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20thcenturyarchitecture 100607123527-phpapp02
The document summarizes major architectural styles from the 20th century, including Modernism, Art Nouveau, De Stijl, Art Deco, the Bauhaus, Mid-Century Modern, and Post-Modernism. It provides examples of key works such as the Guggenheim Museum by Frank Lloyd Wright, the Barcelona Chair by Mies van der Rohe, and the Pompidou Center in Paris by Rogers and Piano. The styles reflected new technologies and materials as well as rejections or returns to historical references over the decades covered.
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20thcenturyarchitecture 100607123527-phpapp02
- 1. 20th Century Architecture and Designinto the 21st Century Modern to Post-Modern
- 2. Modernism • After 1900artistic innovation in Europe and the US increased in a rapid succession of movements, or “isms”. The modern movement lasted through the first half of the 20th Century. • Modernism rejects old, traditional ideas and styles in art and design • Although Modernist styles are diverse, art moved toward abstraction based on line, color, shape, space, and texture • Modern architecture and design moved toward abstraction and rejected historical styles and ornamentation • Modern architecture reveals rather than conceals the inner structure of the building
- 3. Art Nouveau • ArtNouveau began in France • (Late 19th Century – Early 20th Century) • Art Nouveau incorporates Organic and Natural Forms into the decoration • Architecture +Interior Design, Fashion, Graphic Arts, Decorative Arts
- 4. Louis Sullivan American LouisSullivan, Carson, Pirie, Scott Building (Chicago), 1899-1904
- 5. Louis Sullivan American •Art Nouveau (organic / natural motifs and decoration • Used Cast iron decoration on first and second floors • Large display windows Louis Sullivan, Carson, Pirie, Scott Building (Chicago), 1899-1904
- 6. Antonio Gaudi Spanish Antonio Gaudi,Casa Mila (Barcelona, Spain), 1907
- 7. Antonio Gaudi Spanish • Apartmentbuilding incorporating organic form (Art Nouveau) • Design inspired by the discovery of the Altamira Caves (Prehistoric Caves in Spain) • Gaudi was trained as an ironworker before he became an architect • Gaudi created buildings as “living things” Antonio Gaudi, Casa Mila (Barcelona, Spain), 1907
- 8. De Stijl (TheStyle) • Began in 1917 by a group of artists in Holland • “balance between individual and universal values” • Integration of Art and Life • Geometric Forms / “Purity” and Simplicity
- 9. Gerrit Rietveld Garrit Rietveld,Schroder House (Utrecht, Holland) 1924
- 10. Gerrit Rietveld Garrit Rietveld, SchroderHouse (Utrecht, Holland) 1924 • Rietveld was a furniture maker and architect • Schroder House combines geometric forms and primary colors with black, white, grey • simple, open spaces • furniture designed by Rietveld
- 11. Art Deco • Movementin 1920’s and 1930’s associated with “the Jazz Age” • Began in France, but spread to other parts of Europe, USA, and around the world • People still wanted decoration despite the de Stijl and other modern movements eliminating all unnecessary decoration • Industrial Design Combined with Fine Art Elements (industrial materials (metal) and objects + patterns and repeated shapes) • Industrial Design – cars, household appliances, fashion, decorative objects, architecture • Inspiration from Ancient Cultures, including Egypt
- 12. The Chrysler Building NewYork William van Alen (American), The Chrysler Building (New York), 1928 - 1930
- 13. The Chrysler Building NewYork William van Alen (American), The Chrysler Building (New York), 1928 - 1930 • Exterior made of stainless steel • Art Deco motifs – repeated shapes (triangles, etc.) • Built for Car Manufactuer, Chrysler Automotive Company • Monument to the “Roaring 1920’s”
- 14. Prairie Style • AmericanMidwest Architect Frank Lloyd Wright invented the Prairie Style in early 20th Century • Related to The Arts and Crafts Movement, using craft, including stained glass windows, ceramics, and wood carpentry • Wright preferred the countryside to the city • Natural Materials / Natural Environment • Inspired by Japanese Architecture (long, low buildings with open interior spaces). Wright designed a hotel in Tokyo (now demolished)
- 15. Frank Lloyd Wright American FrankLloyd Wright, Falling water (Pennsylvania, USA) 1935 - 1937
- 16. Frank Lloyd Wright American FrankLloyd Wright, Falling water (Pennsylvania, USA) 1935 - 1937 • “harmony with nature” • Built over a waterfall •Natural materials • Japanese influence
- 17. Frank Lloyd WrightFrankLloyd Wright designed everything for the interiors of his buildings (furniture, lamps, stained glass windows, etc.)
- 18. The Bauhaus • TheBauhaus was an important art and design school in Germany opened in the 1920’s • The Bauhaus focused on understanding Pure Form (color, shape, line, composition, space, etc,) • Many important artists and designers taught and studied there • The Bauhaus trained artists, designers, and architects to accept and anticipate the needs of the 20th Century • The Bauhaus greatly influenced modern design – “streamlined” the look of architecture and design, including typography • The Bauhaus was closed by the Nazis in 1933
- 19. The Bauhaus Bauhaus designers invented new simplified formsof typography (sans serif) The Bauhaus designers created “streamlined” design with simple, “clean lines”
- 20. Walter Gropius German Walter Gropius,the Bauhaus (Dessau, Germany), 1925 - 1926
- 21. Walter Gropius German •Main Building of Bauhaus Art and Design School • In 1919, Gropius, German architect, was appointed director of The Bauhaus • Gropius focused on Formal Elements (shape, color, line, etc.) • Gropius promoted the unity of art, architecture, and design Walter Gropius, the Bauhaus (Dessau, Germany), 1925 - 1926
- 22. Ludwig Mies vander Rohe German Mies van der Rohe, German Pavilion in International Exposition (Barcelona, Spain), 1929
- 23. Ludwig Mies vander Rohe German • Director of Bauhaus from 1930 - 1933 • Mies van der Rohe said “Less is More” •Simple, Open Space and Quality Materials • “Domino system” - combine rectangles to form architecture Mies van der Rohe, German Pavilion in International Exposition (Barcelona, Spain), 1929
- 24. Barcelona Chair Miesvan der Rohe • Designed for King and Queen of Spain to sit on in German Pavilion • Later, the design was mass- produced and became a status symbol in homes and offices Mies van der Rohe, Barcelona Chair, 1929
- 25. Mid-Century Modern Late 1940’s,1950’s, into the Early 1960’s • Organic Forms vs. Geometric Forms • Fusion of Architecture and Sculpture • Simplicity • New Industrial Materials
- 26. Frank Lloyd Wright FrankLloyd Wright, Guggenheim Museum (New York), 1943 - 1959
- 27. Frank Lloyd Wright FrankLloyd Wright, Guggenheim Museum (New York), 1943 - 1959 • Art Museum built for Guggenheim family (major American art patrons) • Concrete Building • Shape inspired by the spiral shaped shell of a snail • Building slopes down from top to bottom (using gravity) • Central atrium with natural light
- 28. Le Corbusier French LeCorbusier, Notre Dame du Haut (Ronchamp, France), 1950 - 1955
- 29. Le Corbusier French LeCorbusier, Notre Dame du Haut (Ronchamp, France), 1950 - 1955 • Small church chapel which replaced a building destroyed in WWII • Shape represents praying hands or wings of a dove (symbol of peace) • Reference to Medieval Architecture • Concrete over metal structure
- 30. Eero Saarinen born inFinland Eero Saarinen, Terminal at Kennedy Airport (New York), 1952 - 1956 • Airport Terminal in New York • Futuristic •Scandanavian Modernism •Simple curved, organic shapes • Theme of Motion / “Wings in Flight” • Two concrete “shells”
- 31. Eero Saarinen born inFinland Eero Saarinen, Terminal at Kennedy Airport (New York), 1952 - 1956
- 32. Eero Saarinen, TulipPedestal Furniture, 1957 Tulip Table and Chairs
- 33. Tulip Table andChairs • Eero Saarinen wanted to eliminate the “problem” of too many legs on furniture • Based on the shape of tulip flower (organic shape) • Made of Molded Plastic (new material) • “Clean” and simple design Eero Saarinen, Tulip Pedestal Furniture, 1957
- 34. Seagram Building • InternationalStyle • Simple and Pure rectangular shape • Mies van der Rohe helped change the look of cities – tall “glass boxes” (design easily imitated) • Amber colored windows and bronze colored structureLudwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson, Seagram Building (New York), 1956 - 1958
- 35. Seagram Building Ludwig Miesvan der Rohe and Philip Johnson, Seagram Building (New York), 1956 - 1958
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- 37. Post-Modern Architecture The Past20 – 30 Years • Belief that Early Modernist Architecture was impersonal and sterile • Complex and Eclectic structures • Post-Modern architecture accepts and embraces the “messy and chaotic” nature of urban life • References to architecture from the past
- 38. Pompidou Center Paris Richard Rogers (British)and Renzo Piano (Italian), Pompidou Center (Paris), 1977
- 39. Pompidou Center Paris Richard Rogers(British) and Renzo Piano (Italian), Pompidou Center (Paris), 1977 • Cultural Center and Museum • Building “turned inside out” with the water, electrical, etc. pipes, ducts, and tubes on the outside • Square in front of the museum popular place to “hang out” • Reference to Eiffel Tower (structure visible)
- 40. HSBC Hong Kong NormanFoster, Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank (Hong Kong), (1979 - 1986)
- 41. HSBC Hong Kong •High Tech Architecture • Supporting skeleton on the outside • Computer programmed sun track which finds sun rays to bring into the space • Client wanted the most beautiful bank in the world Norman Foster, Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank (Hong Kong), (1979 - 1986)
- 42. Frank Gehry Canadian (livesin USA) Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Museum (Bilbao, Spain) 1997
- 43. Frank Gehry Canadian (livesin USA) Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Museum (Bilbao, Spain) 1997 • Art Museum (built for Guggenheim family – same as in New York) • Deconstructivist Architecture (concept of “taking apart”) • Imbalanced and Asymmetrical Forms • Sculptural • Structure is covered in Titanium Steel
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- 46. Santiago Calatrava Spanish Santiago Calatrava,Milwaukee Art Museum (USA), 2001 • Art Museum • Organic / Sculptural Form (“bird-like” / “boat-like”) • Kenetic Architecture (the roof moves – opening and closing according to the weather conditions) • Connects the building on Lake Michigan to the city with a bridge
- 47. Zaha Hadid Born inIraq / Lives in London Zaha Hadid, MAXXI Art Museum (Rome, Italy), 2009
- 48. Zaha Hadid Born inIraq/ Lives in London • Only Woman to receive the Pritzer Prize in Architecture (most important award for architects) • MAXXI refers to 21st Century (Roman Numerals XXI) • Contemporary Art Museum • Overlapping of geometric shapes • Deconstructivist / Postmodernist Zaha Hadid, MAXXI Art Museum (Rome, Italy), 2009