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1. DASAR-DASAR TEORI
PERMINTAAN DAN PENAWARAN,
SERTA KESEIMBANGAN PASAR
KULIAH III DAN IV

2. OUTLINE
Firms and Households: The Basic Decision-Making Units
Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow
Demand in Product/Output Markets
Changes in Quantity Demanded versus Changes in Demand
Price and Quantity Demanded: The Law of Demand
Other Determinants of Household Demand
Shift of Demand versus Movement Along the Demand Curve
From Household Demand to Market Demand
Supply in Product/Output Markets
Price and Quantity Supplied: The Law of Supply
Other Determinants of Supply
Shift of Supply versus Movement Along the Supply Curve
From Individual Supply to Market Supply

3. LANJUT….
Market Equilibrium
Excess Demand
Excess Supply
Changes in Equilibrium
Demand and Supply in Product
Markets: A Review
Looking Ahead: Markets and the
Allocation of Resources

4. Firm: (Perusahaan): suatu organisasi yang menstransformasi input menjadi
output.
Perusahaan: unit produksi dalam perekonomian secara keseluruhan
Entrepreneur:
Pengusaha: orang yang mengorganisasi, mengelola, dan membuat keputusan,
membuat ide-ide baru atau produk baru untuk membawa usahanya sukses
Households:
Rumah tangga adalah pelaku rumah tangga yang mengkonsumsi dalam
perekonomian
Firms and Households: The Basic Decision-Making Units

5. Product or output markets: PASAR sebagai wadah
barang dan jasa diperdagangkan
Input Markets and Output Markets: The
Circular Flow
Input or factor markets. Pasar dimana sumber
daya yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan
barang dan jasa dipertukarkan

6. THE CIRCULAR-FLOW MODEL
The circular-flow model adalah cara yang simpel untuk
menggambarkan secara visual transaksi ekonomi yang
terjadi antara rumah tangga (household) dan perusahaan
(firm) dalam perekonomian suatu negara

7. INPUT MARKETS AND OUTPUT
MARKETS: THE CIRCULAR FLOW

8. MARKETS
u Pembeli menentukan demand.
u penjual menentukan supply.

9. PASAR INPUT
• labor market The input/factor market in which
households supply work for wages to firms that demand
labor.
• capital market The input/factor market in which
households supply their savings, for interest or for claims
to future profits, to firms that demand funds to buy
capital goods.
• land market The input/factor market in which
households supply land or other real property in
exchange for rent.
• factors of production The inputs into the production
process. Land, labor, and capital are the three key factors
of
production.

10. PASAR OUTPUT
A household’s decision about what quantity of a particular output,
or product, to demand depends on a number of factors including:
■ The price of the product in question
■ The income available to the household
■ The household’s amount of accumulated
wealth
■ The prices of other products available to the
household
■ The household’s tastes and preferences
■ The household’s expectations about future
income, wealth, and prices

11. SUPPLY AND DEMAND
uSupply and demand merupakan dua
kata yang paling banyak digunakan
oleh ahli-ahli ekonomi
uSupply and demand merupakan
kekuatan yang membuat
perekonomian pasar bekerja

12. SKEDUL PERMINTAAN DAN PERMINTAAN
• Quantity demanded
adalah jumlah barang yang pembeli inginkan dan
mampu membelinya
Skedul Permintaan adalah tabel yang
menggambarkan hubungan antara harga barang
dan kuantiti yang diminta
Kurva Permintaan adalah kurva yang menggambarkan jumlah
barang yang diminta pada berbagai harga barang.

13. BOB'S DEMAND SCHEDULE
AND DEMAND CURVE FOR DVDS

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15. HUKUM PERMINTAAN
•Kurva permintaan mempunyai slope
downward-sloping:
•Ketika harga komoditi meningkat
(dan sesuatu yang lainnya konstan),
pembeli cenderung membeli sedikit,
dan sebaliknya.

16. 16

17. CETERIS PARIBUS
• Ceteris paribus is a Latin phrase that means
all variables other than the ones being studied
are assumed to be constant. Literally, ceteris
paribus means “other things being equal.”
Kurva permintaan mempunyai slope yang
menurun (negative) karena, ceteris
paribus, harga yang menurun
menyebabkan kuantitas yang diminta
meningkat

18. 1. Slope negatif
2. Berpotongan dengan kuantitas (X) pada sumbu horizontal sebagai akibat
dari keterbatasan waktu dan marginal utility yang menurun
3. Berpotongan dengan harga (Y) pada sumbu vertical sebagai akibat
keterbatasan pendapatan dan kekayaan
Other Properties of Demand Curves
Note: bentuk kurva permintaan individu yang sebenarnya (riil) apakah lebih
curam, atau datar atau bengkok tergantung pada banyak faktor seperti selera,
preferensi dan faktor2 lainnya

19. MARKET DEMAND CURVE
uMarket demand curve adalah penjumlahan
kuantiti yang diminta oleh seluruh individu
pada setiap tingkat harga
uSecara grafik, kurva permintaan individu
dijumlahkan secara horisontal untuk
memperoleh kurva permintaan pasar

20. THE MARKET DEMAND SCHEDULE
AND CURVE FOR DVDS

21. THE MARKET DEMAND SCHEDULE
AND CURVE FOR DVDS

22. THE MARKET DEMAND SCHEDULE
AND CURVE FOR DVDS

23. DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND
Harga Pasar (Market price)
Pendapatan konsumen (Consumer
income)
Harga barang lainnya (Prices of
related goods)
Selera (Tastes)
Pengharapan (Expectations)
penduduk

24. PERUBAHAN DALAM KUANTITI YANG
DIMINTA ATAU PERUBAHAN DALAM
PERMINTAAN
• Perubahan dalam Quantity Demanded
• Perubahan dalam permintaan

25. PERUBAHAN DALAM KUANTITI YANG
DIMINTA
• Perubahan dalam Quantity Demanded
Pergerakan sepanjang kurva permintaan yang
disebabkan oleh perubahan dalam harga
produk yang bersangkutan (MOVEMENT ALONG
CURVE).

26. PERGESERAN PERMINTAAN ATAU
PERGERAKAN SEPANJANG KURVA
• Perubahan demand tidak
sama dengan perubahan
kuantiti yang diminta.
• A higher price causes lower
quantity demanded and a
move along the demand
curve DA.
• Perubahan dalam penentu
permintaan selain harga,
menyebabkan perubahan
permintaan atau pergeseran
kurva permintaan dari DA to
D .

27. CHANGES IN QUANTITY DEMANDED
0
D1
Price of
Cigarettes
per Pack
Number of Cigarettes
Smoked per Day
Pajak meningkatkan
harga rokok
menyebabkan
pergeseran sepanjang
kurva permintaan.
A
C
20
2.00
$4.00
12

28. PERUBAHAN DALAM KUANTITI YANG
DIMINTA ATAU PERUBAHAN DALAM
DEMAND
•Perubahan dalam Demand
Pergeseran dalam kurva demand baik kekiri
atau pun ke kanan.
Disebabkan oleh perubahan dalam
penentu-penentu demand selain dari
harga

29. CHANGES IN DEMAND
0
D1
Price of
Ice-
Cream
Cone
Quantity
of Ice-
D3
D2
Increase in
demand
Decrease in
demand

30. THE IMPACT OF A CHANGE
IN THE PRICE OF RELATED GOODS
• Price of hamburger rises
• Demand for
complement
good
(ketchup)
shifts left
• Demand for
substitute
good
(chicken)
shifts right
• Quantity of hamburger
demanded per month falls

31. CONSUMER INCOME
As income increases the demand
for a normal good will increase.
As income increases the demand
for an inferior good will decrease.

32. CONSUMER INCOME
NORMAL GOOD
$3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
2
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12
11
Price of Ice-
Cream Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones
0
Increase
in demand
An increase
in income...
D1
D2

33. CONSUMER INCOME
INFERIOR GOOD
$3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
2
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12
11
Price of Ice-
Cream Cone
Quantity of Ice-
Cream Cones
0
Decrease
in demand
An increase
in income...
D1
D2

34. PRICES OF RELATED GOODS
SUBSTITUTES & COMPLEMENTS
When a fall in the price of one good
reduces the demand for another
good, the two goods are called
substitutes.
When a fall in the price of one good
increases the demand for another
good, the two goods are called

35. CHANGE IN QUANTITY DEMANDED
VERSUS CHANGE IN DEMAND
Variables that
Affect Quantity
Demanded
A Change in
This Variable . . .
Price
Income
Prices of related
goods
Tastes
Expectations
Number of
buyers

36. CHANGE IN QUANTITY DEMANDED
VERSUS CHANGE IN DEMAND
Variables that
Affect Quantity
Demanded
A Change in
This Variable . . .
Price Represents a movement
along the demand curve
Income Shifts the demand curve
Prices of related
goods
Shifts the demand curve
Tastes Shifts the demand curve
Expectations Shifts the demand curve
Number of
buyers
Shifts the demand curve

37. SUPPLY

38. SUPPLY, SKEDUL SUPPLY, KURVA
SUPPLY
• Quantity supplied is the amount of a good that
sellers are willing and able to sell dengan asumsi
bahwa variabel2 lainnya konstan.
Supply schedule for a commodity shows the relationship
between its market price and the amount of that
commodity that producer are willing to produce and sell,
other things held constant.
Kurva supply mempunyai slope: upward sloping yang
menghubungkan harganya dengan kuantiti yang
ditawarkan

39. MGA'S SUPPLY SCHEDULE
AND SUPPLY CURVE FOR DVDS

40. MARKET SUPPLY
Market supply refers to the sum of all individual
supplies for all sellers of a particular good or
service. (penjumlahan seluruh penawaran
individu terhadap barang dan jasa
Graphically, individual supply curves are summed
horizontally to obtain the market supply curve.
(penjumlahan secara horizontal kurva penawaran
individu)

41. THE SUPPLY SCHEDULE FOR DVDS

42. THE INDIVIDUAL SUPPLY
CURVE FOR DVDS

43. THE MARKET SUPPLY CURVE FOR
DVDS

44. FROM INDIVIDUAL
SUPPLY TO MARKET SUPPLY
• As with market demand, market supply is the
horizontal summation of individual firms’ supply
curves.

45. LAW OF SUPPLY
•The law of supply states that there is
a direct (positive) relationship
between price and quantity
supplied.

46. DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY
Market price
Input prices (harga modal
(bunga), harga tanah (sewa),
harga tenaga kerja (upah)
Technology
Expectations
Number of producers

47. CHANGE IN QUANTITY SUPPLIED
VERSUS CHANGE IN SUPPLY
•Change in Quantity Supplied
Movement along the supply curve.
Caused by a change in the market price of the
product.

48. CHANGE IN QUANTITY SUPPLIED
VERSUS CHANGE IN SUPPLY
Variables that
Affect Quantity Supplied A Change in This Variable . . .
Price Represents a movement along
the supply curve
Input prices Shifts the supply curve
Technology Shifts the supply curve
Government policy Shifts the supply curve
Number of sellers Shifts the supply curve

49. • A higher price causes higher
quantity supplied, and a
move along the demand
curve.
• A change in determinants of
supply other than price causes an
increase in supply, or a shift of
the entire supply curve, from SA to
SB.
SHIFT OF SUPPLY VERSUS
MOVEMENT ALONG A SUPPLY CURVE

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51. SUPPLY AND DEMAND TOGETHER
•Equilibrium Price
The price that balances supply and demand. On a
graph, it is the price at which the supply and demand
curves intersect.
• Equilibrium Quantity
The quantity that balances supply and demand.
On a graph it is the quantity at which the supply
and demand curves intersect.

52. MARKET EQUILIBRIUM
• Market equilibrium is the condition that exists when quantity supplied and quantity demanded are
equal. (kondisi ketika jumlah yang ditawarkan dan diminta adalah sama)
• At equilibrium, there is no tendency for the market price to change. Pada kondisi tersebut tidak ada
kecenderungan harga berubah

53. CONTOH PERHITUNGAN
• Diketahui fungsi
quantity demanded (Qd) = 1000-100P
quantity supplied (Qs) = -125+125P
Ekuilibirum Qs=QD
1000-100p=-125+125p
225p=1125
P= 5
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.
Qs = 1000-100p
= 1000-100(5)
= 1000-500
Q. = 500

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5
500
d1
d2
7
700
e1
e2
e3
1900
s1
s2

55. MARKET EQUILIBRIUM
• Only in equilibrium is
quantity supplied
equal to quantity
demanded.
• At any price level
other than P0, such as
P1, quantity supplied
does not equal
quantity demanded.
Excess supply (kelebihan supply)

56. LATIHAN
Kasus 1. Jika pendapatan masyarakat mengalami
peningkatan
Kasus 2. Jika harga barang yang akan dibeli meningkat
Gambarkan kondisi keseimbangan awal. Kemudian berikan
Komentar apa yang terjadi pada kondisi keseimbangan ketika
Kasus 1 dan kasus 2
Kasus 3. Jika upah tenaga kerja meningkat

57. EQUILIBRIUM

58. THE EFFECTS OF A SHIFT OF THE
DEMAND CURVE

59. THE EFFECTS OF A SHIFT OF THE
SUPPLY CURVE

60. PRICE CEILING DAN PRICE FLOOR
• Price ceiling adalah kebijakan untuk menentukan harga suatu barang dibawah
harga pasar.
• Price ceiling adalah penetapan harga barang tertinggi (batas maksimum)
• Sehingga akan meningkatkan permintaan, tetapi jumlah barang ditawarkan tidak
dapat memenuhi tingkat permintaan tersebut.
• Selisih antara tingkat permintaan yang lebih tinggi dibanding tingkat penawaran
inilah yang disebut dengan shortage atau surplus demand. Untuk mangatasi
keadaan shortage ini pemerintah dapat melakukan kebijakan seperti operasi
pasar,memberikan subsidi produsen,megurangi pajak dan impor barang agar
jumlah barang meningkat dan permintaan dapat terpenuhi pada tingkat harga
eceran terendah.
• Price floor adalah kebijakan menetapkan harga eceran terendah. Price floor
bertujuan agar harga suatu barang tidak terlalu rendah.
• Price floor adalah kebijakan menentukan harga diatas harga pasar, sehingga
produsen akan menjual lebih banyak barang tetapi permintaan akan turun karena
harga yang lebih tinggi dari harga pasar(hukum permintaan). Sehingga akan
terjadi selisih antara barang yang di supply dengan konsumsi di masyarakat.selisih
inilah yang disebut surplus supply. Barang surplus yang terjadi dapat dibeli
pemerintah atau diekspor.

61. LANJUT…
• Jenis komoditi yang sering dikontrol adalah beras,
bahan bakar (bensin, minyak tanah), minyak kelapa,
• Harga input antara lain: harga labor (upah
minimum),harga pupuk barang-barang pertanian

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