This 3-sentence summary provides the essential information from the 4-paragraph document: The document discusses quantitative analysis and operations management, covering topics such as forecasting methods, inventory management, and lean production. Various quantitative techniques are presented for managing operations, making predictions, and reducing waste. The goal is to help readers understand how to analyze and improve organizational processes through the use of quantitative models and methods.

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ri~i'iil~un1h'lll'11'J'Ubb61:;'u'l61 ~~OJ:;bliu11eJ:J;J61~~u'i11111'~1i'rn~1VibDUbb61~1oii11eJ:i;:m111ihdbliu bb.ib'li1~u
ifoiJJ'WeJ ~u'i1111"i~'1:;1h~'11JN61rl1b~'iliiieJ~•.iJ1h~m'JJ1l~<if1b61'Jl'11~'1 11 bn'1m'il1nfi-cirn1l-lL'1'1 1um1
"11•ftu,1u'JJmeJ~'1m-, *~1um'm~i1fll">Nu'i11111iiieJ'1iJi1111~eJ"i'1nn~n,nTil-Iml11~u .~illVi•ni1N61• •
bliu<lf1b61'JJVl~il11ill;J61lu~uilf~'1il'~u ~u'i111l~~<i1•Du'~iiiil'•.iJ1h1~uum1"11•uu~1u'llil~il~'1fll"ieJ81~
. . .<V c:g "9 d. #:I. ~ 1~• -1""°""""""rilNJlflftfl!fl!lHl'l11llTl~!'HM'l'I 1.1.1 mn u1Au{)Ullfllfl11" 1.1.1
' ' ' .q t:i 1 #:I. #:I. "9 ""'!
!'lll!'ll1fll1ftfllJlrl'lfJ1J'l'l l l'll'l'll'l'I 1.1 !1M'l'I 1.1.1
i'.1~1nl11111 "m1n~1<1f'1lluh •Duflrn'1l-lli~'llil~Nu'i11111~~ liiltJfl~~~'~rl1urni'ltJh~1iJ1"1ll• •
m1&ii1lluhYium61" nT1~0J~n~1&ii1lluh~u ~u'i11111'~iiiil~cliu~i'.lm1l-lii'.loilil:J;i61~~Yi11Vii'.lm1l-l~uh
'Wil~'il~nii'1<if'1lluh m11iJn~1<1f'1lluhLni1'il1nni11m"i<lf'1lluh~i1i1b'l'111~1iJ~~eJll-ibbuh1u<iiil:J;J61 UiltJ
fl~'~llm"l1'11rnrnflni,y1 (case study) lu'l'll1d*~'~llm-,rl1111u'1n-llii.$lni,y1~iin$lni,y101:;ilei~'ln<iiil:J;Jmrn
111~eJ1lrn.iii1urnruiiul11iJmn Ll-i•wm'l'1eJ iin$lni,y1~noi:;ibrnruoilrn;161Ll-ifl"ilJm•flu'11c111GJ1'11LVfm1
'l•<i11~il'lJ1111iiu1iJ1"1~rnl'i1~m1 •-ilu.~mnu1um<1101'i~~1'11~1um1iJmm1n~oi~iln1"111 111l:J;J61~i'.l
~umut11u'1l-lu1rn '''1111i1n~'1l-1m-,1'111feJm1oii11ill-161i:l'il'luu~i1bYi1~11111.lulm'l,fl11~'11 bbil:;o/ii1lluh• • •
1u-,~<lfu111rt~ ~~N61~m'il'l~bn'1<111l-lmfeJm">L<il~uili~m1:>Jil1•1iu~'~111l~1111m1:>Ji111'ieJ.iJei:i;:61•~l-lb~l-I
b~ilm"><if'1iiuh~•bl-imh '1l-lJ"lffil-l1n~u111'iil<iiil:J;J61b~ilmwi1'1il!Jfll'><ifi1iiuh11]niiiil~b111m~'1l-IVl~il1iJ
111'ieJm'iloi~ullllrjm">.i'u1111.i'uffl'1*~11il:J;J61~oi~,l'JuiJ-,~LtJ'llurl1111~un1'>"11,uun'ilm1.ieJ1u1.l
1um1"i'1m1m1"11bttu~1unoirn">l-lil~hl<111:.J ii:n$lni,y101:;1i'eJ~1'11m1l-I•1111'ilnu'deJb~il,,Xu1
111~1lil'l}1111iiu11VftieJ,bbYfrieJui:iuiiieJ m1GiLOJ111t!'lVibb<11n b.iJ1h L'ii'Y11'i111'im1l1hi:J!1.J111111h1111'i1i'il~fll"i1Vi1'11
mJ1,1-,111'iilil'lJ1111~1Jm..n•lium.h'11"W-i'eJ:>J,ii~iiim•1l1h1ueill'1TI<i'1~'1 ~..~"Wu111'im~ilul'JJ.i1~11Vi~

19. -iiDl-ln~7m-ii1miiuriDui'lu<iimmmbbt1:;1Vimm11-ifol-1nLvrudJwnm.Yh1•"l~ -iiDl-lnLviml'lum1l-I
• • •
~"1,ilu bb<1:;vi1ni.i11t11-iinf1~bbt1rnbt1d1-iiil~n1'1-m~1mm'll~1m:S~tl"lmm vi"lD-iiD~n1viu~i'],~'ll:;Vi
1ub:S~mi1J11wii1~ fll'lbbt1rnbt1:;i1-iiDl-l<1m'li'lu"l'lllfll~ilm'lm'lliilbU'U~1uiiu1Vi'A'll"lilll 3Vf1-iiDV1'9'fl$iil' .1) Jl1ui:l•~m-llboii1 (input)
2) #11urn:;mum-. (process)
3) Jl1m.JnN!i<11 (output)
m1Vlm·:1t111nH.r1'llif11.011u11.Y1 (Input)
-iiil~n#i1ui:l'J~tJU1boii1vi"lD Input blJu-iiD~m~mnuil•~t1'1i1~'1 ~u1m1-ii'lum-.lii1bu'!4-l1u m-.
'A'll"lm1-iiD~<i~blJ'U Input iiu m-.,:;'A'J1"lm11Vi~vi1fl-iiD~n Input ~u1m1-tlaJIJfl<if1l~'Vl"lDii
fl1ll-1'1<11ilb'1~1l'U n'J:;'Yi11Virn:;u1um"lvi1~1rn'i'1Ltlbb<1:;/V1"lilN<1Nli<11bnilmll-1WilW<ll'111ill-1ltiLJI ,~11
•:;iirn:;mum-.~~'vi1'l'1n<111l-I ~~iiu ~~<ifml'.im-.fliurnmoifo~n'li1~'1 1vr~ ,r)D1Vil11l-11-.11u1~~~Jfl
<ifD1bvi1iiu~'J:;boii1m:;mum"l'Yi1~1uii"1Ltlum•1fliiu'11™•1-.m1m1mh~t!'llEN-iiil~n~•:;u11ti1-ifJl1t111
blJu-iiil~n~iim1i<'51•lJ'Ubvi1iiu ~~':;'Yi11Vim-.~'1m"lbn'1tl-,:;ifV1nNnbb<i:;tl;:;ifVInmw!~ m'lu1bm-ii€1~n
'51u1'Ul-11fl'l Vi)aJiim1l-lit1~tJl-11fli<1'-ii1rn:;u1um·N:;,tium•La.i~l-lnul111~m•:;~•:;tl7:;mn 1'fl'll:;Vi
-iiD~n'ii1~'1 m<11iiu1'1t11aJ'51blJ'U vi11VlL-ifV17wmrn1tim.h'1a.i~l-l~l
..:::.. 91 G 91
fll':i'l'l1ll':iil.!l'llfljll I'lllll'llil1~1J1'11fll':i (Process)
1fo~n#i1ufl;:;mum-,vi"liJ Process 1Jiwi -iiD~m~mnurn:;mum'lbb<il;~'U<11il'Umdtiijif~~m
'llmm;ii1bU'IWl'Um'liiml"im1i<tJ1111mD,l'.irn~1'Um'ltiijif~~1'Uil~1~h iin1'9''"n:;l'.im1l-llill-lldllb'Yi1l•
blJ'UV1~fl'llmm.U1-iiill-lf!Ji'1udm'lii'lVfbn'1tl;:;bti'l1U'lum•11~bbN'U m•~~~m m•G'i'1<11ll-I bbfl:;mu'1l-I
. '
m•l'i1buu~1u Jr~iiu 1uil,l"im•V1"lilV11'i1rn1um••:;ll-iiil~'<111 viu1m1ulln1'9',m•Nli111•vi1h l1
b'1~m~fl'lVl"lm'1~il~llD ""':;n1'9','1u~•rntln,V11il'lil,'lu Input 1<iimfluilmbfiL'Vlu -iiD~<ibV1<i1d•:;u1
1t11-iftl,:;fo'l1UlJi'D~l~mfll'Ufll'l1l"bN'Urll~'fll'lNfl111 fll~ilfll'lflillfllW bb<l:;fll';j~ilvilrilVl'Uilfll'l'Yil,l'U
(scheduling)'llm,1u'luviu1m1uV11flml"im•laJmm•11l1*1,n1'9',m•Nli1111Vl,f1t1mD'liDmmm.l1'U~boii1m
'il:;'Yi11Vibn'1m•<i1-if1 d'w1um-.Ni1111""':;1aJmm'll.ll1*1,Nm1u1111l-l~"lJiwl-ID1JV1mt11#1 'lurrnflt9'unu
vi1m1*1,n1'9'~m-.Nli<11mflbnu"lt1iim,tf11•:;mm·mt1ijifG'i~m"l<iiD~1~,f1t1~wil w;in'il:;bn'1m•11~1u (idle
time) 'llD1ri1~~m-.Nli111riilNmlilt1~1bb~fll"l'<11'YJ'U~LaJ~l-lfi1 m1:;'111'lJr11'9'1L'i!Yfum1u
-=>. v v ..::..
fll':i'l'l'il1':iil.!l'llfljlllll'lll'li:ll'li:lll (Output)
iiD~nJl1uN!'IJN!i111vi1il Output LJi'bbri -iiD~m~mnuN'<1Nli111vi1ilN<i'llmm•~1buu,1u "laJ11'il:;
'Yi1m'l,l'Uill;l'lV!lflllfll'l111'l1'ill11l1Jif1l~<I~blJ'UNflVl1il Output bb~111llJ'U11i1l-l~<if0~m'lVl1ilLaJ n'il:;bnil
m™'(l.llmbbn:;tl7ut11~rn:;u1um.'lrn1uV11Dm:;mufl1"lm"l'Yi1~1u'ii1''1 '~il~'il:;vi1'lvrbnilNnt9'w~~~

20. ~1-1'limiiei1'liei1 nu11.1 1u.m.itli]u~'JJmm"lmu<iJl<<iJrn111Y<n<J~1'iim1i,iunY<~m'li1111umfim.,y11iii1~1-1
V1'J'.il-ifil-'.im1'J'.l'l1-1'1J1N~n.'11 (customer complaint) mdJ1-1-ifm;1fl~<J~tlwrn~mumw1111-1'li111 '1Jmm.'im-,
V11nwu1m11-1V1'J'.eJN'tlnu~Y1nwu11'JY1n.ius:lm1<i111<Jflil1J~1~<i11-1m1l11<J1n-ifill<fl"111-1 Output d Nfl~l"1'I 'l<J q q 'II
n<J~dJ1-1m1~m.h1ri111-1V1u1m11-1V1'J'.iJn1J1J.i.imX1-1 m11'l<Jl'i"llil-ifm.Jfl"111-1Nf1V17il Output d'lvri1.;f1"111-1• • •
~""~1i.i~ 1v1il'lVfi11Nfl~~i:i1-1m<J<J~u11t1'l-ifnuV1u1mm51-1~-if111~!N dlum"l'llml'JNfl m1i,i~1t1'l1-1
V1u1m1wl1-11 V11nil~hi1~l-i~n<J~1li1-1uY11~l'l1-1'lVl"1i1oii1h1u1-1eJ1.'im1i,iiml'J11-1il1.'im-,'liil11.1
' ' . 'G} ,,:g I <=t <=t ~ .<::!.
!'1-1!!'1-11fll'l"l'lfl'lllll'111U'l'l 1 ~0'111'1 l.l !10~'1'1 1.1.2

21. •..All'l-11'1 1.2
' '
,:;ei,Y 1.2.1 m1:i.i'Y1mmm:;11<1Jmm·;"11mnl'i1l.i'll:Nil:ii'li1mrn
,4ei,~ 1.2.2 m'ill1:;~n<11"l'6m1'i<.i'll:Ni<:ii,mmrn
<1mfi 1.2.3 <if1Lbuu'llei,m1'i<m1:;V1,:ii,mmrn
1. m'l'il'1'll:;VI':jl,tfimrnLllum111-TN<if1LbUlJm1:;m1vn~1<11eimnn<if1bblJlJ'~ei1.t1~1<11eiu
~11K'1u1JH1lum'l<if"1i1uh'Yll~Ij'lfi"J
z. 1•1nm11Lm1:Ni•:il~mmrnlieiri1«u"1~u•~ei11:i11'.Jft~<11'll:i.1111n.i~~~ftm L"1m~:i.i"J1nm1
~un.irn<11m11<11'1'b'11111Lb11u'1vil'1-rnii~11K~"1fiu<if1••uum11111•m1:i.i,:ii,•lfu:i.111-6
t 'j 2'A !UA 2' <v I ,.,,! J; fDI ~ "-'
'Yll~m'l'Ylvn'l <nnum"1:i.Jr;j<11"1'1U<il'lbblJU<111''1 L~:i.J'llU:i.JlluU!11"1lJ
3. m1li1:;EJn<11"l'6'i'b'1m1'ib.i'll:;Vib:ii~mmrn 1"1m;.~1:;1u~1uY1ncy"lfi"J•llum1l'i1•uum1
L~€1LiJi't;'fm1:i.i.J1111ei'11'lftUl'Yli1~"J:;1.t11111ii,Um'l<ifilftUl<J,~mnum'll'ill'UU!i"ln"J l~€1• •
vi11VIIl"n"111ii~~"1ey~~"1'llei~li.,:;il'Yllin1~1;';
4. <if1Lbuum1'lb<fl'll:;VIb:ii~li1mrnYi~;';i.t1Lftuei1U'J/"1'i'b'1d1;';mi <if1bblJUm11li1Lbrn:i.i':ii~,ffu
<if1bblJUnl'l'llufi, 'YI11i.;5m1<if"1i1uh m1<if<11ilu1<m1l'.J1~viml'.lnl:Jmru,o/ibbl1:;<if1bblJU
ci1ilu~ub:ii,1l!fl'll:;VI m'l'ibm1:;VIb"11ei.n1m1uLbft:;<if1Lbuum7"1ei'VJ <if1bblJU.im.im.1
v ,.I J
1llfi!u':i:::i:l'.:iri
b~ei0ni.;1<11eiu~ 1.2 "JUlli'i'l un0ni.;1mm'lll
1. eilirnl'.Jm1:i.i'Y1ml'.JLbci:;'l1'<1Jmm'l'llmrn'l'ib<fl'll:;VI,:ii,mmru.11K
2. eilirnl'.Jb~eiu1'll'llei~m'l1.t1m'l1•m1:;V1,:ii,111mrn1111i'lum'lbvi:i.ie.Ji1<11rn~1;';
3. eilirnmLu1~il'llei~<if'mlJlJ'111''1 lu'i·inm'l'il<fl'll:;VIb:ii,111:i.i1ru,11K

22. • •<!! ~
!10~'YI 1.2.1
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fl1llJ't'ilJltl!!t'l~11~'Wlftl1'U0~ftl11!fl1l~'t'i
!;f~tttlJlW
vnnmh1li~i'lf1~111i'i1EJnl'i-'lbm1tVil'R~ll'hnru.LL.11 'J:;i'.l;m'lEJrn'iueJtj 3 ;€1 $iei m1'lbm1::Vi
b'R~mmru, 'Vl'ieJ Quantitative Analysis 'l'Ylmm1%1iim"l 'Vl'ieJ Management Science bb!1tm1i~!J
b'n~lliju&im1 'Vl'ieJ Operations Research iif~d~ueJtjnuLLU1'Y11~'Vl'l€ll1:J.J:J.J€1~ (approach) ~1i'lum1Yl,n1ru1
UeJn'J1ndl'J'~il'l'lf1m~fl.i'1EJfl~~nuLun1fl'l'lf1Lfl™::1ff1ilil4 L'i!Jffll 'l'lf1Lff11'!ll'l&i 'Vl'ieJ Econometrics
~~VimEJ!i~L'Ylflufl<il1~'1 ~1~um1'lbfldl::Vi'Yl1~bff"i1'1l'i11i1i14
fl113J'IUJ1£J911illl'IJ1'11Hl'lflfll"illfl"il:::Yl1:ti-:itJ13.11tu (Quantitative Analysis)
lULbU1'Y11~1i11:J-Jl'lf1m1'lLfldltVibon~mmru.d 1.-i!Jvf1LllLL.11bJlUbbU1'Y11~~L-ifnulW11'1l'lf11J"i'V11"l
Jfln'J riiN'J1nmi~nw:i1m-i~'Jru"lV11-iii-in'J~U 'J::L-ifiif~i'Ylm'f11ilil4mi:;i'li1ll:; (Science and Art) 1u
mTu1V11'1nm-i'Y11~i'YImmilil4m1i'lum-iu"lV11-iTI1n'J~u 'I::Ll'ium1&i.-ibL'1t<i'i.-ii1uh 1'1!J~U"11U'll€1~' ~
<i'i1b'1'll'Vl'ieJ.ifil:1;Ji1~l'.liltj m1'lbm1::Vi,:n,mmruV1mEJii' mm1ifJ1.ifm;Ji1~dJu<i'i1•'1'llmll-i::m!JWi!bllu.
il,f1m1:J.J-i' (knowledge) 'Vl1umwurnfl (information) xr!fl1-if<ilri1uhrrn1t1n'J EJn<i'11mh:1b'liu b";nl'.l
.if€1:1;Ji1in&iLueJ~lileJtj<;i1u1u'Vl'l~ mn&ililb€11:J.J1'Vl1'11b%~!J (arithmetic mean) V11'11fhub1'imblJU:J.Jllil"l.!jlU
(standard deviation) bbi1::dJum1:J.Jib~mnull-i:;'illfld'llil~m11l1')ru.'wu&imh~h byjeJ~'J::u1Ltll-if
<i'iii11uhb'R'Jl"n'J<ileJ11.J V1'ieJV11fflin'Jm1l1m1:J.Jii~mffuJnfi1'lleJ1n'Jm";d1 Jnfi1m1-ifu"lm11uilii111~
:J.JlnUeJ!J'lJUllilL'VIU bb'1:0n'Jm"Ji'.lm1:J.Ji1m1nlum11Viu"lm-i1Vi11.-iL11mn'11Ullil1'Vlu n'Jm1nmm1n~
'JtLm.ifei:J.J!1LV1fi1iXU:J.J1ll"i::m'1lVilli'im1:J.J-i'11imum1ill (situation) m11Vimm1'llei~n'JmdL!'iuilu11h• •
jnfl1'J:;~~v·mhLL'11'Vlu V1'ieJjnfl1'Jttl"i::6luiJ'lJV11mnihilmf1EJ~llil ,yjei'li1EJ1um1<i'iii11uh11lueiu1fllil
m"i~'J::1'1l1m1LYi:J.J~lilm1:J.Jmm1nh1m11Viu"lmdL~:J.J~u'Vl'lei1:J.J LL!1tV11rn~:J.Jmw"lm"ilb'11jnfl1'Jtl1
ml:J.J~~vmhmn~u'Vl'leiLl-lL<Wm1.-i
<i'i~iXu bl1eiv:l'J1-;ru.11uL'lf1'llil1m"iibfldl::ViL'lf1mmru. m:J.J1"innfi1111i'in111'1 11Li'.leii'.J<i'IJL!1'llLb'11
'JtLm<i'i1L!1'llmll1:;m.,tV1,n.-ieJ1'1m1:J.Ji•yjeJ1til~um.,il.-i1uh'Y111ii1n'J11i'ieJu11h luLeJnm1tl"itmi1
i1"i::'l'll1m"i'lbfl11::Vi,:n1mmru.d'J::nfi11ii,11lm"i<i11'1 ~'Jrn1::m'1.ifeJ:1;J'1lu~mJu<i11'1 LvleJ1Vllli'idJu
ml:J.J-i' ~1'Jtl-11iihum"ii-i'11<i'i1rnJu (model) 1uwLLuu"111'1 ,yjeJfln1't1LLi1:0'lbfldl::Vim:nun1"iru"111'1 ~. ' .L~EJ1num1~.-im"i 1u~d'lleJ1Viibnflnmb.if1h11<i'i1bL1JlJ (model) "11~'1 ~u1LiueJnululi111'11udiif1
VI'11EJbl'iun1"i"i1u-;1:J.Jimti1:;iun11ru'lleJ~un'l'lf1m"iLL"::ibn~.-im1"11~'l ~1'1tl1:;iunuiJtJ'VI1"":;fu
'V1u11lm"i'Vl1'111iieJlJ'lleJ~iJ'lJV11iXu'l ~e.hum f!J"i:;lii1~'1 LU'VIU~~eJli111rrnli'i1ud ~~bl'iuLY1EJ1<i'11eJu1~

23. 'llm1ilm11h~;J,J'lt1.ifei;J,J11"il1m1mum1rn1uei~<ii~r-l1um11 b~eil'.l.ifei;J,J11~ueith,V1ii, 14fl'.lnwu1m
• •
1h~m111u~ni,rru~V1ii, bbl1~14fNl1bU'.fl,fi'm1;J,JVimm1mm1t11-ii,1w1ifl1t114f bY<'ll~>t~tXuwu,fifl4f1u
n111b'fl11~Vib'ii'ili;J,J1ru~'l-l1b<.1ueinuT<iitJvf11ti"il~blJu<if1fl~1'm'nh~m<1<if1bb1JlJ<ii1''1 ~'1u~dll14f'l-l1bm
<if1bbuutl1~mru 10 <if1bblJlJm1Vi0ni,r1 bY<11~>1~tXu"i'<iitltl1~mfi''llfl,m'l0ni,r11u1'1i1m'l1b'fl'll~Vib'ii'
'
ilimrud'.Jum'lfini,r1<il1fl~l''llfl'm~u1um'l;,i<il'llfl'iin1'1i1m·rn1mXn11'1mm1w1flufl~<il l<iiff'l<il*
vimtJ~bbVi"il~'1um'lfini,r1 <iffl,m'l1Viiin0ni,r1~'V1mtJ14f1'111u11 b~fl14fri1m1i'1ni,r11'1i1d1bii'1l'.lm1;J,J
b-ii1hm1;J,J;,i<iibb<1~1ilm1'llfl,iin1'1i1m1ml11~u ~'vi1ni1iinfini,r11~Y<uvi1flbN'iitlJnu<.1mum1rnb~mnu
IImm1t1'1-l1<if1uurnvil11tXumtl'l~tJn'iit'614f vi1flvi1ntl1~<.1ununmum'lrn~"11'Lu<J1nYi14fit1bi.1'.fl111u
'
'Jl<il1'1i1d iinfinmm10nB1"il~mm'ln'l-l1mtu1um1;,iil'llfl'iin1'1i1m'lbV1Gi1tXu~r-i1umbbii'1 mbllu
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26. 1-14 ni17ifJTI::i1Ltfi..JJ.fl3.J1fUUfl~n111ill'!nT'Jnl':lfii1iUuJ1U
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bblJlJ5'U'l b~~~Ui.J15n1'1flltJ<il'lbblJlJ mfl <il'lbblJlJm'.lLU'Jbbrn~~l'U'l'Ubllii.J (Integer Programming) <i11
bbl.Jl.Jnl"l'll'UCT~ (Transportation Model) m1<if<ilft'Uhmt.1'l<ii1'1fllt.lnlJinill'l1 (Multicriteria Decision
Making) 'lunmi~mnmlibn'l'll1m1llw1 1111'11m1fif1'<il1bbuubbsi:;'lllmri1'ilillJ'iiln<il1bblJlJ~n1'1mt.1'lll
b'Jiu im'l'll1fili~mfifi,<i(1bbl.Jl.Jbbtnfi1ltJ1"1tJ'l1im"ibb"lmb"Llin'611.lLi'UUL'lit.1si (Exponential Distribution)
fom11bb'ilrnb'il~i:l1'lf~ (Poisson Distribution) ml.l-;-~t.1n#i1-i1'l-Xbfi<ilm~rnum"im1~i'b~tnnumnfi1ltJ
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Ji ~ ~ • fl 9 ~ • 1.1 • I d ~. IA d .fl
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<i11bbl.Jum{fiei'l"l bllwiiu '1'1'l1:;~i:iu~'n<i111efi11'l'll1'lbm1:;Vi,:n,mmrubllu'l'l11~bfi<il'[,,,i.] 'll1,l.!1:;mru
~'m1~1flnfi%~~ 2 bllu'l'lf1~u1bmb'YlfiUfi1'1~1lm1?i<il'll1l~ii:n'l'll1ml1'1flltJfi'U m"i1ml'lu<il1bblJlJU'.l~bJl'YI
'ii1~'1 'l'lf1d~,1i.i'l'llb4m'll1l~'YllJ1'15~'171,~u V1~1l1'1llnm1Li,"l'l11m'.l bb'iibllu<il1ei8wn1l,<il'lbblJlJ.i1''1 ~
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28. 1umm1oiie1:1;Jflm'loitlu'lli(iiu'J::~11'u111'lB'lum'JYi1,1uiiu L1itJvf11u-iiD:1;Jfl~Yi1'lVIiii1il'luh1;'f,fo.1
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'1m(iim'1o/l~m'l-iiYi1'lVIbi'lu-iim~"il"il'i,~1.J4fo'lmlimnub'l'ldl::"il::l'l-iiD:i;jflblJUiii'lbfl'llVl"iiliif1il'lu1;'1.~11'11111lU
Liu uein-i1J1u"i::nm1;'11tJTI1o/I lill111L"ilu 2 rl1u eiein'll•<Ju 1 rl1u oii'1ib"ilu1l-illmlimfiu w1i'l'lmmJ1'l'1
'lrlwi'1:1-J1'lVIYl<J1'Jrn1LLii'1m:J.J1~Jldu'iij'Yl~LVl:J.J b~:J.JLl-im.ihb'l'l"il::U1!JV1lb~:J.J<J~V11m1:1-J<J'i11;'lmn~u •'ltJn
11•mllu'luini,;rn::mNm:J.JTI'Jd:J.J .~eil'l~m1J1LLn1ri111iJYi1m•'Yl1ifl!Nib'1d1::VilJ'Yl1"'1l'l •~eil'lNfleJDn
mn'l'lei<J::Uiln1;'111J1iiuu'iij'Yl~lU'J::'1uLVIU';'; l111'Jl)1l1fill'Jm1lu11l'lmdtl::1'J1lzj'luJ1iiu bbfi::Vllrn.11:1-J
11fiu.-iu111tt"llu'1u~111'lei1l-i ''liud'::•llum•'ib.-i"il~-ii1l:l;Jflri•llum:J.JTI'Jd:J.Jmh'fil, 11,::SJm•!ln•ntMnu
1.Ji,u LL'ii1111nl'lm'Tii1111u1i:J.J1o/l"iS1u111'l1lm1lu•vl1l'lVl•llu~mw •'liu >llu'1u~111'l1l'tl-inlJri'l'lq<ilnd'J:J.J
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mTJ1il')rnn11'ln>llum:J.JTI'>"i:J.J~1;'1SJm,,riTVIU11mDumDmo/l"ij1U'ii1''1 ~u:J.J1mnmtJ ,yj1l,~ri1111u111;'1
d'.Ju~lllld"i:J.J~-l111.11Vl-li1l:i;jflrioii'1i~Ubbrl~ri.~tn-lieN'l~1'1p::~lJ'll1l'l'Jllin11'1'ii11'1 bbi:ilT'l~blJU'Ul:J.JTI"i"i:J.J
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>'liu m"imin<J1nu1u•Yl1l1llYi111um••~l'l111mtm'1um' ilnq:ni,;1n<J::l'l-ii1l:J.J'1'll1l1bb'iiflrn'1u'Yl11 ••ii::m"i
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ilnfi1lm•'l-iim•'i'fld1~,;;''E-1ll'imrnbbii'1 ~'vin'1U'::Yi1bllull"i::~1'lull'imrn'llD'-li1l:i;Jf1Yi'Wmnrim-ii,;~m
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ii' 100% <J::1fo,ii1'lu•1tJfl::bBtJ1imn~'lJ'1flflll-i'11m"il<J::Yi11;'1 "il::<ii1l,mflm'141l,i'.J1l'ii1''1 'll1l,m"i
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lUfjflU'l'jUU~'d'iusi'1'll1l'fll"ibb'l],ifurili''l'l'J:J.Jbb11U (globalization) bbfi::fJ'1'llrN-li1l:l;J'1'11"i'1Ub'YI'1
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29. 'llB,li-ir,'ll1rn~''il"ri1viu<iim1ldm'llB'u1uli~<ii1ef1i.lth,,vimr,i1:1J ii.lmw111:1Ji1,'llenli-ir,'ll1rnmm-irivi1v v 'l.I 'I.I
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flUfl1iJ~n'J'llli1flGm<JL.ifU"ivlt1'l1iJ1ef1<J1milm~ti b'Yilt'1un1lifilVIU<il'fl1llJR''lJi.l~1JlUU"lr,"1l<iitiL.if.i1'f11llJ. ~ .fj'n"~rnlJumrn'l"I n<Jr,1ef1rnuli""'IJ~i'.im1:1J•vimr,i1:1Jnu<iim'1l•wrnfl111'l •Yi11"u ~nfl11111ll~fim1ldi
ef11uflliGimnn:h511il<i1111Ui.lt1 ~!J1"l1J1 •m<l1u111ru~IJ'~iJ<i1Ul'ilr,i'.im1ld~LtlITT11 2.0 ww- (.ilb%~t1 +
d ~ Oj 2'.., Ji~ (( ' d""'- 2' ' 0 '
~<:< (<1murnLuum'il"l}llll)~ nm'il1'll'1l1bi1'll11'1:111mru'l'I ~W'lldm1:1J~:1J1nm1111m"irifl1111rnfl1
m1:1JID"JY1llu (prnhabilityl •W'j1niii.ld;j<Ji1~mfrir;u'11 '1ufii'.im1:1Jmbi'111n'111.9o •~Vi'd:l.1.275%
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111mm111 lll"i4i'<i1l11hmt111fvimt11lijbnrn<t. lii'1bb1J1Jl'1"J,'li1rn111 lii'1bb1J1J PEHT/CPM 'Y!.rJ'.1:1~1111'
~~l11h bb11~~1b~~um4'1eiW o/11bbuubbm~~t1 "i1~~''lnrn•flm:11lii~bbu~1'1lt1m"lL.ifm.,.~111~~lmoo1m- - -" - -·-- -- ---~- -"- -----.~-------- --··- ~------"-"'"-- ,.
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<i11:1-1~1ef1mi11mbbii'1L11li•~1'~'ll1l''l'lf1m•"ibfll'1r,Vib~'li~:1-11rn11m-illidbbrn:1-1b~'bl11t'111LlJ11
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30. ~ililajil~11'11n.iil~111.,~1'l:;1'i1111111N19~~'l.i N19~'l:;111~~'1.i~1-1~1-1€1ajn1J11i1qJ11111117€1'1mum"lrn~
fi1-.1iirii,n~Ubllum"liin1'!1'1bll.lf1l"lrnb~il1€1:;h 1l-J11'J:;LlJU6'1ll.lf1l"lrn'll1mm.i'llltJ';jl')il filh';jlijil N19
Nii"1~i.J1n~'1.i 1117€11Jl1'1~1m<J<J:;LlJwii1-1r11-1~~1~fl.iii1-1~ilLU1111mtJ111'iil~1~m11il1m"l 'J1mi1'11n.i-~ q q ~·---
f11li.Jii'1bblJlJ'lli)lnl'l1lJ1LLn"J:rn'il1•iitt ~€1 "alloc.ation of limited resources for optimum use or result"
"l:;illJ"l:;L~.11'1-.n 2 i.hn~.1~€1 °-13ti.mu!Il r~sult ~1111J-JltJP1_ ~l~JilU,~~11,l -~~~1~d~~il ljmitlct
resources 111m!'JP1 1111vm1rn~l'.l<i1fi.i LYl"lW'1%~1-I !l1fltJ.,:;n!l1J'llillf1l"l1tJ·mrni.JL'illbi'i1-1~1tJ"l:;nil1J111tJ,-._,.____ ~~- ---- ~ " ' - ~ ~
2 ri11-1 ri11-1LL"ln~m'11r'.li'wl'<ii1JU"l:::fi1fl (objective function) ~€1~1rj1l<J"l11-ll 1117€1 optimum result
1117€1Nl9'l1€11m.,~.i"""~,.,1tJ"l1"l11m •'liu ,.,111€11m•~.i"""1111'y;l'J1rn•~il111111111h<J1'l.i w1n<li'11
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'111-1~'1illl'iil-iiil~lnill 1-IL'ill'Yl1Ylmrn (constraint) 1117€1 limited resources :IJ11ufobblJlJf1l'SLU'SbbnW
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'ltii,fiB ri1i1~m;w~<i1V1jeiiJ'ii-J1rurn:i-Hll2rl1:ei'lh'J1ll~J10Ji<il1lil151~®'ei'lri-JilrJnliJii;if,)u6m~-oa1ui'lu"11
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4fu,jDJ'.'~'l111}!0 LwtJ,jbLlii4hLLUUnl"i'lJUcb~UlbiUfl'iiJdl'liim:i-bbflUl!JVllliil'l111'illDDl'lbbflUl!JVll'llil,l0l'l
r11'lLLmm~'llftU 'liim.,dd'ium'l1-iim"in~ (logic) lllW'lii~L'irnYll Stepping Stone LL'1mii Modified
Distribution vi'iil MODI 1Unl'l'Vll'1llllilU 1;;J1Ji'l-iiw'l!mltlllJlilcfl1bbUUnl'.'111'lbbOWb~ilbftUbLUUbb"iD~
mh1i-;1bb.'11 LWIJ~LUUL'liuddJum'lld1L~iluL'llVlii'l~ildiuL~ilUL'll<l1 LYll~'llililcfl1LLuum"i'llUftil
fl1111J1Jfll'HJ3'U'IUJ1£J~TU (Assignment Model)
!4 v • ' • d 1·'v • ~ ' JbuUnl'l'5J®l1TIDJllilillU'iiJ1DbbVIMlllU'Yll,l (source) VIUil lJmm1~llll<h1DJ"jlrl':iiDIU'.l~'Hllf!YIJ~
(destination) yrtL..m1mLlllnlii1i1'l~VloJlilcfl1LLUUm'li-JilUVli-Jlm1u~lii1'lL11"l1n<fi1bblJUDJ"i'llUftil flil m:i-
, ' .<V ' !I.I A .,_, 1~1"" I ! .<ol l A ' v .fl
'iiJ<illl'.'"i'iiJlDbbV1'1illllU'YllilVl1il'iiJ~llJW'1)'5J "1l1" LJ tJ,)bb'Jll'1i11W1IYIJ.J bl'l ! !ill!lJ! !YJl)j}jillbYIJldJJ. LLJ1nl'.'
v ~· A, A~'" v v ' 1 .I~ ;'l • • d.I ~ < °f
'5J"1i'l'.' LVlbblJlJ)l!JM!i!flV!l.:I bl-JbVll-Jil1DUlll1fltJl,j'lJfl,j 'J,))11111.JU'libl-JUlll L1'lll'llll1 'li>11.J1l'libl-J1lll'5Jl0 b"J,))111
vii1ilmilfi111m"l1JDftil111il''l~116m~"l1ui111.l1~~>1V11'<ilb;tJil1vi;;.i U1ilft11ill"J"J~ftil111~~116~01>1L'YIYl-
i-Jvnum ~'ll1m:i-LL11ilbll11<J111111tlil!J1#i' wMi1dJu<fi1LbUUDl'.'l-JilUVIWtJ,)111111;Ll-JU.'i~N~lll"JlDh)l,)11
•
VIrt,l'iiJ~4ffl'lftil111iJ'iitj116<J1wu1!.I~bfi tJ1 byiJ,:(U b'li11LfitJ1nunucfl1bblJUDl'l'llUftii Dl'l~'lcfl1bbUlJnl"il-JillJ
Vimm111<11W'lrlb:zitJ1blJ1cfl1bbUUnl'll11"ibb0'.'l-Jb~iibft1l#i'b'JiunuDcl11flil l'.JDl"i~il1'l'ln-if1llll1J11"i~i'!'l,)fiil
DlWl1Vl4f111111vi'iilfll1-ii~l!J~Ln"1~U'5Jl0Dl'J~lbUU'll1~lj"1 milnlWl1Vir.J'1'1Ji),)Dl"J~lbU1,llul'.lfi1jilj<il
m EJ14f-iimi1n<ilfiil viii1EJ~1•ilu'l1111lili1<11m-,ri1#i'jrn111vi'iill1'l1u1Vl'l'i1 5111~wvi'iil~11ijuo/i,1111#i'ju
i-JilUV1mm1ubii-Jm1mnm:i-ri'l'i1'l1u1#i' r.Jlm1~ilflnm1lili1bii-J~lllli-J~1iil'lm"i LLliim'lV1l'1llllflU"llD<fi1
LLUUDl'Ji-JillJV1mm1u'iiJ~l1i101'r~L<i<Yl1~<fi1b'liunul<iiEJ'iiJ~1-iilllTID~~L'iun11 Hungarian Method Lll1101"J
1-iilllTID~~~l!JDoJlif1bbUUDl'l'llUfi,jbYl'll~btlunl~<il'TIbLUUVlrt,)IiiilVI~
fl11!1J1Jfll1flOltrii'l'il (Decision Theory)
cfl1LLUUnl'lcfl<ili111h blJUcfl1bbUlJ'lJfl,jb~iJ11'111urn'lcfl<ili1Uh 1u~LblJlJliilil'l n<i11fiil Dl"illll'!i'1
hmEJL<ifi'mu01-,ill~LLU1il1 (decision under certainty) Dl'lcfll'lliuLwnu1<iri'fmu01"Jcii'i';;Jbbu11ilu
(decision under uncertainty) m"J<fi"1i111hmu14fam1101'lm~l1m1i-JL~m (decision under risk) Vl~il
mli-JUl'iiJ~bll1 ~,j-~l101-,1171i1cfl1bbUU'lJi),j~LLUUDl'Jcfll'llluhlll1i-Jdil1l'll'lJiJ,)Ol"Jcfl"1i111h L'li11 1urn'l
fl~,)nl'Jcfl<ili1Uh"l~l1b~il1L'll'llfl,)Ol"Jcfll'!l11hLY1illili'1JiN'111'l~1EJ'11Uj'lj"1 Vl'iilDl'lcfl"1i1Uh 111ii'D1'rill~~11
5111~4fmbft!.IVl~ill11fu11u~1~j"1 vi'iilm'l<ii<illluh 10E.Jl1dfl111'111Vll1fi1LfttJlilrni~lj"1 (minimax regret)
'Yl11'1-fim'l<ii"1i1uh LLuud Dl'lVl1'1l<ililU1Vl<ii1LLUlJ'iiJ~1-iim'lD~Lnrnliuii1111viqj E.Jrn1urn"i<fi<ili1uhmEJ
111€111l-Jb~tJ,j"J~LlJ10l'lU1bill'YIl1'i'fim1l-JUl'iiJ~Ltl11L'ihm11-,~tin.'i'li1tJl11if1LbUU Ji'lmrn'lJiJ,jif1LLUULL'lJ1,j
Dl'Jcfl"11uh (decision tree) ~l'.10111-iim1i-;u1'5J~Lli11'118'lN'1i1Y<TI~-~1#i'bblii'1~fl~lilm11-,rnn.'ibyjil,~
'
11:i-~bl'.lum'lL~iln'llfl'lm"J<fi"111uh"1w1 'l'i11Vlmm:i-mmurni'iEJUYJJ'lL~iln"11'l'l ,yjil1Vl<ii"11111hL~iln1#i'

32. 5n<i11bblJlJ'Vl'if,fi~'1u1mTm1i,;iim1:wu1'J:;dimn1.J-:;:;f.Jn.fl.jj1'1wim-:;<ifi;i1uh'lum-:;wJi,1fm:ow)1,
2HltJti;itJm-:;<ifi;iluh'llrnHltJ'Vl'if,l'jN;;i<iiflm'l<if1?11u'l'J'llfl'5nHltJ'Vl'if, b1tJn'll'Y1']1'!ijm:w (Game Theory)
~'<i11bblJlJ'llil''Y1'11'1iim:wdmm"lt1'li1tJ'lVi4im;1'inum1'111 'lu'1mum"lm~iim"lbb'li,1iu 2 Hl!.id uforntJ
m-;<iii;isuhbblJlJl'Vlu~'J:;1'h'lvr~<ifi;iluhi:iuii4JmfttJUfl!.1~"1'Vl1fl1'1N'11.J-;:;1tJ'll~1n~i;imtJ'l'1il1':w:w~~1u11
~<ifi;iluL'J'llrn5nm!.l'Vl'if,,;(ul'14im;1mbl1:;l'1V1Gi'nm"l'lum"l<if1?11uh ti;itJ'l<iibW>JN'iflth'b~mnunlJHltJ'llrnm
1nm"l'Vl1'11<11ellJ'lVinu'Ylq1'1ijbrn.JS1 2 bblJlJ bblJlJ~'Vl'il,,'l<ii<11"l"ln:o'lum-;<ifi;i1uhV11'11<11fllJ bblJlJ~'1fl''l<iim"l
11.J"lbbm:wb'll~bifu'lum"l'Vll'11"1fllJ
m1fl'Aiftti'ililll'Jii11'1rn11'Jfl~!flWorl (Multicriteria Programming)
m"l<if"11uhmtJ'lo/J'Vlmtmi)mrn.vi'J:;bbU~flflmlJu 31.J-;:;u1'Y1 ~fl 1.J-:;:;uwm-;n Preemptive Goal
Programming ~fl m"lu1<i11bblJ1Jm"l11.J"lbbm:m'll~bifUJ.J1~ni,;1<il1.ifff~1ni;i ni111~fl 'VllnNflur:iu<ifil
'i1n1?1ileJn1u'J:;1'h'lVid'ii;iN'i<iieJ'i'mum"lrueJtJ1~h b'liu 'lum"lNli<111ufi1'llu1?1V1rl~b"l1l'1.ifeJ~1ni;ili11u
1<11t1~1Jbbl1:0bb"l~'1u ti;itJs:i1<11t1&lu1~bfiu 500 V1u1tJ mi:ol'1bb'l~'m1~bfiu 100 ~1t:w~ mno/leJ,mn11n1S1• • •
'Yll~bliiln~<J:;'lVf'l.jj1"1!J~rnfiu 500 V1u1tJ1'1 'Vl1il'l.jjbb'"'mbfiu 1oo ~11m1'1 <J:;b~iln'Yll,bl1iln'l01~1mu
b'Yil'li;i mtJ'lo/11<11t1tl"l:;'i'~fi~<J:;l'1Nl1Ni1<11m'11?1 <if,i:iu m-;<if011uhb~fln<J:;o/lm<iii;iluh b~flm:;V1-J1,'i:;bl11?1• • •
(violate) biilu1'll'lJrn1<11t1~1J nlJb~flUl'll'llil,bb"l,,lu<J:;'i:;bl1"1~.jfil~ln1?1L1?1Lu~1u1ub'Yi1L"1 'Vl1il5niitJ'Vl'if,~il
•
<J:;'lVii11Jlum1:w'11fi'IJ (priority) 'llil,'i1u1u1'VIUJ.Jlnn11nu 'luii'ni,;rn:odb1tm11 d'lu Preemptive Goal
Programming
1.J-:;:;m~'i'il' ~il Multiple Objectives Goal Programming tln~m-;11.J'lbbn"ll-lb'll,bifu 'J:;Sl
y;j,fi'iiu"l<11!Jtl'l:;'i',fir'i'ub~mnuY!~n'iiu4iil~1ni;i5n"J1"1'Vl'if, bb'ii'lumnumm~l'11<111Jtl'l:;mfi~o/Jmm-;
lJ"l".il1'Vll1ltJ1<11t1tl"l:;mfi<J:;1.jj Multiple Objective Goal Programming bb'i:;o/lfl,rll'VIU1?1'11<if1Jm1:w• •
rl1firu'llil~bb'lil1:;1'<11t11.J"l:;'i''fi1~ <ii'1bblJ1Jm"l11.J"lbbn"l:WbUl'VlmtJ1.J"l:;m'Y1 Multiple Objectives Goal Pro-. .grammingf<J:;blJu<i11bblJlJ~<J:;'l'i1'lVim<iii;ii1uh~i;imwmmn~S1'i1n01b~ilN'ili''V1i~~~~i;i,'liub~tJ1nu
'ii/ 51~...
~'Yi~ Preemptive Goal Programming bb'i:; Multiple Objectives Goal Programming 'J:O b'll1llnl"l
bbniJ'IJ'Vll'llil'nl"l11.J"lbbn"l:Wb']l,bftU'Vil'11"1illJ
tl"l:;m'Yl~fil:J.J ~e:i Analytical Heirachical Process H1t1 AHP d'/u1lim'lfiu11u11flum11Vf
'1rnuuil<J~tJ<ii1''1 <111:wi11Jlum1:wrl1ffqJ <if1iltll,b'liu 'lum-:;<ifi;i1uhb~ilmifu'Y11,'lt11"1ti'i'l"l'Vl'ii~Lifu
'Yll,'lJfl,lJ'J:iffi'!lmfobbvi,'Vl'if, illOJ<J:;~i;ii',iJOJ~tJ<iil''l b'liu 'i1u1utl"l:;'l11m~<J:;'l<iiu1m'lLflu'Yll,,:Cu 'i'ml"l
nl"l'J"ll'J"llJ'UbflU'Yll,,;cu il'IJ'Vll~'bb1"1~fl:W'Vl1il:W'illl1:01JULflU'Yll,,;(u 'lum~<J:o<ii"1SUh 'lUb4il,<if'nii11
ti;itJU"ln~<J:ol'lm"l'lVii!l'VIUn'Vl1il'lVf'1:0bLUUbb<ii'i:oil'J~tJ bb'li~nOJ:ol'lil'IJ'Vllll'J:O'lVf'1:0bbUUU'J~tJi:iU'l b'Yil'li;i
~'<J:Ob'Vlm:; b'liu <J:o'lVii'.i1V1iin'i1u1u1.J1:o'l11muuLftu'Y11,i:im'Yi1'li;i blJuo/Ju AHP LUUb'Y1'1U'fl'lum"l'Vll
1iim"lLum'lL,ii,'.(l'VIUn'lm,iJ<J~EJ.Jl''l Lum"llVl,'.(l'VIUni:iud'Ju1u'luL'lf-11'¥1tJl '118"1~bbl1:0bliU'l~lJ1Jl-lln~u
l"1tJm"llJ"l:O[jn<l'ibil1Vl'll'1rn<11m'li1l'J'lUnl"l'Vll,'.(l'VIUn'llfMU'J~tJ<ii1''1

33. W'J!!lllJ1rrH-ii1tJ'l1'1! (Network Model)
o/11LL1J1J1ri·wii1tJ,1udJuL1'1f!Ufl'lleJ.:im'l1Lfl'll~Vib:jr'J.J'hnmiinbb1J1Jvrd, ~'dlunw~1iliN
rrmum'lrn~l1mJv;:1'V'11~j,jil1ililnm'tw;J..i'llm1m,'li1tJ mh1f'iil l11j,juOl (node) l1m1l-lfl'l-!wun'llil,w1iil~
• •
11'j.hOJ~mm1rnoSill-!1mnu1illdlu1m,'li1tJ :iJ..ILLUU'llil'1m,'li1m1um'il'il~Lliu1ri.,,'JJ1tJm,mHm'V'i o/11ilth'
L'liu 1m,'li1ti'llmm1L~urr1tJLW'l~Vl':i1,ei1mil 1~w:i1'~'WlOl rfl-ll-1&111l1ei1milil~ 6-7 ei1mei ~<1Jei,m1
L~umtJ1wvh~'~<lfmo/f'1i1uh$lff,~L~umtJ1wV11iltl1'1~~:;e-J1u'Yjnei1mil~<lfmm110tJ't-iimtJ1wileitJ~')'1
n'il~L-iio/f1bb1J1Jtm,'li1rnnu~L'fon11 Minimum Spanning Tree j,j'iiliinwd,o/f1mJ1, 1vlfmi LlJudiu
m''tum1si1Li1mj,j'iiJm1L~.h1'11' o/11iJ81,L'liu mn<llei"m'lL~'i-11'11,'illn'<jOlj,jii,11..it'.i'iin'<jOlj,jii, m'ill'lm"
Li1iln'l~L~'i-11'11'1illj,jmmi'iu1'11' ~~1LUu,rn,~Li1ilrni'ium''lum'lL~.hrrn'il1n'<j1ij,jii~11..it'.i'iin'<jOlj,jii,
iJtl1"h~":;LillLi'i'l-l1'11'~~.h~Zj'11il~'l-ii f'iil Shortest Route Problem
iino/11iJtl1,j,jii, rfl-ll-1&111<1liJ,rn1~'1rf'l'li1u.'i1 j,j'forn1'lluri'"1n"l111'jii,11..1t!,iin'<jOlj,jii~ 1'1tJl1
Lft.hm~~Lliu1J.J1<1i'l~Li1iln1vlfj,jmmi'ium' j,j'iiJ'turn1~'1"l~1J1Jm'l'il"ll'il'l'illnd-Jl-ij,jtl,11..it'.i'iirn-Jl-ij,jtl,'llil'
Ll'lmill'i!'i!:;l'ltiuuwmtirfltJ ~'11umL'1il~rr1tJl1'ii'1m1l-!mm111'turn1'fu'i11u1u111tJu4i j,j'iil'il1u1u
'il"ll'1lill'il1nOl 1'1rp,;lflri1~'li1mrn~L'itJn11 Maximum Flow 'il~1tJL~LLntltlJj,j1Lill11 m"l'il~~1irf"l"lm'>
'il"ll'il'l11..i'tuLL'1~~Li'ium,iltl1'1~":;'1'i1'l~rr1m"ltiLfl~€Juj,j'imfi'1m1'il"ll'il'l'illll'jOlj,jtl,11..1t'.i~iin'<jOlj,j~1ill
W1!11J1J PERT/CPM
'lun11'1'i1,1u1'1tJL%1"11nitl1~ri~nid'l'i1~1u'lui1ni;m~"1u1m'm~'<Ifml'l~u<iieiurn1'1'i1,1u~<;]il
Liimnu <J1n<l!u<Ju<JuLLil:;l'lfi<Jm1l-l~o/ril~'l'i1j,jmtJ'l iltl1' ~'fi<Jm1l-!LL'1il~iltl1~rr1m111'l'i1'llmunu1J.J1vll
fi'ilm1l-lrn~iltl1,o/riJ,.,il'l~fi'ilnTil-15u'l <Jmrniil'ULLi11'1iltJ'l'i1'1il1J.J1ill L11mm111rr,1~o/f1LL1J1J'llil~rn1
1'i1,1uj,j'ieJfi'ilnTil-!Lj,jri1il'.u't~ililnmLU'U:iJ..l'llil'1m,'li1mm11im1'1riuri'llil~ PERT/CPM ~~<J:;mmm
'Vii'l~ml'nm1vlf11 m1'1'i1~1u~l1fi'ilm1l-lj,jmtJilth,~<lfm'l'i1'1il1tlmnuLLil~~u-iieiunu<J~~'1rf'>1rn1
'l'i1~mei81~h 'l«Tm,m1~'1m,m.,,l'.mrr~'il'tunm~L~1~')'1 Lbil~<J:;l11lm1u~111m~rn.,1'1tJrn1'l~
'111l-lftlfltlJnUfi'ilnTil-l'ii1''1 mh,1110lm'l'lf!Ufl PERT/CPM
fi1j,j'furn1mfi1<i10u'l~o/11LLuutri1~'li1mmd '~Lliu1lm™i <1<i10u'luL:n,<i111n~LLil~nrn1ui
Lill1'1'11'f~r!tl&1Lbil:;m1l-!ul'l~Lliu (Statistical and Probability Theory) mJ..11~tJn<iil-iinuo/f1LL1J1J PERT/
CPM Lviilnlj,j'UOJ'l-l11'lrntJ'lumw~111ri1,rn11vll j,j'iil•~mfi1<ilil1Jfol'l"illm11J..11LLml-IL:if~1i'iun1ill 1'1tJ
rr,1,o/11LL1J1J1m,'li1miu'luAni;m:;'ll0~o/f1LL1J1Jm11J..11LmwL:zr,Li'iu Lm~m.,mfi1<ilil1J<il1l-l"iil'll0'rn1
1J..111Lmm:if"1i'iu

34. v ' _J
lll11!1J1laJl'l'~fln (Markov)
o/11 LL1J1Jm~flil'WL1iuo/11LL1Ju~1h~~n<iiLm'Ylti1'flim1:wu1>J~L1ium'l.jJ L'1tJ~n1'f1li~w11iilrn1uv1'l<1
m1:wL1iu1ll'llmm1ii1Libu~1u 111'lil'llil~'1mum1rn (state variable) ~l1m1LU~1JUbbUlN>J1nrnn1111i~111
EJ'~5nnm1111i~ iiu$iil1111ni1.jjm;1l1'1i:liilLMmfiJJm1:wu1>J~L1iu11'1mum1rn1111i~ rn nm1111i~L~il~1u111
EJ'~5rnh~nm1111i~ '1mum1rniiu>J~Lll~uuLLlll1~Lllilth~h >J~1'i1tvrmmmw~nm111'lilm<iim1rnLMm
fiJJ'1mum1rniiu'l 'lUilUlfl<iill"l~Lliumh~11 ili1il1.l1~L'liu ml1.jjil:!Jl1'1i:lii111 i11flu~E°i~1&Jii1'1mL'1wiil'1
'lu1udL'llli1fl11:wL1iu1u1"1~iltJl1~ 10 ~"l~L1iu~ii1'1mL'1wiil<ii'lu,.,rt~li.jj1~111u1 LLl1~~~ii<iimL'1wii1'1 rn 1u
d i111lm'1~iltJl1~ 50 >J~Liiniil'1m'lu,.,rt~li-ih~111u1 .jjil:1Jm111ihdmm1nu1m'1~~o/11LbJJlJm~flilW ~~"'~
mm1n11111"1111111nw11iilnn:w'llil~m1ii1'1mL'1wii1'1E°i~L1iuL'liud<iiiltll mnum1rnm1ii<iimL'1Wii1'1'luli'iiil'l
tll>Jnlim'liuh 1111m.h~b'Ylfli1ll1~'lllrn 20 f11Uf1UlUU'il"jUU l1~ii1'1mL'1Wii1'1 10,000 flU bbl1~i1
ll1~'ll1rn~1&Jii1'1mL'1Wii1'1 19,990,000 flU 'lu 1 1J.jj1~111u1>J~i1~ii1'1mL'1Wii1'1L'Yi1h LLl1~i1~&Jii1'1mL'1W
iil'1<11.i1~h LL<1~E°i~lliln1"111'lu~1J~m1ll1~mf>J~i1~ii1'1mL'1wiil<iiL'Yi1h LLl1~i1~&Jii<iimL'1wii1'1L'Yi1h iii~
::; .., 6' F1 ~ ' Ci ..; .J 6' ~ '4 ' 6' .<II
uu "11LblJlJ:w11flil~"l~Luum11>1n1'i'1m1:wm>J~LiJuL:wilLlil1tJU"lln'1n1um1rn111m LUIJ<1mun11rn111u~
~11!111J!ltl1~fl£1 (Queing Model)
.., F1 .... .d v Ji 6l v = ..! ... ~ v ....
"11LblJlJLb!l1flil1JLDWmbblJlJ'Y1'1'll~'llU:i.Jl>JlrnrnlJm'l L111mm1'lf~:wwu;i-1um>J1n'llil:!Jl1'llil~il<il1l
~mwu'im'l Lbl1:Jil'1m1:wmm1n'lum1'lVfJJ7n11 o/1181.il~b'liu n~<Kmm1'li.JJJ7n11~11:w~l1~ 20 fl'U fi"lm"i
l1m1:wmm1n'lVfu'im11'1~11:w~l1:: 30 flu 'Ylll1'l'D'Yll~'1nii1Lm~m1:wu1>J~L1iu1'1nli1111iln1'f~'llil~m1
b.jj1:w1'lliu'im1l1m1rn~"llmLlJlJU1'lf~ (Poisson Distribution) nm'lrn11~m1mli~'llmjn<fi1LL'iil1~flU
ilm'lrn~"llmLum~n.fl:llLLUUL:iltJ<1 (Exponential Distribution) nm~'l.jj'lum1'lVlll'im11Jn"11LL'iil1~
1lui1m'lrn::>J1mLurn~n<&lllLmu1:ilu<1 >J1n'1mum1rnLLlJJJd1'i1'lVfmm1nu1:w1'1~~L1iuo/11LLlJlJ ~1'i1'lvr
m~n1'f11'111 m tJ'l<K<1mum1rn~l1~m'i'JJu'im1~l1m1rn~>J1uL'liu'1~nli11d '1mum1rn1Vfu'im1'llil~
fi'ilm'l"l~Lliuil1.11~h L'liu L<iim>1~mLfi1LLmfliltJ'il~i111n<fi1Mflu~m'lmYlilwmm1 1~1J::nm1ilfliltJ>J::
muLL'11111ub'¥;mL<ii ~~.if<1:1JmMmnJJl1mum1rnLLmflmJd'il::'li1u'lVfn'ilm1ili'1lluh1'111 "~l1'1LLmfliltJ
"~1.i'ei1.i1~h 'ii::<1<iinm~<1n.fi1m1ilfliltJ'i'llll'im11'1il1-i1~h LYlil'lVfn<Jm1mm1nJJ'im11'1il1-i1~~~"'1. .'v A 6l 61 v v .! 2' ' ad
'11l~ml:i.JW~Wil L"J b111j1lfll b'1il1Jl~'1'Ylij''1
~LLlJlJLLmflilu~':;~nmnu'luili1LLlJlJLLmfliltJilt.1111mu~LLlJlJ L'liu 1~JJu1111i~'liil~111rt~~u<iiilU
{single queue single server) 'lrnlJVll111J'liil~ - Vll1ltJ~U<ililU (multiple queue - multiple server)
' .'l::1JlJVll111J'liil~ - VIU~ifU<ililU (single queue - multiple server)

35. fll'Hlltlt!~iitnttfll'HU (Simulation)
m1~1'1!l,'1mum·niidJun1111fi,i/11mJumuulli1bbm:1Jl'1il:1J1'i1b<11ei1 i/11ei1h"b-ihl m1ili'1bbUU
bbm01eitJ:w1b'iitJmtlu1111bbn1:w01ei:w1'i1b<il!l1 bbfl1~1'1ei"nw1-i1,1u'llei~bb11l'1eitJb.;;jei~1<iei'.rn~nT;;
bli~tJ'Ubbli<i,'llil,bbl111'1!ltJ b.;;j!l0ni;1~mif~TI'llmufornrnh"'l ~ri1111ul1m i/11mhb'li'U U'il'jii'Un'ilm1Sl
ri1u1Vium11 1111u1tJ bb111'1!ltJ 1 mn 1111m~:wri1u1Vium1-;btlu 2111u1tJ Slbbl111'1!ltJ~iuu1m1 1 bbm
'il::mm'l11<il1bm11'1eitJ bb<i::nm-;ei01eitJ<i'1#lb'l'i111111'iei'ii::%'1.lVIS1ci1u1Vium11 2111u1tJilmnl'1eitJ$uum1-;
2 bbm1'1eitJ 'iltbn01bbml'1eimb<itb1m1ei01eitJeitJ1,h 'iltb~u1'111n1'0~1<iei,<1mum1rn blluvrnbliein€in
1'11,Vlfi,l'Um">1111.i1<11eJU'illnili'1bbUUl1i1"'1
m">1111.i1<11eiu'llei,i/i'1bbuul1i1"'1 ~n<i11:w1mm1t11i1::1Jn~l'1ru<11m11<1111fuj"m1<Wi1.i1<11!lu 111'iei
1-iim1~1<iei,<1mum1rn (simulation) n'l::1#1.i1<11eirn~mnu bblliLurn,mrn ili'1bbuuilu'l vi'iei
11mum1rn'l1,ilu'l m"J"J::Slm1:w-iiu-iieiu~"mrnnun11'::L-ii'Vlqi;51'1ru<11m11<11~m1111.i1<11eiu1#1 i/11eitJ1,
b'li'U rnrn<if1bbUUbb1101!ltJluifni;ru~i1ci1u1Viu1m1111mtJ'l VIU1tJC,lmft!l,n'U (multi stage server) l'U
ii'ni;ru::Vi~mwu1m1 'l::4fo,iuu1m1'1nci1u1ViD1m1ri1u~111fi,,1nilu1liiuJJ1m-;"J1nri1u1Vi
u1m1ci1u~ 2 bb<i::ri1u1Viu1m1ci1u~ 3 11imftei,nu111<111:wli1<ifJJ 1umnh'liudm-;li1::~n<11"l-ii1'lqi;5
111'~m:wi/11bb1J1Jbb111'1eitJm"J"J::~' mnbb<i::-iiu.ifeiu bb<i::1urn,mrn'Vlll1"5m"<1n~<if,n<i11m"J"J::1a.J
mm·mvi1.i1<11eiJJ1Vibbt11l'1!ltJifni;ru::d'l#l bbl1it'i11-iim-;'<i1<im11mum1rn'1"1Ju11hbm">:wl'1ei:w.Y:hb<il!l1 n
"J::0ni;111mum1rnilubm::1111.i1<11ei1J1.1m-;~1<im11mum1rn~'bllub1'll'1i:il'1~'::bbni:Ji!J11111#ieitJ1,n1'1,'ll11'
.if,1uui!J1111~mm·m1.ifbm::1a.Jmm""'1t'Viqi;5m,ml<11m11<111~uI'bbnUi!J11111#1 m-;~1<iei,11mum1rn
~"bllm'Vll'1iil'1~fi1'1i!JL'Yll'1iim1fl,1um~"J::0ni;111mum1rnl1i1''1 Lu'.i'lnm-;1,1'1"'1::Vlb'ii,mmru1#1
ueirn111uei"J1nili'1bb1Jul1i1''1 bb<i::m~1<im11mum-;rn<111:w~1#ln<i11mbbfl1 t'.foilili'1bb1J1JLun~:w
'llmm-;11.hbbmm'ii,biiullnili'1bb1J1JV1ft"~fi1'1i!J 1#imi m-;11hbbm:w'<i1u1ub<li:w (Integer Programming)
iin0ni;1mm1t1~"J::0ni;1L#l"J1n111ii,i1ei111'iei.J111m"#11um11bl'1"'1tVl,'Ji,117:w1ru111'i!l'1111#11u1%tJb'lr'
115ii~m1vf1111 1'1tJ~i111bb1JJJm11111b1m:w~1mub<li:wbliuslibb1JU111ft,'ll!l"m11lidbm1:wb'ii,,ifubb11iSlci1u~
b~:w1~:w~'UJ.Jl"Jlni/11bb1J1Jm111.ldbmwb:ir,biiu flei 51-ifoii"ii'u111'iei'11'eiri1111u'111.i1<11!lu~1#1,::~m1#1bU'U
~1mu1<ii:w ~'1um11111bbm:wb'lr"'fiuilu 'l::ri1111'U'1'Jll'1:1Jii~~fi1'1i!J'llm'1:wm111i1''1 ~•::11~1,1tlui/11
• I ~ • I .~ <v J ~ v < v • I , .~ <v
bb1J1J11ei"1J1::m101ei u 1::mdbLdn "'"n'll'Ubb<lt11:1Jm-;•1mb'1l1"m1:w":w~ull'llei"mbb1J1<il1"'1 'Yjnn"n'll'U 'OJ::
blium1:wfl:wYiurrb'lr'6iiu111'ieim1:wfl:wYiuri'll!l'ili'1bbli1~tJnri1if'111ft"''l'i1ilu bm::li1::m~<1ei" f!!l w,n.:in.i,
11i1''1 1u11111bnd:1Jb'ii,bft'U"Jt~!l,bU'UW"rloii'Ubb1J1J11imflm (continuous function) i:iuf!ei ili'1bbli1€im::
'Yjnilf1mm1t1S1~11.i'!l~1,llimftei''YJn~lmtJ1urn!lu'llei,.i1<11!lu fl!l bU'U1#J.if,'<im1ub<li:wbb<i::'<i1u1u
iil1'11'Uvi'iei1'1l'fiitJ:IJ bb11i1urnrn'll!l,nl"l1111bbnd:IJ'<il'U1'Ub<ii:IJbll'Unl"l<l::bl'.1l1nlJbnill.fi'lJ!l"n111li"lbbnd:IJb:ir,
,fiu1uifni;ruv~11,::ii,f'i'JJ1Vi.i1<11eiJJVi't#iilii.S1~111Ju,YJm~1mub<ii:wfim111ileiu"J::li'.'i'JJ'i11'1,nifuLuili'1bbU1J
btluw,nifmbJJJJlaJllimft!l" (discrete function) bb'VIU~"J::blluw,nifu11uJJl1imftei,

36. m-;vrnhmiulVli'fum-;11hLm1:1-1"511,1,1uL<li:1-1 'il~LLtJrnlJu 2.ifu111l.b .ifu111l'ULL':in 'ii~1-iiL'Yl'1U'1'll1l~
m1t1hLm1:1-1L'il'Lffat1itJ1:iJ.-i1u'~~4i1l<i1i'f1i'llmm-;Lllu-oim1uL<li:1-1 (integer) 'il1ni'.iu,~1Nil'ilU11.-i1111llJ~•
1<ii,'.('ULlJ.bff1ift1UVl'i1l'-il'U'l'UL<li!-I fllVlln11.-i1111llJ'JIel'm-;t1hLLml-IL'ij,Lftui'.i.I,1<iidJwil'U'l.bL<Ii!-ILLfi'l1-11"1
.-il111llJ'lJ1l,nl':ittJ1LLf1';!-1-.il'U'l'UL<lil-1LLfi1l.bYJ.b.y] LLllnl'Vlln11.-i111fllJ'lJ1l'n1-;ttJ-,LLml-1L'il'Lft'ULfJ'ULl'l'lJ
ff1il'11uil--i1LDu<ifm'Yi1.ifu~n1l' tiiu1u.ifu~<!B,Jt 'il~U1Lm.-i1111llJ'll1l,m'ltti-,LLmrn'il,Lfiui'.iu:1-11.-i1mru
"11l<ii1um1Lv1:1-1c~Bu1'llL1i1m Lvl1l1Vil<ii.-i1111lu~LDw~1u1uL<li:1-1 'lllm-;V11'11"11lu1Vi'<ii1LLuum'l1t11Lmw
"51u1uL<li:1-11<iimi L'Yl'1U'1'llmm1w1i LL1lu#i rn1#i (Branch & Bound) Vl'i1lfi"1&i,L'l"ll1.b (Cutting Plane)
.1lUl'1111i11:1-1 <iiB,'Jlmuuiin.-i~'m"n1l,n:1-1m-;1um1Lti'lLLm:1-1"51u1m<li:1-1i:iu 1:iJ1<ii'Vlmum1:1-111rr1'wii1
LLuu~um1Vl:i.1LLl'I~~11LDu~m1uL<li:1-1LL"1<iiu mnn1'1'LlJu~1u1.bL~:1-1LL"11i1Y1,fi'iiul11''1 1u<if1LLUU'il~
nmml'JuV1~n'ifuLLuu1:iJllmd1l, *'1:iJmm'ln1-iiL'Yl'1U'1'lJB~m.,1ti1LLmrn'il'L~iM1' 1i,i:iuV1~nm-;fi1l m1
1t11i,#iu.-i111<JUiin'iiV1d~1Vi'LDu~1u1uL<li:1-1 LL"1Lu~'i!h.J1<ii'Vlm1l~'m"1tlu11Lfi1"'YlfiUtJ!-1 LDum-;1t1'Yi11Vi'
f.11um~mum-;iin.-i~'Vl'd~1Vll<ii,l'Ju-oi1u1uL<li:1-1 1um-;u11titi'l~!Jn<lli'funmum'lrn'il'l'i:iu m1t1hLLm:1-1
"51muL<li:1-1m'il'il~ilm1mlliitl!ri~1tin'llnl':i1t11LLml-IL'il'L~.I,1111.JL%'1"11~1JU1'ri,1.bm':i&i"1il'UhL'il,lj'lfi'il L'l"l'll~
m'l<ifiiiluhm~1pn'ilLu'Vlm1l'1 mm'il::<ii1l,<if1iiluhLDU~1.b1.bL~l-I <ii11lU1,L'liu <1:1-1:1-1&11t.,,.nuN111
Hbm~Ln15 mml111<llJ'lJ<l,m'lNi11ii1~~LLl'l~Ln151Vll<iiri1htPl'.!11 fi<JNi11i11~:; 4.6 <ii1LL1l:Ni11i1Lfll5 3.4
<i'1 1um1rnliu'il'l,i'.iuNi11ii1:iJ14l mn<ifm~'Ni1"1LV1'1<ii'il"i''1 <if<J,NiiIii1Vi'LDu"51u1uL<li:1-1 m'l1ti'lLLm:1-1
~l.1,1.bL~l-I~'Lllu&i1LLlJlJ~ill#it)mn1.bnl'l~11Vl~''illnm~1<ii.-i1lil1llJ'illnm'ltt11LLml-IL'il~Lft.bLLfi1 1ll'il
<i!<J,u11tii"1LLtim"11lLVi'LDu1t1·mrn:1-1~1u1.bL~:1-1Ly;1l'li1u1um'l1i"1iluhm~~-;fi'ii LLJ'.f11o/f1LLUUm'l
1t11LLm:1-1"51u1uL~l-l'il~1:iJ14lu1L<luei111U'lj111•1nlt LL"1iin~ni;-1rr1m1n~'il~~ni;-114l'i11n<ii11wrn<ii1um'l
1Lm1~L'il,tJ'lmruV1'i<J<i11'l1'Yl1'<ii1um'l1~tJL'il~tl{ili&im1rf11t1

37. •..WI'el'I-!'l'I 1.3
'
v "'
l'i1!'Hl'I
d d.
b'>eHYI 1.3.2 LLU1fi'1LL!1:;111i'nm'>'JJil,m'l'i''1m'>m'>~lbUU,1u
,4m~ 1.3.3 'JJil1J'li1mdeJV11ll!1:;~,~'11'>VUm':l<if'1m':in1'>~1bUU'm
lim-Yi 1.3.4 bbU1LU:W'JJil,m'><if'1m'>m':l~1bUU'1u
1. m'><if'1m':mTl~1bum1u 111mtJli' m':if!''1,.,m1J~lbUU,1Ulb!1:;m':lei1u1 tim'>'>l::1J1J
m':i~16umm'lVl1J'>':i!j1'1l)U':i:;""'JJil'il'.1m':i "11tim'l1'i1'lVibn'1:l;J!1!>i1'y;j:WiJ'iJ'1~':::
'i11LVfTI'ln,l'lri1hmn~f!'1
" "
2. V1i'nm·;;l1ffqi'JJil,m'l<il'1m'lm':l~1buu-nu i.J-,mil1J"11ti m':if!''1,'l:::1J1J~l6UUm':iLL!1:;
m'lei1mtJmd"l:::1J1J~lLUU,1u
3. m':i1''1":;1J1Jm'l~lLUU.:11u 1.J':l:::nmJ'111tJ n!1tJ1'1ITm'l~1LUU,1Ubl!1:::m'lililmL1J1J
= ... fl ""' ""' ~ = fl
N!1'1lllli'l'l 'l:;1Jum'lN!1'1lb!1:::u':lm'l m'lililmL1J1J'l:::uu'11Lum1u nwl'm1rnrn lb!1:::
nl'l11'6lNUfi1Gl'nl'lNii'1
4. m':lei1mtJm'l'l:01J1Jn1'>~llUU,1u u'lm1m'111tJ m'l<if'1m'lvi1,t'li'li.Jmu m'l<if'1m'l
1'1'l m'l<if'1ii1ii'rn1ub6!1:::m'lmu'):Wm'l~1buu,1u m'leiiJnbl1Jrn1Ull!1m1'll'1NlN1U
..... ~ ..... ""' ..., ""m'l..,'1n1'l'Jllill1'Y'I mw11"n1'flll!1:;nnN!1'1lb1J1J1'1unm'Y'lil'1
5. lbU1LU:w'JJmm'l<if'1m'lm'l~1buu'm":::ilajmtJ'l<iirnrnm'1'1n 4 '111ui'iil rn:;m1b4il,
')rnlll'Y'I n':l:olbf!m1:w<iimm'l~V1mn111!11tJ n':l:obLf!'JJil,m'l6U~tJubiJJ!1'61'1'1t UL!1ti lL!1:::
rn:::LLf!m'lLL'li,ifuL!1n

38. v -' '11ilt.JU':i!::l:l''lft
~<ifln1'fl<ilil.h~ 1.3 'J1Jlbii'1 ilnflnmi11m'11
1. ei1rnEJm1J.J'm.J1tm11ii1buu,1u rn:;mumdlbti.i,'1ml'J bb.i:;J;J.i.!1b~J.J1#1
2. 'llm1dJ;J.i'11l~J.J~ln<il'J1nm:;mum'bltlmi1ml'J1#1
3. ei1rnEJ~U<il<iw11mm:;mum1%'llm1lb'1:;~m'll1l'm'i1fi,Nli<iiml'J1#1
4. 1lTI1JlEJm:;mum,%<i1'1~1,,:;1J1Jm1lii1buu,m1#1
5. ilWlmmrnhEJ'll1l'm'el1u1EJm-;1:;1J1Jm':Jlii1bU.h,l.h1#1
6. 1li1rnmbmlui.Jm,~<ilm'm'lii1buu~1un1EJ1<ifm:;lli1"11~11#1

39. nm'1m·m1'l"'11L'UU~1U (Operation Management) VlmtJn~ m~'1lVl'Yl'i'Ym1mm'Yi1,1wi1l-JnU
byjilfl-i'1~iu1:;u~md'l":;uum-,>11bUU~1ui.Vfud'l"!j'i'<ii!Jli"l:;ft'.'i'l11Nil'.'im-, m•flnm#hum'l"~'1m<Jm<J
'11bi'.iu~1u d'!um<Jflnl!t1b~mnum•ii''11'iuh'lum•~m:;uum<J'11buu,1u (operation) m•ll,!llio/i~1u
'llmil~.'im-,bv:lil1Vibfi'1e111Ni1<il ~~ill<J<J:;bl'lul'iu.111111ilNi1<iiii'ru./ 1111ilu~m•~<J:;li~l-lilU1Vinu~n.111111il
N'm'l1JU~m•m•'11buu,1u1u~d bl'luli1u'11f1111i1u111<l,'llil~m.'im~1111'hJ11"J:;bl'lufi<Jmw<Jfi"l"ll'lim<J• •• •
111"fom.'im-,~1i-lbbrl1~1111ri11• ~'":;1irnl'.lm-,ilfi~e111eii'i<i1mi'1li,l-lilU'fiil~5ubv1€lu11111-ii'lViifi'1li<J:;fo'l!u
'fiil111 mh1L'1tJrf1Llibbii'1 mw~1'l"fi"lm•11n'liii'1"l:;<ifil~i'.1111ii1~~u31u (basic function) 3 iltl1~i'iil
nl"l<il!11'1 (marketing) 1Jibbrl mTIU'Yl"llUm1l-l<ifei,m<J'llil~~n.1'11111il~~1Ji'luei11li'l":;LtJ'lfu i,<fiilmll-1
1i'il~m-,ii'~n'1111118'li1u5u'llil~il,'1m'l"byjilflfi~N!1Ni'i<il u11:;~'1lVii'.lm'l"'llltJVl1illi~l-lilUN!1Nl1<iitXw1 1Vi
nu~n.11111~il~Yi~JiwN!'lli<J:;ltJ'liU nl'l"'11bUU,lU 1J1mi mm1bill-ifill;j!'lmll-lib~mnum1l-J<ifil,nl"l'llil~
~n.11111~€l~Yi~1iwe1!1li<J:;Lmrii mll•:;mmb!1:;~'11Vii'.lm•ilfi~N!1Ni'i<ilml-!m1l-l<ifil,m.,iiw1 bm:;m•C'1u
(finance) ~''Yi1111u1~~'1VllbbVl'1,(,lU1'JUbyjilmlmUm'i">11bUU~lU o/i'1<iill-I uufin bb!'l:;mlJ'll-lnl'l"lii:iu
1'JU'llei,fi"lnl'l1Vfil'luLli<iill-JUltJlJltJ nl'l"l'ilbuu,1u~~liml'luli1u~1u~'11'1!1-J~'l'1ft1U111rt~'llil,m'1m'l"
bY'l"ll:;il'luci1u,1u~nil1Vibfi'1N!'lNii<ii ~~bl'lu~u~nm''llil''lrn'11'llil~ei~.1nl'i 1i-111"l:;bl'luil,f;m-,
l.11:;ul'Y1l'1 1111n1i-Jmm<Jnil-i'1~N!'lNi1<il~<il'l"~num1l-l<ifNnl'l"iltJ1~i'.11.h:;i1'YITIJ11Y'Ibbii'1 il~.'im.,iiun"J:;
bl'luei~.'im~1-i''lru'11 ii'l-ibVl11 u11:;'1l-lilmtJ1111u~ij'1
mnn'1111ui'ir~<J:;uu (system approach) m1>i1bUU,lU<J:;V1:J.mJ1i~ m'l"Ulbill'Yl™mm (in-
put) mi;J1um:;mum<J (process) 'l111'11iil'iuN11Ni1<il (output) ~illm'l"mi,i-1ilu'fi€l~n.11111~il~'luN!1
li'l":;LtJ'llumh''i1~Y'lilh m:;mum'l"di~tJn11 mrn1um'l"bblil1'ilmY'I (transformation process) mi
o/11iJtJ1~b'llu fi"lm%11'i<i11'iu.11n<J:;i'.lmm1bm'Yl'i'Y<mm ?lei 'i'<ii!J$u '"~~1u Y'lii'~~1u '111-if<i1tJ Lfl~tJ m
N1Umrn1Unl'lbblil'l~illl1Y'I 'Vft1(dJufiu.J'1V1~ilmnl'l~illm'lnu1Lli~1VIU1tJl#f m:;mUnl'lbbl.1!1,illllY'I
~'lrnili-iuo/i~b'1i.;?iil iriili'.lm'lbblil'l~ilmY'l"l1n'i'<ii!J$u1um'lN1'i<il1VidJuilu;'·h1#1bbii'1 N!1Ni'i<i1V1~ill'iu.1'1
tiu,:;ili-111'11~~n-i1'YI™mm~u1m1-ifTil-lnumh1?i€lm:;mum•bbli!1,ilmY'lnfiilm'l'Yi11Vibll'1l-l11'111fii-i. . .( )
;; " • ~ ~ ~ ~ v ' v ' v ' ~. ,;;
value added 'llUm 'li'il1m'ln'Y11m1i-il'll1b"J l'1'<1n<il1iltJl~ilil'<il1ilm~'1~<ilil b11U
'v . . .
1!116!.IH'll 1.2
h"1uN1'i<ilL'YITYf'1uilm'lim'i'<ii!J$uim:;~uli1u1um'lNi1<il~'Vll-1'1'l1l-luil1i'.ll;J!1'11li'l:;mru2.000
'Ul'YI mbv:lil'11iuum1Ni1<iil'.lm'll-ifbl'l"1uLlil;J!1'11 1,000 'Ul'YI il'111il~tl1umoNl1<iiVl~il overhead 'l1l-I
1,500 rn'YI 'l1l-lilluiJ<J~t1m'lNl1<ii ~llib-ii1111 4,500 'Ul'YI iriBu1il~'1li'lmilu~n~11m~~Vll-!'1tXumw1u

40. mru11,ml'mtll1'1i1m'WL~d'lutmYf'i1uihc1'J~ 1 b'i14il, ~'1l'l"ll'i11'llltJ'J1nh'1'11u 6,0oo m'VI m111i1bU.I
m1lfoni1111~bnli1rnru1um·mtl;;i'1l1m'W'J1niJ'J~m111>11llll~l'l:i.mfl1'l1:i.i 4,500 m'VI d'iuN;;iNi1lll~l'l:>mfi1n'1
• •
a,ooo m'VJ ,,,1mni1J.Jl1fi1vvi:w~u 1,500 m'VI m111i1cuu1'i'ln'J~"1Jum1bbm'1mm1iitll1'1i1m'W'llil'1'lll11@iu. ' '
bb"''m m11:i.ii'uf.i1urn:;u'lum1bbUl1'1i1ml"l1VIblJuN11llliitwri~i1:w;;ifl1bYi:wbb'111i1n"l'l-ii:i.iflfl1'~;i,Xu. ' .1iJ~1mlJufi1t-ii~11.1'11'1'1 Lu~1u~u b'llu fi1t.if~11.1~mm1llmi1 fi11.if~11.1u'Jm1 blJu~u 'J.lmrn'i'lu
w1'Jbb'11~'1'J:;i'VJlimlJwilh l'i'1,X.I 1fl-ii'OJ'J:;i1'i111:wb.ifmi~'1 'VJ1B'J:;l1m1:i.imm1111um"l'¥11ri1h 'VJ1B'OJ:;
1~wm1;;u1.1:wmnifo1.1bri1ti1 n'J:;~uBajnum1~i1tVll'lm111i1buu,1u'VJ1Bn11i1fi,m:;u1ubbtlmi1ml"ld
1Vlmm111i1-i'i'1l;Jl1fl1b'Vi:w1~mn UiltJiltl1'1h cllml1'1qJ
v ' 4
1'1101'JN'11 l.3
i1Vlmbbl'l'VJd'1VIB'1bmiu11'1'llil'1m~'1 'J1n,Xu1tl~ili1~niim1'VJtl)m'Jinh'1'11.lL.l"ll'i11flil.ll1:; 12
m'VI bmrni1B'1!liln bb'11bmi1~11'1uuiu1uVIB'1 Mili111'i11'l111.1L~bllunBu;;i:; 15 m'VI bri1dnbllu
mru1um1bbtll1'1i1mmbuu'VJd, ~'1bnli1l;Jl1'11'Yi:w 3 UTYI 'VJi'''1'J1n,Xum'J'J:;&ii1c'i14B'1tlwmm'i1Lufiu
~1tVl~~ill'lm1;;i1:;mni1m1.1mn~u ~'1mm'lm'Vi;;11'i11'll1ml'lu 20 uw1 inli1l;Jl1fl1b'Vimj'1~.lbllu 5 1J1'VI
'J1n,Xu1tlbmil11.1:;liln'Jm'l~Wft'VITil1i1bU.1'11.1 (franchise) ~l1:;lmlimm~i1'VJU1-i'1u ~1lV1'1~''i'um1mi1
,:;}ilflB;;1n~u ~'1btl~tJ.l'll1tJ~'l1'i11 25 1J1'VI iiu?iil l;Jl1fllb~J.J~'1J'1~u:w11im1Ju 5 1J1'VJ 'Jdiu1~11 m1
i11'1'1m:;mum'lbbtlmi1ml"l,Xu mm'llli1'Vl1'1bli!lnl~'VJmtJ'l '1'11'1 bb'1;;i:;m'1hliBnm'J'J:;riB1Vlbnli1l;Jl1fll
'Yi;;~"llu'l1n:11u'llmm1;;m:w11111um'li11'1'1ri1h 'VJ1Bi1-i'1'1'Jmfi11Vlnun'Jm1 iln~li1m'lbbl1:;iin
u'J'VJ11m111i1iU.1'11.1~'1'J:;~B'1l'lm1:wim1;;b.iflt'J1.l'VJi''nm'l m~i1m'lm'llli1bUu'11.lbDum.h'1&1 ~'":;
mm'ln<ii"li15uhi11'1'1bbl1:;u'J'VJ11 ri1i'urn:;mum1bbtll1'1i1ml"l'llil'1n'OJm'l'llil'1ll.I 1VIbni1m'li11'1'1l;Jl1fll
' '~ ' ~
bl"i:WiltJ1'1i'VJ;Jl:;1;J'Vliji1
,-r;11:;w;,Xum.,~11l1n'OJ?iB m1bbl11'1mm:;u1um'lbbtll1'1i1ml"l~nil'lVIbnli1l'll;Jl1'11,~;; '"':;
i11m111~1ri1h"l1m;1;;ifi1,Yi;;~•ni1~.I m'l~i1m'lm'llli1'um1u~''~m'1iiJ'1num1<iii1ft.lL'J1ub4!l'1'lliJ'1
m'l~i1m'lm:;mum1bltlmi1mv; •'lfu m1bli!lmbl1:;iJiJmbuu1iuf11'VJ1iJu'Jm~N11ll m1cliiJni1mu~~'
tl1:;n!lum1 m1•liiJm'Vl'i1tut;;i~ b'i14iJ,~rn Btlnm m1iJiJmcuui1mutl1miJum1 m1~m1'1ri1'1''1'i1.I
'
""m1w'J'VJ1.,m.lm., ,l'Ju~u iJtJ1,hnll1:w m'lriiJ1VI•ni1i,i;;ifi1,~:i.i1J.J1~~1ni1iJajcv.im'VJu'ltJ"ll'ln",r11,Xu
bbilbb'1€1'1fim11:i.ibb"1'1'VJ1ri1hiJtl1'1'VJU1m1u11'lfm1 m1<'i1m1m1<1i1bU.1'11.l~~!lm~1l1'id'lli1m"JbbUl1'1
i1ml"lb'lfunu ~fo,:(u1:i.i11m.lm1lli1'l n'J:;~iJ'11"imm:i.ibbl11'1mmru1um1bbtlfMi1ml"l~i1:;Yf!l.ltVil'l
i,i;;ifi1c'Vi:i.ij''1ijli1 ~,1um'1'i1~'1m'J'J:;1:i.i1'lfi,i;;ifi1,Yi:i.ilJ'''lli1Lub~'ri1h bbl'ibllUl;J;;ifi1,.yi;;~rh1Vlm.lm1
vi1iJviu1rn1u d'JuiJ'1.lm1~ii')mfi111i1tJiim'lLoiiiJ'J..J'tJu1b'111vi1iJ Input UiJtJ~iji1 bvliJ1Vicni1Nl1N111llvi1!l
Output ~riiJ'lVi'ini1tl1:;fo'Jfull1J.J'llll'ltl1:;l1'1fi'lliJ'1iJ'1fim'lmn~iji1

41. '
t
Input
Operations
Output
191tJ$)1J
bb"l.:J.:JlU rnnnum"lLLti'".:i'1m'l'l
'l'l~.:J.:JlU flU~l/U'inl"l
1'1i1tJm"lN1i<1l
'
4.500 I
lJ'"fllb~l-1 = 1,500 1Jl'VI
6,000 1Jl'VI
"1.:J,Xu rnh11Ji'11V1ii1tJNii<1l'Vl~ll'VIU1tJtiJ.jlio/im.,dJu'Viii1t1~rl1;llJmnm.,1:::1iitJtino/io;inl'.Ju
V1u1m1u~'l1i'Vl~'V'Imm'Vl~ll'Vl~'V'l6i1umnbvillit1m'1~1.:Jm~mum"'''tl<1.:Jflrn'V'i1um.,li11'uu.:J1u ~.:Ji11u
L'VltJJ'l~'l1i'Vl~'V'lmrnmnn111>14.:J'Vlit.:J'llm'VI™mn~!l.:Jff.:Jn'lm., 'lurn.:J1pno;io;i~'lVfm1J-Jrl1;llJLiitJl'.lV1i1tJ
.:JlUbbtJnLfluLeini'VI'1lf1'VIW'VIU1miullJ.jlio/in11L%'V'il~ ni,;rn:;'IJ!l.:Jm.,'iliim.,J(1un11Nii<1lbbl'l~u'im.,,Xu
'iiiLfluei81.:JD.:J~'l~L.if1hm~mum., 'lrrm1 V1nm.,li11iuu.:J1u'lu.,ruuNiil'lbb<1~m1u'inwll!l.:J'wu1tJ.:i1u
ri!lu~.:JLii~.:J~u ~u1'1'11.,J11um1Niil'lLbl'I~m1u'im1o;i:;J;mL.if1hm~1num.,,j1.:J'l 'lVici!l.:JbbYl ,yjei~o;i~
mm.,ri'l1i'YI™mmiV1fi1,Xu1J(!ltJ1.:Jl'.ltl1~i1Y1rrrn'V'i bb<1~~,;fi1,j!lm1<1.:i11ueitJ1.:Jj.:J')ii1J(

42. • •.o:!:lq A QJ Q.I o A
!1fl~TI 1.3.2 HU1flVl!!f;l~'tHlflfll1'Ufl~fl11'ilVIfl11fll1VIlil!'U~lU
1urn"i~'ilrn"irn"i~11'lu,1ui:iu 'il~i1111Anrn"lL'liuL~mnu111Anrn"i~'ilrn"lvf1111 li"l~nt1uili1mm'
~uc1mu~'11qii11JWlt1 rn"lil11'"i~lJlJ (organizing) rn"Jei1u1tml"i (directing) nii11Wit1 lurn"i~'il~il
m~murn"liblifl,ilm'W~'il~ill;Jflfi1•~:i.ii.J'~'l'ilLu~m~:i.iiliun~!l <i!t1,ilfi,m~murn"l1Llifl,ilml'1mn!lu
~'1lt1,ilrn"im'YJ'Ul.bbf1~!l,~m ilmu~ !llfll"i ~iiu L'iun-)1 facility ilrn"i!l!lrnLurn1u ilrn"l'1"i"iV11
1Jf1mmmli.,~'ii1'lum~murn.,'11''1 tiei11LlJw11.,il11''lVILn"1m~murn"lLLlifl,ilml'1 111'l!lLn"1#nw111'1
1unl';jiblifl'ilml'1i:J'il%EJii1dh'lVlblJuNii'lliirn.ri111'leiu'ln1.,'il1:1-11lmrn"i m~u1urn"iLLlimilml'1~il-l'1,~u
d,~11~"1m1:1-1mm.,lli.J''l"1~"i~llu111rt, L'itm11 rhfi''rn.,Niilll (capacity) rn"iilTl'm~murn"iLLlim
ilm'WLVlil~umd nmm.,ll~'il~1'il~'ilm1:1-1m:i.i1"ill'llil,iin~'ilrn.,Lili"i~llu111rt,11unm~'ilrn"iLV1ii11'.11
1.bnl"lil11'm~lJ1.bnl"iiilimilm'1~i-1~"1ml:l.Jftl:l.Jl"illVl'iiln1A'f)l';jNiill~';j~llu111rt,i(u ,~11<M1oil
'Yl"f'Wmm111L'Yhh ~~il-'1,n1A'm.,Niilll~.,~llrn~mfiu LL.iilm.,1-ii1'111'1mm111iiBEJn-i1 8!l:i.i'il~1ili
Lmtimffoi1~"1m1:1-1mm"illLurn"lLL'li,oifui.J'n-;i1~~11!l''l-ii1'111'1mmmnn11 ~'liei1ili111liuG'iflli~'lurn"i
%"1m"lili1u111rt, rn"l~1•'lum"lilfi,d,~~ufiuil'il%ti111mtieitJ1, ~"~tJn<ihei81,,muuL'i-1uull,d
mti n. LLfl~ 'll. il~u 10 li'1urn'Ylwhnu LL'1fl~f1u111#,h,,1uNiillllltj 1"1tJ~.bltJ n. 111#,
h,,l'UNiillllltj 10 li'1urn'YI i1i1tJri1fi''rn.,Niilll 10,000 neiu/fa U11J 'll. L.ifL1u 10 li'1urn1'1#,h,,1u
Niillllltj~iJri1fi',Niilll 12,000 nei.b/1u lll.,,d~ei1'ilm1:1-1illm"il1Vl'iil1'illi.,~R1'1ITN'1 (effectiveness) l.b
rn"i%"1il'i'1,.,rnun~ei1"1111-ii~u 10 li'1urnmvhnu ,~1iliri1ii°,m"lNiilllLYi1h ~''~Li'lu11mtJ 'll. i1
li"l~ft'YIITNfli.J'n11 iiu~eiLiil"1''lVILi'luli,m1:1-1mm"i!l'llmrn"i%"1rn"i'lu~urn"i%"1il'i'1,.,~uu
'lu~u~ilm~m1"Jei1u1tJm"l'lVlm~murn.,~il-l'1,~ui1u '1'11,m'l..1iliNfl,1u111'ieiNf!Nl'illlLYi1fiu
111'l!l'lnli'L~rnfiun1A,Nii<i1111'leilll1:1-1#nu.nT'l~ilfi,lJ ll,i:iu 1'.li1ei'llm~u'i1111"lLuLL~'llil,m"lei1u1tirn"llu
~.blllil.bdn~ei 'il~ftl:l.Jl"illlJ'iVll"i n1fiurn"i~lLU.b,l.b'll!l,1pn'il'llmlllulVi1iliNflNiilllLnli'L~rn111'i!llll"i'llll:l.J
n1ii°,rn"lNiilll~#,1-Jmniieim.Wu,l"1 f1l"il'ilNff1l"iBl.b'll'Jnl"i'il~l"1l.bL'li'li"i~ft1'1Tii111'1 (efficiency) <ii'1eitJ1,
b'llu 'lumruT.,,,1u n. i1ri1'1,Nl'illl 10.000 nilull'u ilmw'l1111·"1u~ill.lJl'l"f.1N~'ilef~l<ii'1'u11~ 8,000 ntJu
'il~i'!'ilbU.bli"l~ft1'1Tii11'1lUm"iNiilll'i'iltJ'1~ 80 il1uh"1u 'll. ~,;/ri1fi',m"JNiilllli' 12,000 flil.b LL'1Niilll
Lili'il'i'Lwrn 7,200 nilu 111'leii'.1li"l~ft'YIITml'1'lurn"iNiilllLoWrn-l'iltJf!~ 60 ~'111mtJli,11 1"l"1U 'll. i'.1m1.lJ
mm·m'lurnw'i1111"i~1n'i1 ~!l l'.1li"i~ft1'1ITml'11urn"lNl'illl~~1n'i1
'l.bnl~'il~l"11lrn"J%"1m"irn"i~liUU,l.b1"11'J"i1:1.J°i111ili~LLfllVl.b'il~11ei,LillNf!'llm~' 2~.bll!J.b:l.Jl
Yi'il1"irn11wnu nii11~ilh,,1u n. Hfi'.Ju111 10 li'1urn1'1 i1Ti,ri1A'rn"Niilll1ili 10.000 nilu mm"ill
~liUU,l.bNl'illliltj'lVli'.111"J~ft'YITIJlll'1ij't1'1eitJf~ 80 ~,1iliN'1Niilll1.bfl~ 8,000 flilU il1uh"1u 'll 'loii11u
111 10 li'1urnm'llufiu ilfi,ri1A'rn"Niilll1ilill'ti' 12.000 nilu ib'1~1Li'lu,1uNl'illlilti'lVli1li"l~ft'YIITml'1• •

43. LV1m-'ll1.l1~ 60 ;:J,1.'1Nl1Nii<11LV1rn1ul1~ 7,200 nllu nl'llli1Ntml'lii1LUU~ULW11'1"i'l'l:J.J 'il~llilLULll,Nii<1lrn'l"i
(productivity) ~''Vl~W~,,;r~'ll'llll~m'lLfllilN1N'.i<11 (output) l'illli'imrn'Yl~'l"imn'lri1-ifl11 (input)
"11:J.J~<1l'l
Nfi<1lll1'1"1 (Productivity) =
Nl1N'.i<11 (Output)
'Yl~'l"imrn~1'1fl11 (Input)
J),,:iu1urnru'lleNt,,,,1u'1~,ii,'1m mi111.'1111.,,,1u n. ilNii<1lrn'l"i1u.'lmL~u"~'YJU L'Yi1nu 8,ooo
nllUl'ill 10 tll'UlJl'YI 'Vl7ll 800 neiul'ieiti'1urn'YI chuh"1u 'll. ilNii<1lrn'l"iLU~l'Ub~'Ul1~'YJ'U L'YilnlJ 7,200
neiul'iei 10 ti'1urn'VI V11ei 720 neiul'ieiti'mrn'YI ~''111iL~11h~,11u n. ilm'l,Joim'lm'lii1Luu,1u1.'I~
n11h,,1u 'll. iiui!iei m'l101~01m1:J.J'11m'l<iV11ll1oiN1'llll,nwJ'111m'lm'lii1Lum1u~~lum1:J.JLDu'il''mL'11
Ll'ltJvf'lL1ibbtl'lLi.J1~'illJLV1mueirnL'1i11h,,1u n. Nii<1lrn'l"i~n11h"1u 'lL nl'il~lJlln1Vf~nmn,~U<1JlJ'j,
'l18'nl~li1'1-l'1,,,~lJlJLL1:;m'lellU'l1.lnl"i ml"OJ~lJlln11fi1V1~h"1u n. ilil'lJ'V11"17'L4ll,li'l:;il'YITIN1LU
m'lli111.,:;uu~1 LLl'iLttei,'il1nilm•u"lV11"i~~i:l~ilti'l:;il'Yl'ilrn'l"I1um•Nii<1ln,-'ei1.11~ 80 V11rn~fmmTI'i°'IJJm
1Vll.'1N1N'.i<11LY1:J.J~U1115n m"i%111"i:;lJlJV11llli'l~fl'YITIN1rin111~1lU<1lll'U~UR'il~LDwiiei~1nl'lLVinuL7',11-1
1u'll~L~mnuh,~m 'll. Lttei~"OJ1nlil'l•~uu11'~ilti'l:;fl'YlllNl1M 1u'llrn:;dn~LLif11ilm•u'iV11"iri.'leitJ•
tl1:;fl'Vlllrn'l"ln11 LL'iin1V11ntl~ut11~m'lu'iV11•~1-11'ii:;m:J.J1"imv1:J.J N1Nii"11~mn~u11111.1i'.i'1i.J~1LDu
":;4lei~11i'llm1.1n'ilm•
1u;i1u~'llll~~~n1'l1'l'lf1m~l'lm"im"iii1Luu'1ud ~~nml~1bD1-14ill~L.if1hLubd~11N1'llll~m'l
%111m1m':iii1bu1-1~1u m'il1nm•'1-i'1~•:;uubL1rn1'lelm1tm1"i"i:;uui:l~4iei~LL1.ln1Vieiein11 Lrlein'ilm1ii
iJbJ'Vllb~1.l'lnuN1Nii<1l'llll~"1'1-1,:1u iJbJ'Vll,:i1-l:J.Jl'il1nm1'1-i'l~"i~lJlJ'Vl1llm1ellU'l1.lnl"i"i:;lJlJLD1-IUb!VilL:a~
tl•~fl'YITilll'l"l'Vl1llbll~tl"i~ft'YITIN1
L'l"i"il~%:;,:Cu 1Ub~ll~'llll~'l'lf1m'l'<J111m•m'lii1Lu1-1~1u~~LD1-1'l•1nri'1"i"iV11'lllm11um"i<iil'lfluh1u
Lll~'l'Ylmm'1<1l~'ll<Nm1%1i1'1-i'i~•:;uuLmrn1'lu'iV111rn~u11-1m':iLL1iil~'1rn'l"IL~1l1Vf1i1111m•1-ii'Yl~'l"lmn'
Ull1.1rirjl11Lb1:;L4i'l;Jl1fllLY1:J.J (value added) mn~rjlil Ji~LL'11il~L1'1W11'i"i~ 1.2

44. Organizing
Input
(Effectiveness)
- Capacity
YJ'l"i'1mm
flU
Clu
Directing
(Efficiency)
Output
[
Nii<ilm~
(Productivity)
=
N~Niilil (Output) J'Yl'l"i'1mmfi1~'b.J (Input)
. ' 'v <'!! ~ ~ ""'1 v "i'~I ~I""'""""'""'
'l'IM'iJlflftfl'lfl!'llti11ll!1~::1~M'l'l 1.3.2 mn rn~AufiUAfl'ilfln:tt 1.3.2
1
..s 1 .d. .d. ,A .d.
'11!!'111fll~ftflll1'11'1111J'l'l 1 lltl'll'l'l 1.3 !W~'l'l 1.3,2