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意識輪講 2008/9/5
30. The M, P, and K Pathway of the Primate Visual System
31. Parallel Visual Pathways: A Comparative Perspective
今井千尋
The M, P, and K Pathway of the
Primate Visual System
Why are neural streams worth studying?
• 各streamやchannelが視覚の異なる機能を担っているかもし
れない。
• それらのつながりを調べたら、視覚処理を説明できるかも。
Cell types
• 初期視覚ではM, P and K populations
– あるcell typesは他と様々なdimensionで異なる
(通常1つ以上)
– それぞれのcell typeは、視覚世界のそれぞれ異なる側面
の処理に特化してるのでは
– Spatiotemporal:2 dimensions
-> abstraction: many dimensions(3~20?)
summary
• Photoreceptor(4):光感受性
• Bipolar cell(10):電気パルスに変換
• Lateral connection
– Horizontal cell(2):空間的平滑化
– Amacrine cell(30~40):nonlinear
• Ganglion cell(20)
Photoreceptor
Bipolar cell
Horizontal cell
Amacrine cell
Ganglion cell
summary
• Photoreceptor(4):光感受性
• Bipolar cell(10):電気パルスに変換
• Lateral connection
– Horizontal cell(2):空間的平滑化
– Amacrine cell(30~40):???
• Ganglion cell(20)
Ganglion cell(2 types)
大きく分けて
• Parasols(Pα)
– “M”, bottom 2 layers in LGN
– Input: Many cones – many bipolars
– Phasic and broad-band
• Midgets(Pβ)
– “P”, upper 4 layers in LGN
– Input(fovea): One cone - One bipolar “private line”
– Tonic and color opponent
• Bistratified:???
LGN
上から
• 1,2層:M(10%)
• 4~6層:P(80%)
• 層の間:K(10%)
• 他に
GABAergic interneuron
M層に多いが詳しくは謎…
V1
• Connectivity
-Fig 30.4
Phasic<->parasol(M)
tonic<->midget(P)
V1
• MとP(Fig.30.5)
M:low contrastでgain 大
P:全contrastでgain 小
RF size? antagonistic input?
• Mの周りのRFはnonlinear response
– Amacrineのせい?
• Mは2経路あるかも
– High/low frequency
Color selectivity
• I: both Pの77% color only Pの7%
• II: color only Pの7%
• III: space only Pの16%とM
• IV:Mの一部は赤にのみ抑制性
• 3軸:R/G, B, luminance
• さまざまな知見があって、はっきりしない…
ネコ
• X, Y and W cells
– おおまかにX-P, Y-M, W-Kと対応してる
• Mの75%&P はXに似てる
• Mの25%はYに似てる
Parallel Visual Pathways: A
Comparative Perspective
history
• Gasser(1929)
– Sensory modalityは組織的に異なる系
– Parallel pathway
• Bishop(1933)
– Axon groupsにより上の仮説を支持
• Enroth(1966)
– Ganglion cellでON/OFF center
– Visual systemはspatial frequency analyzerという考え方
• Schneider(1969)
– „Where‟/‟What‟は脳内で別部位
• Ungerleider(1982)
– What/Where pathway
– 支持する証拠たくさん
• Livingstone&Hubel(1988)
– Fig.31.2
• Casagrande(1991,1994)
– Ganglion cellとLGNの対応
– P,M,K cell
• Stone(1983):X,Y cells; Kaplam(1991):W cells
K pathway
• K についての議論
– Optic tractごとにK1~Knと番号付けた(LGNの投射layerに対応)
– K1,2はlayer 1, K3はblob in layer3
– S coneはK3(キヌザル)、K3,K4(マカク)
– Midget cellはcolor opponencyない!?, Dacay(1996)
すなわちP pathwayはtrue color opponencyなし
– 色の情報はKからblobへ
– ネコでは、W cellはS coneで興奮,M coneで抑制
– でもganglion cellは10typeあるからね……
• K についての議論(つづき)
– SとL/Mの情報を運ぶにはK cellの数は少なすぎる
– K cellの20%だけをS coneの情報を運んでる
L/M cone opponencyは、K cellはもってない(White, 1998)
– P cellには①L/M opponent②高spatial resolutionがいる
– 2 P channels, 2 K channelがcolor channelに通じてる
– S cone情報は2 type ganglion cellsが運んでいる
• ではS coneのないサルは??
– M cone, midget & parasol ganglionもってる
– LGNでbistratified ganglion cellsいない
– けど、blobに投射するK layerみたいのがある
– もしかして
いくつかのK cellとblobはnoncolor functionもってるかも?
• K cellはspatial & temporal propertyも多様(Fig.31.4)
もっと細かくganglion cellごとに分けるべきじゃない??
でもマーカーがないから難しい。
V1 layer4
• 4Cに投射するcell
– 2 P LGN cell class(Color oppoinencyあり、なし)
– 2 M LGN cell class
• 4Aの謎…K?P?
– マカクはP cellが投射するけどBlue ON(Wandell,2002)
– チンパンジーは4Aに投射するLGNない
– 人間もblue ONないかも(CO染色されない)
• 2 class of K
– 3B blobに投射、layer1に投射?(Fig.31.5)
まとめ
• M
– (多)4Cαのみで、同時にlayer6への投射はないか、弱い
– (少) 4Cα+同時にlayer6への投射
– 4Cαは上のほうはRF大でcontrast sensitivityもよい
かつ、orientation & direction selective
• P
– Color oppoinencyあり、低spatial resolution
– Color oppoinencyなし、高spatial resolution
• K
– 3B blobに投射
– layer1には…投射???

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20080905 visual neuroscience

  • 1. 意識輪講 2008/9/5 30. The M, P, and K Pathway of the Primate Visual System 31. Parallel Visual Pathways: A Comparative Perspective 今井千尋
  • 2. The M, P, and K Pathway of the Primate Visual System
  • 3. Why are neural streams worth studying? • 各streamやchannelが視覚の異なる機能を担っているかもし れない。 • それらのつながりを調べたら、視覚処理を説明できるかも。
  • 4. Cell types • 初期視覚ではM, P and K populations – あるcell typesは他と様々なdimensionで異なる (通常1つ以上) – それぞれのcell typeは、視覚世界のそれぞれ異なる側面 の処理に特化してるのでは – Spatiotemporal:2 dimensions -> abstraction: many dimensions(3~20?)
  • 5. summary • Photoreceptor(4):光感受性 • Bipolar cell(10):電気パルスに変換 • Lateral connection – Horizontal cell(2):空間的平滑化 – Amacrine cell(30~40):nonlinear • Ganglion cell(20) Photoreceptor Bipolar cell Horizontal cell Amacrine cell Ganglion cell
  • 6. summary • Photoreceptor(4):光感受性 • Bipolar cell(10):電気パルスに変換 • Lateral connection – Horizontal cell(2):空間的平滑化 – Amacrine cell(30~40):??? • Ganglion cell(20)
  • 7. Ganglion cell(2 types) 大きく分けて • Parasols(Pα) – “M”, bottom 2 layers in LGN – Input: Many cones – many bipolars – Phasic and broad-band • Midgets(Pβ) – “P”, upper 4 layers in LGN – Input(fovea): One cone - One bipolar “private line” – Tonic and color opponent • Bistratified:???
  • 8. LGN 上から • 1,2層:M(10%) • 4~6層:P(80%) • 層の間:K(10%) • 他に GABAergic interneuron M層に多いが詳しくは謎…
  • 10. V1 • MとP(Fig.30.5) M:low contrastでgain 大 P:全contrastでgain 小 RF size? antagonistic input? • Mの周りのRFはnonlinear response – Amacrineのせい? • Mは2経路あるかも – High/low frequency
  • 11. Color selectivity • I: both Pの77% color only Pの7% • II: color only Pの7% • III: space only Pの16%とM • IV:Mの一部は赤にのみ抑制性 • 3軸:R/G, B, luminance • さまざまな知見があって、はっきりしない…
  • 12. ネコ • X, Y and W cells – おおまかにX-P, Y-M, W-Kと対応してる • Mの75%&P はXに似てる • Mの25%はYに似てる
  • 13. Parallel Visual Pathways: A Comparative Perspective
  • 14. history • Gasser(1929) – Sensory modalityは組織的に異なる系 – Parallel pathway • Bishop(1933) – Axon groupsにより上の仮説を支持 • Enroth(1966) – Ganglion cellでON/OFF center – Visual systemはspatial frequency analyzerという考え方 • Schneider(1969) – „Where‟/‟What‟は脳内で別部位 • Ungerleider(1982) – What/Where pathway – 支持する証拠たくさん • Livingstone&Hubel(1988) – Fig.31.2 • Casagrande(1991,1994) – Ganglion cellとLGNの対応 – P,M,K cell • Stone(1983):X,Y cells; Kaplam(1991):W cells
  • 15. K pathway • K についての議論 – Optic tractごとにK1~Knと番号付けた(LGNの投射layerに対応) – K1,2はlayer 1, K3はblob in layer3 – S coneはK3(キヌザル)、K3,K4(マカク) – Midget cellはcolor opponencyない!?, Dacay(1996) すなわちP pathwayはtrue color opponencyなし – 色の情報はKからblobへ – ネコでは、W cellはS coneで興奮,M coneで抑制 – でもganglion cellは10typeあるからね……
  • 16. • K についての議論(つづき) – SとL/Mの情報を運ぶにはK cellの数は少なすぎる – K cellの20%だけをS coneの情報を運んでる L/M cone opponencyは、K cellはもってない(White, 1998) – P cellには①L/M opponent②高spatial resolutionがいる – 2 P channels, 2 K channelがcolor channelに通じてる – S cone情報は2 type ganglion cellsが運んでいる
  • 17. • ではS coneのないサルは?? – M cone, midget & parasol ganglionもってる – LGNでbistratified ganglion cellsいない – けど、blobに投射するK layerみたいのがある – もしかして いくつかのK cellとblobはnoncolor functionもってるかも? • K cellはspatial & temporal propertyも多様(Fig.31.4) もっと細かくganglion cellごとに分けるべきじゃない?? でもマーカーがないから難しい。
  • 18. V1 layer4 • 4Cに投射するcell – 2 P LGN cell class(Color oppoinencyあり、なし) – 2 M LGN cell class • 4Aの謎…K?P? – マカクはP cellが投射するけどBlue ON(Wandell,2002) – チンパンジーは4Aに投射するLGNない – 人間もblue ONないかも(CO染色されない) • 2 class of K – 3B blobに投射、layer1に投射?(Fig.31.5)
  • 19. まとめ • M – (多)4Cαのみで、同時にlayer6への投射はないか、弱い – (少) 4Cα+同時にlayer6への投射 – 4Cαは上のほうはRF大でcontrast sensitivityもよい かつ、orientation & direction selective • P – Color oppoinencyあり、低spatial resolution – Color oppoinencyなし、高spatial resolution • K – 3B blobに投射 – layer1には…投射???