2. Q 1________theories are concerned with the thought processes by which people decide how to
act, or how employees choose behavior to meet their needs.
a. Needs based perspectives
b. Reinforcement perspectives
c. Process perspectives
d. Cognitive perspectives
Q 2______ is a change in the way a product or service is conceived, manufactured, or
disseminated.
a. Product innovation
b. Process innovation
c. Core innovation
d. Foster innovation
Q3:Theextenttowhichpeoplefeelsecureandunworriedandhowlikelytheyaretoexperience
negative emotions under pressure is the ____ _.
a. Self-esteem
b. Self-efficacy
c. Locus of control
d. Emotional stability
Q 4: The World Trade Organization (WTO) succeeded _______ as the world forum for trade
negotiations and has the formal legal structure for deciding trade disputes.
a. CAFTA
b. GATT
c. The Peace Accord
d. The mandates of the UN
3. Q 5: A team that meets to solve a onetime problem is called a
a. Continuous improvement team
b. Self-managed team
c. Special purpose team
d. Work Group
Q 6: During the meeting, Abdullah was talking to Hussain, and wasnot listening when his supervisor
announced work assignments. This is an example of what type of barrier to communication?
a. Medium Barrier
b. Feedback Barrier
c. Decoding barrier
d. Receiver Barrier
Q 7: A consultant with a background in behavioral sciences who can be a catalyst in helping
organizations deal with old problems in new ways is known as ____ _.
a. Counselor
b. Transformative Consultant
c. Catalytic Consultant
d. Change Agent
Q8:AccordingtoHerzberg'stwo-factortheory,inthezonebetweenthemotivatingfactorsandthe
hygienefactors,employees are__ _.
a. Satisfied
b. Neither Satisfied norDissatisfied
c. Unmotivated
d. Dissatisfied
4. Q 9: Identify which one of these is an informal communication channel
a. Management by wandering around
b. Discerning
c. Horizontal communication
d. Vertical Communication
Q 10: Change model of Lewin’s consists of ______ _.
a. Three types: adaptive, innovative, and radically innovative
b. Three forces: employee characteristics, change agent characteristics, and change agent-employee
relationships
c. Three stages: unfreezing, changing, andrefreezing
d. Three steps: diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation
Q11:In Herzberg’s two-factortheory,thetwofactors aremotivatingfactors and ___.
a. Advancements
b. Interpersonal relationship
c. Responsibility
d. Hygiene factors
Q 12: The process of interpreting and understanding one's environment is
a. Self-awareness
b. Self-management
c. Self-monitoring
d. Perception
5. Q13:Theprincipalorganizationthatprovideslow-interestloanstodevelopingnationsfor
improving, for example, their transportation or education systems is
a. World Bank
b. World Trade Organization
c. IMF
d. APEC
Q 14: An import quota is a(n) ____.
a. Trade barrier
b. Export fee
c. Trade encouragement
d. Embargo
Q15:ImplementationofRFIDtechnologybyCarrefour,withaviewtoimproveinventorytracking,is
an exampleof a(n)_____change.
a. Responsive
b. Reactive
c. Incremental
d. Proactive
Q 16: KFC, based at Louisville, has around 19,000 branches in 118 countries, KFC is a ___ _.
a. Conglomerate
b. Multinational Organization
c. Multinational Corporation
d. Foreign firm
6. Q 17: A Trading Block consisting a group of 21 Pacific Rim countries is
a. ASEAN
b. APEC
c. Mercosur
d. BRICS
Q18:Achangethatrepresents theintroduction ofanewpractice toanorganization butonethatis
not new to the industry is called as
a. Adaptive Change
b. Proactive change
c. Radically Innovative Change
d. Innovative Change
Q 19: After meeting their social needs, people focus on such matters as self-respect, status,
reputation,recognition,andself-confidence,whicharepartof ________.
a. Physiological
b. Responsibility
c. Esteemneeds
d. Self-actualization
Q 20: Abdullah Hayat, an ODconsultant, is working with members ofa cross-functional team to
build cohesiveness and practice skills to function better as a team. Abdullah is conducting the
______ stage of OD.
a. Treatment or Intervention
b. Evaluation
c. Changing
d. Diagnosis
7. Q 21_______ describes a manager's literally wandering around his or her organization and talking
with people across all lines of authority.
a. MBO
b. MBWA
c. JIT
d. TQM
Q 22: All of these are the steps to making innovation happen within an organization EXCEPT
a. Gain allies by communicating your vision
b. Recognize problems and opportunities and devisesolutions
c. Overcome employee resistance & execute well
d. Punish failures
Q23:Thepractice ofobtainingneededservices,ideas,orcontent bysolicitingcontributions froma
large group of people and especially from the online community is termed as _______.
a. Crowdsourcing
b. SAP
c. Fundsourcing
d. Professional Associations
Q 24: A sales commission is an example of a _____compensation plan.
a. Profit sharing
b. Pay-for-performance
c. Reward
d. Pay-for-knowledge
8. Q 25: Which kind of organization is most likely to try to exert too much control?
a. Clan
b. Bureaucratic
c. Decentralized
d. Market
Q 26: Achange that represents the introduction ofa new practice to an organization andthat is also
new to the industry is called as
a. Radically innovative change
b. Adaptive change
c. Innovative change
d. Reactive change
Q 27: The contingency leadership model determines if a leader's style is (1) task-oriented or (2)
___________and if that style is effective for the situation at hand.
a. Contingent
b. Relationship-Oriented
c. Goal Accomplishment
d. Collaboration
Q28:Havingaself-centeredperspective,feelingsofsuperiority,andadriveforpersonalpowerand
glory, are common traits of
a. Machiavellianism
b. Psychopathy
c. Extraversion
d. Narcissism
9. Q29:Thepowerthatresults frommanagers'authoritytopunishtheirsubordinates inan
organization is called_____power.
a. Referent
b. Legitimate
c. Reward
d. Coercive
Q 30: The_____model of leadership emphasizes that leaders have different sorts of relationships
with different employees.
a. Transactional
b. Servant
c. Leader-Member exchange(LMX)
d. Contingency
Q 31: Which ofthe following isnot an inside force that indicates organizational change might be
needed?
a. Conflict between managers and employees
b. Increased competition
c. High level of stress amongemployees
d. Absenteeism
Q 32: A simple model of motivation include all of the following EXCEPT
a. Rewards
b. Punishment
c. Behaviors
d. Unfulfilled needs
10. Q 33: Compared to men, women tend to __ _.
a. Be indirect when admittingfault
b. Less likely to indicate their uncertainties
c. Give more direct & bluntfeedback
d. Make more apologies
Q 34____is the process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative
a. Punishment
b. Positive reinforcement
c. Extinction
d. Negative Reinforcement
Q 35_____ is at the center of the diversity wheel.
a. Personality
b. Philanthropy
c. Philosophy
d. Perception
Q36:Fourkeybehaviorsoftransformationalleadersinaffectingemployeesare,theyinspire
motivation, inspire trust,_______ , and stimulate them intellectually.
a. Contingency
b. Collaborate
c. Encourage excellence
d. Leader-Member exchange(LMX)
11. Q 37: A_______ is one that is made in response to arising problems or opportunities.
a. Radical change
b. Process change
c. Proactive change
d. Reactive change
Q38: According to numerous surveys,employees aremoreinterested in ______rather thanjust
earning a paycheck.
a. Recognition
b. Benefits
c. Work-life balance
d. Advancement opportunity
Q 39: The Content perspectives theories include all of the following theories EXCEPT
a. Herzberg's two-factor theory
b. McClelland's acquired needs theory
c. Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory
d. Equity Theory
Q 40________ is defined as a system of safeguards for protecting information technology against
disasters, system failures, and unauthorized access that result in damage or loss.
a. Privacy
b. Security
c. Reinstallation
d. Virus
12. Q 41: As per the expectancy theory, for a person's motivation to be high, he or she must behigh on
allthreeelements:Expectancy,______ , and valence.
a. Hostility
b. Responsibility
c. Performance
d. Instrumentality
Q42:Anemotional/behavioralresponse torealorimaginedthreatstoanestablishedwork routine
is termed as_____ _.
a. Resistance to Change
b. Benchmarking
c. Change Agent
d. Radical Innovation
Q 43: According to John Kotter, management is aboutcoping withcomplexity and _______is about
coping with change
a. Attitude
b. Leadership
c. Complementary
d. Perception
Q 44: Translating a message into understandable symbols or language is termed as
a. Decoding
b. Encoding
c. Collaboration
d. Medium
13. Q 45: Which of the following is likely to cause a semantic barrier to communication.
a. The Grapevine
b. Gossip
c. Technology
d. Jargon
Q 46: Which of the following include inside forces for change?
a. Immigration
b. Domestic Competition
c. Recession
d. Low productivity and Turnover
Q 47: The________is the tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information.
a. Stereotyping
b. Recency effect
c. Self-serving bias
d. Fundamental attribution bias
Q 48: Productivity is defined by the formula
a. Energy & materials, divided by labor & capital
b. Labor, energy, & capital, divided by goods, services, & materials
c. Goods and services produced, divided by labor, capital, energy, & materials
d. Labor, capital, energy, & materials, divided by goods & services produced
14. Q 49: The GLOBE project is an ongoingcross-cultural investigation ofnine cultural dimensions
involved in ___processes.
a. MBO and Planning
b. Leadership and Organizational
c. Profit and Cost-cutting
d. Diversity and Synergy
Q 50: The two core principles of TQM are _______ & Improvement Orientation.
a. Operation Orientation
b. People Orientation
c. Environment Orientation
d. Financial Orientation
Q 51: Monochronic time is a____ _.
a. Desire to do as little as possible for a period of time
b. Preference for multitasking
c. Preference for doing one thing at a time
d. Time of chronic, frequenterrors
Q 52: Carla, the vice president of marketing for an international organization, believes that
employeesinherforeign officesunderstandbesthowtohandle thepersonnel andpractices intheir
offices. Carla is an example of a(n) _____ manager.
a. Global
b. Ethnocentric
c. Polycentric
d. Native
15. Q 53: The______ is a control mechanism for making sure the right people do the right things at the
right time.
a. Span of control
b. Hierarchy of authority
c. Unity of command
d. Mechanism of authority
Q 54: TQM is defined as a comprehensive approach dedicated to continuous __ _.
a. Product innovation and organizational learning, over fastcycles.
b. Quality improvement, training, and customersatisfaction
c. Measurement of quantifiable goals and quick correction
d. Customer input into management strategy and decision making
Q55:Employees/workerswhothinkthattheyaretreatedfairly,aremorelikelyto ________ _.
a. Be a whistleblower
b. Seek additional education
c. Show improved safety practices
d. Support organizational change
Q 56: The balanced scorecard gives top managers a fast but comprehensive view of the
organizationviafourindicators:(1)______ ,(2)internalprocesses,(3)innovationand
improvement activities, and (4) financial measures.
a. Customer Satisfaction
b. Employee Motivation
c. Customer Expectation
d. Customer Orientation
16. Q57:Which termbestdefines "thetrendoftheworldeconomy towards becomingamore
interdependent system"
a. Industrialization
b. Globalization
c. Liberalization
d. Multinationalization
Q 58: The seven challenges a manager must deal with in the 21st century are all EXCEPT
a. Ethical standards
b. Sustainability
c. Economic stagnation
d. Globalization
Q 59: Maslow's levels of needs, in order from lowest (most basic) to highest level, are
a. Self-actualization, Love, Esteem, Safety and Physiological
b. Safety, Love, Esteem, Self-actualization and Physiological
c. Physiological, Safety, Love, Esteem and Self-actualization
d. Physiological, Love, Safety, Esteem and Self-actualization
Q60:Anarrowviewinwhich peopleseethingssolely throughtheirown perspective istermed
as___ _.
a. Geocentrism
b. Polycentrism
c. Ecocentrism
d. Parochialism
17. Q61:Governmentregulations,suchastariffs,embargoes,andimportquotas,tolimittheimportof
goods and services and protect their domestic industries against foreign competition is better
termed as ____.
a. Domestic protectionism
b. Blocking
c. Trade protectionism
d. Dumping
Q 62: The three dimensions of situational control are all, EXCEPT
a. Position Power
b. The Task Structure
c. Psychological Empowerment
d. Leader-MemberRelationship
Q63:Thepersonalitydimensionthatdescribeshowintellectual,imaginative,curious,andbroad-
minded a personis.
a. Openness to experience
b. Emotional stability
c. Inquisitiveness
d. Inventiveness
Q 64: Of the nine tactics used for influencingothers, the most widely used is _______ _.
a. Rational Persuasion
b. Coalition
c. Legitimating
d. Pressure
18. Q65:Amanda really enjoys minglingatworkfunctions,bothtonetworkfor newcontactsandsimply
to sharestories withother interesting people. Amanda probablyscores highin___ _.
a. Extroversion
b. Conscientiousness
c. Openness to experience
d. Emotional stability
Q66:TheInternet andtheWorldWide Weballow almostanyonetobeglobal,which hastwo
important results:
a. Take more time to start new endeavors & can adjust more easily to capital shortages
b. Typically maneuver slowly with new ideas & can adjust more easily to capital shortages
c. Can get started more easily and maneuver faster
d. Tend not to change due to inexperienced management & can adjust moreeasily to capital
shortages
Q 67_________ is the distribution of savings or "gains" to groups of employees who reduced costs
and increased measurable productivity
a. Profitsharing
b. Stock options
c. Pay for profit
d. Gainsharing
Q 68: Employees are likely to see an adaptive change as ______ _.
a. Least threatening
b. Moderately threatening
c. Totally unacceptable
d. Significantly complex, costly, and uncertain
19. Q69:Becausepeopleareuncomfortablewithinconsistencybetweentheirattitudesandbehaviors,
they will seek to reduce__ _.
a. Causal attribution
b. Fundamental attribution
c. Group behavior
d. Cognitive dissonance
Q 70: People with_____exhibitless anxiety, greater motivation, andstronger expectations that
effort leads to performance.
a. High self-efficacy
b. An external Locus of control
c. High self-monitoring
d. An internal Locus ofcontrol
Q 71: If someone has a personal belief that he has the ability to do a task and that he has what it
takes to succeed, he would be best described as having
a. Self-detrimental
b. Self esteem
c. Self-efficacy
d. Self-actualization
Q 72: From managerial point of view, identify which one is not a source of power
a. Exchange
b. Legitimate
c. Expert
d. Reward
20. Q73:Thebig five personality dimensions areAgreeableness,Conscientiousness,Emotional
stability,Opennesstoexperienceand ___ _.
a. Extroversion
b. Introversions
c. Proactive personality
d. Self-efficacy
Q 74________tries to explain and predict workplace behavior to help managers better lead and
motivate others.
a. Organizational Behavior
b. Organizational Development
c. Organizational Awareness
d. Organizational Culture
Q 75: The________is the rate at which one country's currency can be exchanged for another
country's currency.
a. Exchange Rate
b. GATT
c. Terms of Transaction
d. Interest Rate
Q 76: The belief in one's personal ability to do a task is called
a. Locus of Control
b. Self-efficacy
c. Learned helplessness
d. Self-awareness
21. Q 77: A budget that allocates increased or decreased funds to a department by using the last
budget period as a reference point is called a(n)
a. Standardized Budget
b. Zero based Budget
c. Fixed Budget
d. Incremental Budget
Q 78: Forming an impression of an individual based on a single trait is termed a
a. Stereotyping
b. Halo effect
c. Recency effect
d. None of the above
Q 79: In Deming’s PDCA cycle, “D” stands
a. Debt management
b. Data management
c. Do
d. Direct
Q 80: Channels ofcommunications that follow the chain ofcommand and are consideredas official
are termed _____
a. Upper
b. Vertical
c. Horizontal
d. Formal
22. Q 81: The process by which acompany compares its performance withthat ofhigh-performing
organizations is calledas
a. Continuous improvement
b. Competitive change
c. Benchmarking
d. Reference innovation
Q 82: A direct marketing & Sales firm reimburses employees for tuition and fees if they complete
job-relatedcourseworkwithaBgradeorbetter,whichhelps themmeetwhichofMaslow's levels of
need?
a. Esteem
b. Self-Actualization
c. Social needs
d. Physiological
Q83:HiltonHotels International,sellstherights tootherhospitality companiesglobally toopen
hotels withtheHilton name for afee andashare ofthe profit,in return for usingHilton’s brand
name and a package of materials and services. This defines ____.
a. Bartering
b. Franchising
c. Offshoring
d. Licensing
Q 84: In the Ohio State leadership Model, leadership is identified as
a. Task oriented and relationship oriented
b. Transactional or Transformational
c. Initiating structure and consideration
d. Job centered or employee centered
23. Q 85: Three process perspectives theories on motivation include Equity theory, Expectancy theory,
and ________.
a. Self-determination theory
b. Goal setting theory
c. Two-factor theory
d. Acquired needs theory
Q 86: NAFTA is a trading bloc consisting of the
a. Brazil, Argentina, & Chile
b. United states, Canada &Mexico
c. United States, Canada &Cuba
d. United States, Canada &Panama
Q 87: The set of techniques used for implementing planned changeto make people and
organizations more effective is called
a. Corporate Transformation
b. Revitalization
c. Organizational Development
d. Incremental Innovation
Q 88: An innovative change involves _____ complexity,cost,anduncertainty.Itisthereforeaptto
trigger some fear and resistance among employees.
a. Moderate
b. Minimum
c. Hidden
d. Extreme
24. Q 89: All of the following are distortion in perception EXCEPT
a. Halo effect
b. Stereotyping
c. Cognitive dissonance
d. Causal attribution
Q90:Ethnocentricmanagersbelievethattheirnativecountry,culture,language,andbehavior ___.
a. Needs to be changed.
b. Are outdated.
c. Are superior to all others.
d. Are equal to all othercultures.
Q 91_______ consists of the stable psychological traits andbehavioral attributes that give a person
his or her identity.
a. Attitudes
b. Personality
c. Character
d. Attributions
Q92: Astate ofemotional,mental,andevenphysical exhaustion,expressedaslistlessness,
indifference, or frustration is best described as
a. Breakdown
b. Distress
c. Burnout
d. Role overload
25. Q93:Someone whoismoreapttotakeinitiativeandpersevere toinfluencetheenvironment,issaid
to have a(n) ____ personality.
a. Extroverted
b. Emotionally stable
c. Self-efficacious
d. Proactive
Q94: Special privileges given tothe American owners inreturn foremployingMexican citizens in
the Manufacturing plants in Mexico is known as _ _.
a. Barterists
b. Diversedoras
c. Maquiladoras
d. Globalists
Q 95: The power one enjoys because of knowledge or specialized information is termed as
__________.
a. Reward power
b. Referent Power
c. Expert Power
d. Legitimate Power
Q 96: Limits on the number/quantity of a product that can be imported in a country is called as
a. Tariffs
b. Import Quotas
c. Embargoes
d. Export Quotas
26. Q 97: How well a particular medium conveys information & promotes learning refers to
a. Media Richness
b. Feedback
c. Media accuracy
d. Message
Q 98: According to House's revised path-goaltheory, a leader's styleshould vary depending on
which of thefollowing
a. Employee characteristics and environmental factors
b. Situational control
c. Leader-member relations
d. Position power
Q99:Theapproach toleadershipthatsuggests thateffective leadershipbehaviordepends onthe
situation at hand is the ____ approach.
a. Contingency
b. Behavioral
c. Circumstantial
d. Transformational
Q 100______ is the richest form of media, it allows receivers to observe multiple cues, such as
body language and tone of voice, and allows senders to get feedback.
a. E-mail
b. Telephone call
c. Face-to Face Communication
d. Memos
27. Q 101: ____ suggests people are motivated by two things: how much they want something and
how likely they think they are to get it.
a. Two-Factor Theory
b. ExpectancyTheory
c. Reinforcement Theory
d. Equity Theory
Q 102: When conveying bad news or negativefeedback, most people tends to ____ _.
a. Nod their heads
b. Yawn
c. Avoid eye contact
d. Lean forward
Q 103: The_____accepts thatdifferences &similarities exist between home &foreign personnel’s
practices & that they should use whatever techniques are most effective
a. Ethnocentric managers
b. Geocentric managers
c. Polycentric Managers
d. Expatriate
Q104:Somecountry'slawsforbidforeignersfromownershipwithintheirnation,andtheonlywaya
foreign company can make a presence in that country is with a(n) ___.
a. MBO pact
b. Import Agreement
c. Joint Venture
d. Export Agreement
28. Q 105: The reasons for an organization’s international expansion are all, EXCEPT
a. Availability of suppliers & new market
b. Lower labor cost
c. Avoidance of tariffs & import quotas
d. Industry standard
Q106:AspertheHerzberg's two-factortheory,only ____ factors can make employees satisfied
with their jobs
a. Affiliation
b. Growth
c. Hygiene
d. Motivating
Q107:Asperthefindings oftheGLOBEproject,theassertiveness dimension represents theextent
to which a society values __ _.
a. Performance Improvement and Excellence
b. In-group Collectivism and Loyalty
c. Confrontation and Competitiveness
d. Power Distance and Sharing
Q 108: Research shows that women have been found to display more ______ , whereas men have
been found to display more _________.
a. Task leadership; Socialleadership
b. Social leadership; Taskleadership
c. Autocratic leadership; Democratic leadership
d. Ineffective leadership; Effective leadership
29. Q 109: The type ofbudget that anticipates investments in major assets such as land, building
machines and major equipment is termed as
a. Expense budget
b. Capital expenditure budget
c. Financial budget
d. Cash or Cash flowbudget
Q110:Thetermthatbestrepresents“theuseoftechnologytoparticipateinseveralinteractionsat
the same time”
a. Multi-communicating
b. Communicating
c. Tele-communicating
d. None of the above
Q111:Aspertheself-determinationtheory,inordertoachievepsychologicalgrowth,peopleneed
to satisfy three innate needs ______ , autonomy, andrelatedness.
a. Competency
b. Pay
c. Safety
d. Affiliation
Q 112: Managers can build employee self-esteem by all of the following EXCEPT
a. Breaking larger projects into smaller tasks andprojects
b. Reinforcing employees' positive attributes andskills
c. Providing positive feedback whenever possible
d. Avoid giving feedback
30. Q113:Themodelinwhichaneffectiveleadermakesdesirablerewardsavailable,clarifieshow
employees can achieve objectives, and provides themsupport in doing so, is _____ _.
a. Fiedler's contingency model
b. House's path-goal model
c. Servant leadership model
d. LMX model of leadership
Q 114: Out of the following which one is not a financial control?
a. Financial Statements
b. Budgets
c. RATER
d. Audits
Q 115: A_______ summarizes anorganization's overallfinancial worth,orin otherwords,its assets
and liabilities, at a specific point in time.
a. Income Statement
b. Expense Budget
c. Balance Sheet
d. Cash Flow Statement
Q 116: A(n) ______is an internal reward; the payoff comes from pleasing yourself.
a. Extrinsic Reward
b. Motivation
c. Reinforcement
d. Intrinsic Reward
31. Q117: Twonegativeeffects ofglobaleconomic interdependency for theUnitedStates are ____ _."
a. A huge surplus of funds from global investments flowing into the United States and huge cost
increases.
b. Vastsurplus funds from global investments flowinginto theUnited States and loss ofwell-paying
jobs.
c. More expensive goods and bigger markets for American imports.
d. Lack of global investments flowing into the United States and lower-quality goods.
Q 118: The need for achievement in McClelland's theory corresponds most closely to___ _.
a. Expectancy theory
b. Deci & Ryan’s Self-determination theory
c. Herzberg’s Hygiene factors
d. Maslow’s Self-actualization needs
Q 119: All of the following are force for change originating outside the organization EXCEPT
a. Technological Advancement
b. Market changes
c. Productivity Issues
d. Social & Political Pressure
Q 120: A formal financial projection is called a
a. Ratio analysis
b. Budget
c. Balance sheet
d. Income statement
32. Q 121: Charismatic leadership is now considered part of _____leadership
a. Transformational
b. Laissez-faire
c. Servant
d. Transactional
Q 122: Workplace Stress increases all of the following EXCEPT
a. Job Satisfaction
b. Job Turnover
c. Increase Alcohol & drug abuse
d. Overeating
Q 123: Abdul Qadir is interested in expandingher garments business globally primarily to ___ _.
a. Implement tariffs and importquotas
b. Utilize export embargos to increase business.
c. Take advantage of supplies, new markets, and lower labor costs.
d. Take advantage of supplies, new markets, and a diverse workforce.
Q 124: The expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the desired outcome is
_________.
a. Effort
b. Instrumentality
c. Expectancy
d. Valence
33. Q 125: The process of increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation is
termed as
a. Job design
b. Job development
c. Job enrichment
d. Job enlargement
