Ignacio Gutiér...EUROsociAL II
Este documento proporciona información sobre la política de personal en España, incluyendo la distribución del gasto en personal en las administraciones central y autonómica, la evolución de las remuneraciones y los empleados públicos entre 1995-2013, y los preceptos de la Ley de Presupuestos Generales del Estado de 2015 relativos a la planificación de efectivos y las retribuciones del personal al servicio del sector público.
El documento resume las herramientas y estadísticas de un centro de información telefónica. Proporciona bases de datos, guías y capacitación para la atención, así como software y hardware como un sistema de gestión de llamadas y grabación. Presenta estadísticas como un promedio de 47,714 llamadas y 33,759 atendidas mensualmente, con un 70.75% de atención y un tiempo promedio de espera de 4 minutos y 1 segundo.
I Conferencia Nacional de Desenvolvimiento Regional. Financial System and Reg...EUROsociAL II
This document discusses the role of the private financial system in regional development. It begins by stating that the discussion will focus on how the private financial system, not public funds or banks, impacts regional development. It then reviews theories of regional development from first to third generation approaches. While later theories emphasized competitiveness, innovation and endogenous growth, they did not systematically analyze the role of monetary and financial systems. The document presents Dow's monetary theory for regional development and how it can provide insights into financial exclusion, financialization, centrality and regional resilience. It analyzes empirical data on Brazil's financial system across its regions to examine financial deepening, liquidity preference of bank branches, credit allocation and profits across regions over time. Preliminary conclusions
The perverse effects of job security provisions on job security: results from...EUROsociAL II
This document summarizes a study that uses a regression discontinuity design to analyze the effects of job security provisions in Italy on outcomes like job composition and firm productivity. It finds that while employment protection may help job security, it can also reduce job creation and reallocation. The study exploits a threshold in Italy where regulations are less stringent for firms with 15 employees or fewer. It presents descriptive statistics and tests that validate the regression discontinuity approach. Regressions are estimated to examine impacts on various outcomes and whether effects differ across sectors with varying output volatility. The results provide evidence on the complex tradeoffs of employment protection policies.
A girl is celebrating her birthday with balloons and is very happy, she makes a wish and catches something, possibly a balloon, and finds it yummy to eat.
About CNV / Sociaal-Economische Raad (SER) EUROsociAL II
The document discusses the role and activities of CNV, the National Confederation of Christian Trade Unions in the Netherlands. CNV was founded in 1909 and represents 330,000 members. It provides legal assistance to around 18,000 members each year and handles around 150,000 calls annually. CNV believes that social dialogue is the best way to achieve decent work for all. It is involved in the Dutch Social and Economic Council (SEC), where it represents members' interests during government consultations on issues like work-life balance. For a trade union to be effective in the SEC, it needs credibility with its members, a clear mission and strategy, adequate funding, and good relationships across society to influence decision-making.
El documento habla sobre el Consorcio liderado por Socios Coordinadores para el proyecto EUROsociAL, el cual involucra a más de 80 Socios Operativos y Entidades Colaboradoras de Europa y América Latina para promover el diálogo sobre políticas públicas entre las dos regiones.
Normas internacionales para la responsabilidad de las personas jurídicasEUROsociAL II
This document summarizes international standards for corporate liability according to the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention and UN Convention against Corruption. It outlines common standards which state that legal persons should be liable for corruption offenses, regardless of prosecuting individuals, and should face effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanctions. It describes sanctions like monetary fines, asset confiscation, debarment and dissolution. It also discusses different models of liability and provides examples of "failure to prevent" laws from Chile and Australia. In practice, over 90 entities have faced criminal sanctions and 55 administrative or civil sanctions for foreign bribery in various countries.
División de Focalización / Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (Chile)EUROsociAL II
Este documento presenta la División de Focalización del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social de Guatemala y sus funciones. La División se encarga de recopilar y administrar información para identificar y clasificar a la población nacional usando instrumentos de caracterización socioeconómica. También supervisa el uso y aplicación de estos instrumentos. La División está compuesta por cuatro departamentos que se encargan de diferentes aspectos como la recopilación de datos, validación de información, supervisión y coordinación.
The Swedish Anti-Corruption Institute - Helena sundénEUROsociAL II
The Swedish Anti-Corruption Institute was founded in 1923 and works to promote ethical decision making and prevent corruption. It is supported by major Swedish business groups and organizations. The Institute provides expertise on anti-corruption, a code of conduct on gifts and benefits, and training. It aims to increase visibility of anti-corruption efforts and clarify what services it offers to prevent corruption in Swedish business.
Descentralización fiscal y fuentes de ingreso sub-centrales /Alan Carter (Eco...EUROsociAL II
This document summarizes a presentation given by Alan Carter on fiscal decentralization and subnational revenue sources. Some key points:
1) Fiscal decentralization refers to the global trend of delegating responsibilities from central governments to local or regional governments. Potential benefits include improved efficiency and accountability.
2) Decentralization aims to match different communities' varying problems with distinct solutions. Central governments cannot address all local situations. Future systems may require more decentralization and civic/private sector participation.
3) Options for financing decentralized governments include tax assignment, transfers, and borrowing. Assigning the right tax bases and rates while balancing efficiency and redistribution is challenging.
4) Data shows larger, developed countries tend
The National Anti-Corruption Unit (NACU)EUROsociAL II
The National Anti-Corruption Unit (NACU) is a specialized unit within the Swedish Prosecution Authority that investigates complex corruption cases involving senior executives abusing their power. The NACU has experienced prosecutors and forensic accountants who work with other authorities. It deals with 80-120 cases per year involving both public and private sector corruption. Factors that help prevent corruption in Sweden include open legislation, independent judiciary and media, well-paid officials, and stable political situation.
SER – Social and Economic Council of the Netherlands EUROsociAL II
VNO-NCW & MKB-Nederland merged their secretariats in 2009 while maintaining separate boards and presidents with coordinated communications. They represent Dutch businesses ranging from large companies with over 500 employees to small and medium enterprises with 10-100 workers through their various branch associations. Their goal is to achieve a good business environment and investment climate in the Netherlands by promoting business interests politically and providing member services, while also gaining social acceptance. They work through organizations like the Social and Economic Council and Labour Foundation to negotiate agreements that bring broad support for new policies.
The document describes Brazil's Pro-Ethics Company Registry, which aims to promote business integrity and prevent corruption. It allows companies to publicly commit to ethics and highlights those that invest in measures like codes of conduct, whistleblower protections, and transparency. To join, companies must provide evidence of adopting mandatory and desirable ethics policies across areas like conduct, controls, training, and collective actions. The voluntary registry gives members a positive image and helps build confidence in business transactions.
The political economy of decentralisation processes / Tulia G. FalletiEUROsociAL II
Tulia Falleti discusses the political economy of decentralization processes. She presents hypotheses on how the balance of power between national and subnational governments shifts based on the type of decentralization coalition and sequence of reforms. Specifically, she hypothesizes that subnational coalitions pursuing political or fiscal decentralization first will result in the greatest shift in power to subnational governments, while national coalitions focusing on administrative decentralization will maintain power at the national level. She analyzes examples from Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Mexico to illustrate different pathways.
Estrategia de articulación MAGA – MIDES en el marco de la Política Nacional d...EUROsociAL II
Estrategia de articulación MAGA – MIDES en el marco de la Política Nacional de Desarrollo Rural Integral (PNDRI) / MAGA, MIDES, Gabinete de Desarrollo Rural Integral
Informe OCDE Chile: Review of implementation of the convention and 1997 recom...EUROsociAL II
This document provides a review of Chile's implementation of Article 2 of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, which requires countries to establish liability of legal persons for foreign bribery. It summarizes Chile's Law No. 20,393 on Criminal Responsibility of Legal Persons for crimes including bribery, money laundering, and terrorism financing. The law introduces criminal liability of private legal entities and state companies for these offenses. It outlines the standard of liability, which requires that the offense be committed by a high-level representative of the company for its direct or indirect benefit. It also discusses applicable entities, proceedings against legal persons, available sanctions including fines, and statute
Summer School “Financial crime, corruption and money laundering: European and international perspectives”
The Research Institute for Transparency, Corruption and Financial Crime of the Faculty of Law - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki held its first summer school, “Financial crime, corruption and money laundering: European and international perspectives”, in Thessaloniki from 5 to 13 July 2017. Seventy nine (79) participants (students, researchers, lawyers and other professionals) from thirteen (13) countries (: Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lichtenstein, Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, United Kingdom) attended the summer school’s courses, which were hosted at the Centre for International and European Economic Law and were taught in English.
The summer school’s sessions opened on Wednesday 5 July 2017. The participants were welcomed by the Institute’s Director M. Kaiafa-Gbandi, as well as the Deputy Rector of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, D. Klavanidou, and the Dean of the Law Faculty of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, G. Dellios. Distinguished Professors from different European Universities and post-doctoral researchers from the Faculty of Law of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki taught at the summer school’s courses until 12 July 2017.
http://www.law.auth.gr/en/anti-corruption/5372
I Conferencia Nacional de Desenvolvimiento Regional. Financial System and Reg...EUROsociAL II
This document discusses the role of the private financial system in regional development. It begins by stating that the discussion will focus on how the private financial system, not public funds or banks, impacts regional development. It then reviews theories of regional development from first to third generation approaches. While later theories emphasized competitiveness, innovation and endogenous growth, they did not systematically analyze the role of monetary and financial systems. The document presents Dow's monetary theory for regional development and how it can provide insights into financial exclusion, financialization, centrality and regional resilience. It analyzes empirical data on Brazil's financial system across its regions to examine financial deepening, liquidity preference of bank branches, credit allocation and profits across regions over time. Preliminary conclusions
The perverse effects of job security provisions on job security: results from...EUROsociAL II
This document summarizes a study that uses a regression discontinuity design to analyze the effects of job security provisions in Italy on outcomes like job composition and firm productivity. It finds that while employment protection may help job security, it can also reduce job creation and reallocation. The study exploits a threshold in Italy where regulations are less stringent for firms with 15 employees or fewer. It presents descriptive statistics and tests that validate the regression discontinuity approach. Regressions are estimated to examine impacts on various outcomes and whether effects differ across sectors with varying output volatility. The results provide evidence on the complex tradeoffs of employment protection policies.
A girl is celebrating her birthday with balloons and is very happy, she makes a wish and catches something, possibly a balloon, and finds it yummy to eat.
About CNV / Sociaal-Economische Raad (SER) EUROsociAL II
The document discusses the role and activities of CNV, the National Confederation of Christian Trade Unions in the Netherlands. CNV was founded in 1909 and represents 330,000 members. It provides legal assistance to around 18,000 members each year and handles around 150,000 calls annually. CNV believes that social dialogue is the best way to achieve decent work for all. It is involved in the Dutch Social and Economic Council (SEC), where it represents members' interests during government consultations on issues like work-life balance. For a trade union to be effective in the SEC, it needs credibility with its members, a clear mission and strategy, adequate funding, and good relationships across society to influence decision-making.
El documento habla sobre el Consorcio liderado por Socios Coordinadores para el proyecto EUROsociAL, el cual involucra a más de 80 Socios Operativos y Entidades Colaboradoras de Europa y América Latina para promover el diálogo sobre políticas públicas entre las dos regiones.
Normas internacionales para la responsabilidad de las personas jurídicasEUROsociAL II
This document summarizes international standards for corporate liability according to the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention and UN Convention against Corruption. It outlines common standards which state that legal persons should be liable for corruption offenses, regardless of prosecuting individuals, and should face effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanctions. It describes sanctions like monetary fines, asset confiscation, debarment and dissolution. It also discusses different models of liability and provides examples of "failure to prevent" laws from Chile and Australia. In practice, over 90 entities have faced criminal sanctions and 55 administrative or civil sanctions for foreign bribery in various countries.
División de Focalización / Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (Chile)EUROsociAL II
Este documento presenta la División de Focalización del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social de Guatemala y sus funciones. La División se encarga de recopilar y administrar información para identificar y clasificar a la población nacional usando instrumentos de caracterización socioeconómica. También supervisa el uso y aplicación de estos instrumentos. La División está compuesta por cuatro departamentos que se encargan de diferentes aspectos como la recopilación de datos, validación de información, supervisión y coordinación.
The Swedish Anti-Corruption Institute - Helena sundénEUROsociAL II
The Swedish Anti-Corruption Institute was founded in 1923 and works to promote ethical decision making and prevent corruption. It is supported by major Swedish business groups and organizations. The Institute provides expertise on anti-corruption, a code of conduct on gifts and benefits, and training. It aims to increase visibility of anti-corruption efforts and clarify what services it offers to prevent corruption in Swedish business.
Descentralización fiscal y fuentes de ingreso sub-centrales /Alan Carter (Eco...EUROsociAL II
This document summarizes a presentation given by Alan Carter on fiscal decentralization and subnational revenue sources. Some key points:
1) Fiscal decentralization refers to the global trend of delegating responsibilities from central governments to local or regional governments. Potential benefits include improved efficiency and accountability.
2) Decentralization aims to match different communities' varying problems with distinct solutions. Central governments cannot address all local situations. Future systems may require more decentralization and civic/private sector participation.
3) Options for financing decentralized governments include tax assignment, transfers, and borrowing. Assigning the right tax bases and rates while balancing efficiency and redistribution is challenging.
4) Data shows larger, developed countries tend
The National Anti-Corruption Unit (NACU)EUROsociAL II
The National Anti-Corruption Unit (NACU) is a specialized unit within the Swedish Prosecution Authority that investigates complex corruption cases involving senior executives abusing their power. The NACU has experienced prosecutors and forensic accountants who work with other authorities. It deals with 80-120 cases per year involving both public and private sector corruption. Factors that help prevent corruption in Sweden include open legislation, independent judiciary and media, well-paid officials, and stable political situation.
SER – Social and Economic Council of the Netherlands EUROsociAL II
VNO-NCW & MKB-Nederland merged their secretariats in 2009 while maintaining separate boards and presidents with coordinated communications. They represent Dutch businesses ranging from large companies with over 500 employees to small and medium enterprises with 10-100 workers through their various branch associations. Their goal is to achieve a good business environment and investment climate in the Netherlands by promoting business interests politically and providing member services, while also gaining social acceptance. They work through organizations like the Social and Economic Council and Labour Foundation to negotiate agreements that bring broad support for new policies.
The document describes Brazil's Pro-Ethics Company Registry, which aims to promote business integrity and prevent corruption. It allows companies to publicly commit to ethics and highlights those that invest in measures like codes of conduct, whistleblower protections, and transparency. To join, companies must provide evidence of adopting mandatory and desirable ethics policies across areas like conduct, controls, training, and collective actions. The voluntary registry gives members a positive image and helps build confidence in business transactions.
The political economy of decentralisation processes / Tulia G. FalletiEUROsociAL II
Tulia Falleti discusses the political economy of decentralization processes. She presents hypotheses on how the balance of power between national and subnational governments shifts based on the type of decentralization coalition and sequence of reforms. Specifically, she hypothesizes that subnational coalitions pursuing political or fiscal decentralization first will result in the greatest shift in power to subnational governments, while national coalitions focusing on administrative decentralization will maintain power at the national level. She analyzes examples from Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Mexico to illustrate different pathways.
Estrategia de articulación MAGA – MIDES en el marco de la Política Nacional d...EUROsociAL II
Estrategia de articulación MAGA – MIDES en el marco de la Política Nacional de Desarrollo Rural Integral (PNDRI) / MAGA, MIDES, Gabinete de Desarrollo Rural Integral
Informe OCDE Chile: Review of implementation of the convention and 1997 recom...EUROsociAL II
This document provides a review of Chile's implementation of Article 2 of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, which requires countries to establish liability of legal persons for foreign bribery. It summarizes Chile's Law No. 20,393 on Criminal Responsibility of Legal Persons for crimes including bribery, money laundering, and terrorism financing. The law introduces criminal liability of private legal entities and state companies for these offenses. It outlines the standard of liability, which requires that the offense be committed by a high-level representative of the company for its direct or indirect benefit. It also discusses applicable entities, proceedings against legal persons, available sanctions including fines, and statute
Summer School “Financial crime, corruption and money laundering: European and international perspectives”
The Research Institute for Transparency, Corruption and Financial Crime of the Faculty of Law - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki held its first summer school, “Financial crime, corruption and money laundering: European and international perspectives”, in Thessaloniki from 5 to 13 July 2017. Seventy nine (79) participants (students, researchers, lawyers and other professionals) from thirteen (13) countries (: Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lichtenstein, Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, United Kingdom) attended the summer school’s courses, which were hosted at the Centre for International and European Economic Law and were taught in English.
The summer school’s sessions opened on Wednesday 5 July 2017. The participants were welcomed by the Institute’s Director M. Kaiafa-Gbandi, as well as the Deputy Rector of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, D. Klavanidou, and the Dean of the Law Faculty of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, G. Dellios. Distinguished Professors from different European Universities and post-doctoral researchers from the Faculty of Law of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki taught at the summer school’s courses until 12 July 2017.
http://www.law.auth.gr/en/anti-corruption/5372
Corporate Criminal Liabilty | Law Journal | Law NotesLawColloquy
‘Law Colloquy’ has been created for documenting short precise and substantive articles/ notes/ videos/ news on perceptions regarding various important topics of law.
The document provides an introduction to the nature of law. It discusses several key classifications of law:
1) Public law governs relationships between citizens and the state, including constitutional, administrative, and criminal law. Private law governs relationships between individuals and includes civil law.
2) Criminal law prohibits wrongful conduct and punishes offenders, while civil law addresses private rights and remedies between individuals.
3) Common law developed from local customs and precedents set in royal courts. Equity developed separately in the Court of Chancery to remedy deficiencies in the rigid common law system and provide equitable remedies and rights.
Ukraine_Criminal Liability for Entities...Hedge Square
This document summarizes Ukraine's new law on criminal liability for legal entities. The law aims to curb corruption by holding companies criminally liable for illegal acts committed on their behalf, such as money laundering, terrorism financing, and bribery. It establishes fines and property seizure as potential penalties. However, the law may negatively impact economic growth by creating restrictions on business activities and requiring other legal amendments.
The document provides an overview of anti-corruption efforts in Italy. It notes that while Italy has traditionally focused on law enforcement, it recently adopted new legislation aiming to take a more preventative approach. However, the new framework places significant burdens on implementation and public perception of corruption remains very high according to surveys. The estimated annual cost of corruption in Italy is EUR 60 billion, around 4% of GDP.
The document provides an overview of anti-corruption efforts in Italy. It notes that while Italy has traditionally focused on enforcement, a new 2012 law aims to establish a more balanced preventative approach. However, perception surveys still show widespread belief that corruption is common in Italy. The document also discusses issues like the fragmented legal framework and capacity challenges in fully implementing new policies.
This document discusses how organizations can use the ISO 31000 risk management standard to help comply with anti-bribery laws based on the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention. It provides an overview of ISO 31000 and Italy's anti-bribery law, which implements the OECD convention. The key steps of a compliance program required by anti-bribery laws, such as risk assessment and internal controls, closely align with the ISO 31000 risk management process. Adopting ISO 31000 can help organizations design and review effective anti-bribery compliance programs, ensure continuous improvement, and benefit from use of a globally recognized standard.
The document discusses the legal risks for mining companies from the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. The Principles provide an objective framework for defining corporate human rights responsibilities based on scope, causation, and proportionality. This creates significant indirect legal risks. Failure to respect the Principles could jeopardize investments under bilateral investment treaties, project financing agreements, and lead to civil liability in home courts. The Principles require a rigorous and analytical approach to human rights due diligence to identify, assess, and address impacts.
The Romano-Germanic system of Liability and its formulas applied to an antitr...Mauriciovelandiabogados
El derecho de tradición Romano-Germánica tiene unas estructuras de responsabilidad diferentes a las propias del derecho anglosajón. El presente artículo analiza dichas estructuras y las aplica al derecho antitrust, para después estudiar cómo se podría configurar la responsabilidad de Facebook por su papel en el escándalo de Cambridge Analytica.
This document discusses whether companies can be criminally prosecuted. While companies cannot themselves prosecute others as "common informers," it is established that companies can be prosecuted, either vicariously or personally, for criminal offenses. The circumstances in which companies will face criminal liability are limited by practical considerations. The document also examines debates around imposing criminal liability on companies versus individuals within companies.
Code on Gifts, Rewards and other Benefits in Business - Institutet Mot MutorEUROsociAL II
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of the code of conduct document:
The code of conduct establishes guidelines for gifts, rewards, and benefits between businesses to prevent improper influence. It defines permitted and non-permitted benefits, with non-permitted benefits including anything aimed at influencing public procurement or authority. The code is intended to protect companies' interests, promote fair competition, and increase trust in the marketplace.
Bortoletti, pharmaceutical compliance congress, fight against corruption, bud...Maurizio Bortoletti
The fight against corruption and other offenses against public administration must be based on accurate and objective data to give citizens a realistic representation of the situation and not ultra sized, taking into account that it is evoking themes and sensational easily usable by this or that political party
What is the first thing to consider when you approach the theme of "corruption"?
That of the extreme confusion. In a matter so evocative and striking as that of corruption to be informed, and be properly and completely, as far as possible, it seems like the best strategy and, together, the best antidote to unnecessary alarm.
Need an objective representation, a "snapshot" that does not want to serve any preconceived position or ideological bias, recognizing that corruption should be tackled without "ifs" and "buts", without replacing the scalpel of prudence cleaver indignation: unfortunately, the answers that have been given to this problem are very different, and often follow or are influenced by current ideas, stereotypes, clichés, in a wavering movement in which the risk is to "repaint" the collective imagination, to clothe him, and endorse it, at the risk of perpetuating errors of perspective that have long hindered and complicated the formulation and implementation of consistent and effective responses to the phenomenon.
THE SEVERINO LAW WHAT IT SETS OUT, ACTUAL CASES, OPEN QUESTIONStelosaes
The so-called Severino Law (named after at-the-time Minister of Justice Paola Severino) introduces a comprehensive regime to fight corruption and foster transparency in the Italian Public Administration (PA). The Draft Bill was submitted in 2010by former Minister of Justice Angelino Alfano (IV Berlusconi Government). The Law was passed with a confidence vote by the government after a legislative procedure lasting two years.
Jurisdiction update italy insurance - First published on Thomson Reuters Acce...Nicolò Juvara
The document provides an overview of the insurance industry and regulation in Italy. It notes that in 2014 insurers collected around 140 billion euros in premiums. Third-party liability motor insurance remains the largest sector. The document summarizes key Italian insurance regulations and regulatory bodies, including the establishment of IVASS as the insurance supervisory authority in 2013. It outlines requirements for establishing an insurance company in Italy.
Competing Of The Main Criminal Offense With That Of Criminal Products Launderingirjes
This document discusses whether a person can be charged for both a main criminal offense and money laundering of proceeds from that offense. It analyzes different countries' approaches, with some allowing double charges and others not, based on factors like whether the offenses violate different legal interests. It argues that money laundering violates additional social interests like economic order by fueling further criminal activity. Therefore, charging someone for both offenses does not constitute double jeopardy as long as laundering affects a legally protected interest beyond that of the main crime. The document examines elements like motive and purpose that make money laundering a separate offense from the predicate crime.
By Prof. Wang Xiao Ye (ACI's China Antitrust Conference Keynote Speaker) & Adrian Emch
ACI's 2nd Advanced Conference on China Antitrust
第二届中国反垄断高级研讨会
Tuesday, September 20 to Wednesday, September 21, 2016
Marriott Shanghai City Centre, Shanghai
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Responsabilidad de personas jurídicas. Modelos de legislación comparada en América Latina y Europa
1. Ministero della Giustizia
Dipartimento per gli Affari di Giustizia
Direzione Generale della Giustizia Penale
Ufficio I – Affari Legislativi ed Internazionali
Il Direttore
ENCUENTRO REGIONAL SOBRE SECTOR PRIVADO Y LUCHA CONTRA
LA CORRUPCIÓN
Responsabilidad de personas jurídicas (modelos de legislación comparada en América Latina y
Europa). Mesa técnica organizada en conjunto y con expertos de la OCDE
Enfoques comparativos a la responsabilidad de las personas jurídicas: examen de la legislación actual
y los proyectos de Ley en la región
El Modelo Italiano
Lorenzo Salazar
06/03/2013 1
2. 1. Introduction
A regime of liability of legal persons was
introduced in Italy in 2001, with Legislative
Decree n 231 of June 8, implementing Law n
300/2000.
It was so reversed the traditional principle
“Societas delinquere non potest”, also affirmed
in art. 27 of the Italian Constitution.
06/03/2013 2
3. 1. Introduction
Law n 30/2000 ratified a “package” of
European/international instrument in the field of
corruption and fraud:
– The 1997 OECD Convention
– The 1997 EU Convention against Corruption
– The 1995 EU Convention combating fraud
against the European financial interests
together with two of its protocols
06/03/2013 3
4. 1. Introduction
“Decree n 231” introduced the liability of companies and
other legal entities (with the esclusion of the State, local
public entities and no-profit public entities).
A recent decision of the Supreme Court stated that if a private
company performs the activity of collection and recycling of
garbage, pursuant to authority delegated to it by the Italian
government, it is fully subject to the legislation on liability of legal
persons.
LD 231/2001 is meant to exclude from liability only public entities
that are not also enterprises, that are performing non-profit
activities and that are carrying out functions of constitutional
importance
06/03/2013 4
5. 1. Introduction
The responsibility of legal
entities in Italy is generally
considered and defined as of
an “administrative” nature.
06/03/2013 5
6. 1. Introduction
Though, it differs under many
aspects from the traditional
categories of “traditional”
administrative liability…
06/03/2013 6
7. 1. Introduction
…
… the violation attributed to
the institution is the result of
an offence and…
06/03/2013 7
8. 1. Introduction
… provisions of L.D. “231” are
complied with, in addition, to
the provisions of the criminal
procedure code and…
06/03/2013 8
9. 1. Introduction
… competence to decide on
unlawful administrative acts
committed by the body lies with
the criminal law court which has
jurisdiction over the offences
relating to such acts and…
06/03/2013 9
10. 1. Introduction
… a legal person may be held
liable even if the offender has
not been identified or is not
indictable and...
06/03/2013 10
11. 1. Introduction
… procedural provisions
relating to defendants, to the
extent that they are
compatible, also apply to
legal persons.
06/03/2013 11
12. 1. Introduction
This brings to the conclusion that this
form of liability - although formally
labeled as “administrative” - is to be
considered as “para-criminal liability”
or as a liability “sui generis”.
06/03/2013 12
13. 1. Introduction
As stated in the accompanying report to
the Decree, this “constructive
ambiguity” was adopted in order to
avoid possible objections concerning the
relationship between the corporate
criminal liability and the principle of
“personality”.
06/03/2013 13
14. 1. Introduction
The entity can be held liable for crimes
committed by directors, executives, their
subordinates and other subjects acting on
behalf of the legal entity (e.g. the agents),
when the unlawful conduct has been carried
out in the interest of or to the benefit of the
company concerned.
06/03/2013 14
15. 1. Introduction
Liability of legal persons in Italy is
NOT of a general nature but
applies to a long list of typified
cases provided for by the Criminal
Code or by other criminal
provisions.
06/03/2013 15
16. 1. Introduction
The scope of LD 231/2001 has been progressively
expanded in the last few years to encompass a
number of new offences “predicate” to the liability
of legal persons, including notably money
laundering. These incriminations include all
different cases of corruption provided for by
Italian legislation.
06/03/2013 16
17. 1. Introduction
Last but not least, the principle of mandatorial
prosecution ( “principle of legality”), provided for
by Italian constitution for criminal proceedings, is
not considered to be of application in case of
liability of legal persons.
06/03/2013 17
18. 2. Organizational models
LD 231/2001 provides a “defence” from
liability for a legal person that has put in
place an “organizational model” aimed
at preventing an offence that has
nevertheless occurred.
06/03/2013 18
19. 2. Organizational models
A body is not liable for an offence if it proves that before the
offence was committed
(i) the body’s management had adopted and effectively
implemented an appropriate organisational and management model
to prevent offences of the kind that occurred;
(ii) the body had set up an autonomous organ to supervise, enforce
and update the model;
(iii) the autonomous organ had sufficiently supervised the operation
of the model; and
(iv) the perpetrator committed the offence by fraudulently evading
the operation of the model.
06/03/2013 19
20. 2. Organizational models
A company is responsible for designing an
organisational model tailored to its
business and activities.
A company may base its model upon a
model code drafted by a business
association and approved by the Ministry
of Justice
06/03/2013 20
21. 2. Organizational models
If an issue arises, the Court trying the case will
ultimately decide whether the organisational model was
adequate to prevent the offence that occurred.
The court would make such a decision by examining
both the substance of the organisational model and how
it was implemented, for example, whether the
independent supervisory body (organismo di vigilanza)
adequately fulfilled its responsibilities.
06/03/2013 21
22. 2. Organizational models
At present only one Court decision
has found a company’s
organisational model to be
adequate to exclude responsability.
06/03/2013 22
23. 2. Organizational models
The court found that the company’s organisational
model was not only consistent with the general
requirements of LD 231/2001, but also included
specific measures aimed to reduce or eliminate the risk
of the particular offence contested at trial.
In addition, the model was in line with Confindustria’s
Guidelines.
Furthermore, the internal procedures of the model
specifically required the “approval” of two or more
individuals to perform the activities with a high risk
rate.
06/03/2013 23
24. 2. Organizational models
The court also explained that the illegal conduct
that formed the basis for trial was not caused by
an incorrect organisational model but by abnormal
behaviours by high-level management that
violated the internal rules of said model.
06/03/2013 24
25. 2. Organizational models
Against this background in one of the two cases
that led to the sanction of legal persons for foreign
bribery in Italy, the Court of Milan held that,
although the organisational model in place in each
company was “adequate to prevent crimes like
those that occurred” it was “not successfully
implemented” nor “properly watched over”.
06/03/2013 25
26. 3. Sanctions
For legal persons, the amount of a fine that
may be imposed for foreign bribery depends
on the nature and seriousness of the offence
and is determined by a certain number of
“quotas.”
06/03/2013 26
27. 3. Sanctions
Bribery for officials acts (article 318 CC) is punishable by a fine
of up to € 309.800. Bribery for acts against official duties (article
319 CC) and aggravated bribery where the offence was
committed in favour of or against a party to legal proceedings
(article 319-ter CC) are punishable by a fine of € 51.600 to
929.400.
Where there are aggravating circumstances or where aggravated
bribery results in a wrongful conviction or involves the award of
public offices, salaries, pensions or contracts with the
government, a fine of EUR 77.400 to 1.239.200 applies.
06/03/2013 27
28. 3. Sanctions
Around 500 legal persons have been
sanctioned in Italy, in Italy since the
entry into force of the Law
Most of them have accepted to go
trough plea bargain agreements
(patteggiamento)
06/03/2013 28
29. 3. Sanctions
18 legal persons have been sanctioned for
bribery (active or passive) in Italy, including 17
through plea agreements (patteggiamento) since
the entry into force of LD 231/2001
Only two cases, until now, have resulted in fines
against legal persons for international bribery.
06/03/2013 29
30. 3. Sanctions
First, the COGIM case (Oil for Food case) involved the
alleged payment of USD 721.000 in bribes to Iraqi
public officials in connection with contracts to supply
medical equipment to the Iraqi Ministry of Health; the
company was fined EUR 90.000.
Second, the Pirelli/Telecom case involved the alleged
payment of approximately EUR 200.000 in bribes to a
French public official in order to obtain business
authorizations; the two companies involved were fined
EUR 400.000 each.
06/03/2013 30
31. 3. Sanctions
In both cases, the fines were imposed under a
patteggiamento (“plea bargain”) procedure
Articles 444 to 448 of the CPC on patteggiamento notably
provide that when the defendant and the prosecutors ask the
court to apply a substitute fine in a patteggiamento procedure,
the fine is “reduced by up to a third.”).
06/03/2013 31
32. 4. Interdictive sanctions
Under LD 231/2001, a legal person may be subject (for
at least one year) to:
(i) suspension or revocation of authorisations, licenses or
concessions instrumental to the commission of the
offence;
(ii) prohibition on contracting with the public
administration;
(iii) denial of facilitations, funding, contributions and
subsidies (including those already granted); and
(iv) prohibition on advertising
06/03/2013 32
33. 4. Interdictive sanctions
If a court considers none of these sanctions to
be adequate, it may flatly prohibit the
offender from conducting business activities
06/03/2013 33
34. 4. Interdictive sanctions
Interdictive sanctions are compulsory if:
(i) a legal person obtained “considerable profit” from the
offence and the offence was committed by an individual
in a managerial position or
(ii) the legal person has committed repeated violations
(article 13.1)
06/03/2013 34
35. 4. Interdictive sanctions
A court may also impose these
interdictive sanctions as preventive or
“precautionary” measures, i.e., before a
final court decision is handed down.
06/03/2013 35
36. 5. Confiscation
As concerns legal persons, under article 19.1
of LD 231/2001, “the confiscation of the
price or the proceeds of the offence, apart
from the portion which may be given back to
the damaged person, shall always be ordered
against the body”.
06/03/2013 36
37. 5. Confiscation
Thus, imposition of confiscation measures for
foreign bribery offences is generally mandatory
against legal persons.
One out of the three legal persons that have been
sanctioned in Italy up to now was subject to
confiscation of € 753.000 as part of a
patteggiamento procedure.
06/03/2013 37
38. 5. Confiscation
Article 19.2 provides that confiscation of
“sums of money” or property of equivalent
value (“goods or other advantages”) is
possible where the bribe or proceeds
themselves may no longer be available so
providing the possibility for “value
confiscation”
06/03/2013 38
39. 5. Confiscation
The Italian Supreme Court has confirmed (in
2009) that LD n° 231 provides a legal person’s
independent (and not any more “ancillary”)
liability for crimes committed in its interest
underlining that confiscation (also of the
equivalent value) of proceeds of crimes is always
mandatory against the legal person.
06/03/2013 39
40. 6. Statute of limitations
Regarding legal persons, a prosecutor must
conduct an investigation within a limitation
period that is different and autonomous
from the one that applies to proceedings
against a natural person.
06/03/2013 40
41. 6. Statute of limitations
Pursuant to article 22 of LD 231/2001, cases are time
barred after 5 years, starting the day the offence was
committed.
However, the period of limitation is interrupted by a
request for the application of precautionary measures or
the notification of the administrative violation related
to the offence (article 59).
While the limitation period applying to individuals is
capped within a ultimate period of 7 and a half years,
no such ultimate period applies to legal persons.
06/03/2013 41
42. 7. Predicate offences provided for by the
Decree no. 231
Until last November the predicate offences were the
following:
(i) crimes against the Public Administration (i.e. fraud
against the State; theft of public funds; fraud; bribery,
etc…).
(ii) crimes concerning the forgery of coins, banknotes ,
etc.;
(iii) “whitecollars” crimes, as forgery of a prospectus;
falseness in statements or communications of the audit
company, etc…;
06/03/2013 42
43. 7. Predicate offences provided for by the
Decree no. 231
(iv) crimes committed with purposes of terrorism and
eversion of democratic order;
(v) crimes against the fundamental rights of freedom
(in Italian “reati contro la personalità individuale”);
(vi) “Market Abuse”;
(vii) crimes against person (manslaughter and
negligently causing serious or very serious injuries),
committed in violation of safe working practices and
the protection of hygiene and health at work;
06/03/2013 43
44. 7. Predicate offences provided for by the
Decree no. 231
(viii) crimes concerning receiving, recycling and
use of money, goods or usefulness of unlawful
origin;
(ix) crimes of organised crime;
(x) crimes against industry and trade and crimes
against infringements of copyright;
(xi) induction not to make statements or to make
false statements to the court.
06/03/2013 44
45. 8. Recent legislative developments
Law n. 190 of 6th November 2012,
brings a comprehensive set of new
measures aimed to prevent and repress
corruption and illegality in the Public
Administration
06/03/2013 45
46. 8. Recent legislative developments
With reference to legal persons, the newly
introduced offences of “undue inducement to give
or promise money or other benefit” and
“corruption among private parties” are now
inserted as new predicate offences of liability of
legal entities under LD 231 of 2001.
06/03/2013 46
47. Conclusions
OECD (Phase 3, Dec. 2011) has
recommended that Italy take steps to
increase the effectiveness of the liability
of legal persons in foreign bribery cases.
06/03/2013 47
48. Conclusions
Italy should raise awareness among the
prosecuting authorities throughout the
country, to ensure that the large range
of possibilities available in the law to
trigger the liability of legal persons for
foreign bribery offences is understood
and applied consistently and diligently.
.
06/03/2013 48
49. Conclusions
It should be prevented / avoided
the dismissal of cases based on
statute of limitations grounds.
06/03/2013 49
50. Conclusions
Increase the maximum level of administrative
fines for legal persons and ensure that the
mitigating factors and the reduction of the
fine imposed through patteggiamento
procedures lead to the imposition of sanctions
that are effective, proportionate and
dissuasive, including for large companies
06/03/2013 50