immunulogy lecture of inflammation response

1. What is inflammation?
This is a complex immune response of body
tissues to harmful stimuli, such as; injuries,
pathogens, and noxious substances.
Kuby pg. 350

2. What are the causes of inflammation?
The causes of inflammation can be:
• Physical
• Biological
• Chemical

3. Physical causes of inflammation
Injury/trauma Ionizing Radiation
-non-penetrating
Burn
frostbite
-penetrating frostbite

4. Biological causes of inflammation
Pathogens

5. Hypersensitivity reaction
Undesirable reaction produced by normal immune
system
1. Allergies 2. autoimmunity
Seaweed allergy

6. Chemical causes of inflammation
Toxins
-snake venom -Bee & wasp venoms

7. What are the cardinal signs of
inflammation?
1. Pain
2. Redness
3. Swelling
4. Increased temperature
5. Loss of function

8. Clinical denotation of inflammation
“itis”
1. Dermatitis – inflammation of the skin
2. Arthritis – inflammation of the joints
3. Colitis- inflammation of colon, etc

9. Is inflammation important?
• To kill/destroy pathogens
• To initiate tissue repair
• To clear out necrotic cells and tissues

10. Inflammatory response involves:
• Immune cells
• Blood vessels
• Chemical mediators

11. Immune cells involved in
inflammation
1. Leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes,
basophils, eosinophils) & other cells
2. Mast cells
3. Hepatocytes

12. Roles of Blood vessels in inflammation
Extravasation
Divided into 4 sequential steps:
(1)Rolling on the E & P-selectins
(2) Activation by chemoattractant stimuli e.g IL-
8 and platelet-activating factor (PAF)
(3) arrest and adhesion, and
(4) Transendothelial migration
Kuby (Figure15-3a).

13. Extravasation

14. Chemical mediators involved in inflammation
Type of
mediator
Source of
mediator
mediator Function(s)
Plasma-derived
mediators
proteins-from
damaged
endothelial cells.
Bradykinin Vasodilation,
vascular
permeability &
bronchial
smooth muscle
contraction
plasmin Complement
activation
complement
proteins
Opsonizing &
lysing of
bacterial cells

15. Type of mediator Source of mediator mediator Function(s)
Cell-derived
mediators
mast cells Histamine Vasodilation &
vascular
permeability
macrophages Cytokines (TNF-ɣ &
IL-1)
localized & systemic
damaged cell
membrane
PAF PAF-eosinophil
chemo taxis &
neutrophil
activation
Prostaglandins Vasodilation,
vascular
permeability &
neutrophil chemo
taxis
thromboxane. vasoconstriction
leukotrienes neutrophil chemo
taxis & bronchial
smooth muscle
contraction

16. Trauma causes several molecular
reactions that controls inflammation

17. Effects of tissue damages
• Cell membrane
• Endothelial cell damage (bleeding)

18. Types of Inflammation
1. Acute inflammation
2. Chronic inflammation

19. Acute inflammation
Localized Inflammatory Response
Systemic acute-phase response

20. Localized Inflammatory Response
After some few minutes
• Heat
• Edema
• Redness
• Loss of function

21. Systemic acute-phase response
• Fever
• Acute phase protein production
• Leukocytosis

22. Organ systems involved in Systemic
acute-phase response
After some hours
-Hypothalamus-Induction of fever,
-Endocrine system-increased synthesis of
hormones such as ACTH & Corticosteroids,
-hematopoietic system-increased leukocytosis,
-immune system-activation of lymphocyte,
-liver-production of a large number of acute-
phase proteins in the liver.

23. Systemic acute-phase response

24. Acute-Phase Proteins

25. Chronic inflammation
Hallmark- accumulation and activation of
macrophages
Fibrosis- development of scar tissues at the site
of chronic inflammation
Granuloma formation- a tumor-like mass
consisting of a central area of activated
macrophages surrounded by activated
lymphocytes.

26. Demerits of inflammation
• Necrosis
• Pain
• Loss of function of a part
• Anaphylactic reaction (severe life-threatening
allergic reaction) to insect bites, drugs, etc
• Inflammation of peritoneum causes obstruction
of intestine
• Cancer e.g. chronic colitis increases risk of colon
cancer