This PPT gives specifics for how to register to take the TOPIK (Test of Proficiency in Korean - 한국어능력시험). It has been prepared for the 31st TOPIK on July 21, 2013, but should be applicable for all following tests as well (unless they change things dramatically) with minor adjustments.
The original PPT and any updates to this file (plus other TOPIK and Korean language hints) can be downloaded from our website: http://www.keytokorean.com
FREE Korean Lessons from Korea University (Cyber University of Korea) Aaron Snowberger
I recently stumbled upon one of the BEST online educational programs for Korean I've ever seen - and it's entirely FREE! - And it's produced by a top team of scholars from a subsidiary university of Korea University (the Cyber University of Korea).
This PPT is a quick run-through of ALL the documentation available on the CUK Korean website.
I personally find it much nicer and easier to consume a LOT of information in a quick and easy manner using a Slideshow. So, I spent some time boiling this down to its main points to share with the Korean language learning community at large!
Hope you enjoy the PPT, and hope you enjoy the new FREE class at CUK too!~ 화이팅!~
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research from the early work in the 1950s to modern advances in deep learning. While progress has been significant, fully general human-level AI remains an ongoing challenge that researchers continue working to achieve.
Securing an Engineering position in Korea as fresher especially from Non-CS background could be challenging. These are the sample questions of the applications I've sent to various companies when I was in Korea. Hope they help!
This PPT gives specifics for how to register to take the TOPIK (Test of Proficiency in Korean - 한국어능력시험). It has been prepared for the 31st TOPIK on July 21, 2013, but should be applicable for all following tests as well (unless they change things dramatically) with minor adjustments.
The original PPT and any updates to this file (plus other TOPIK and Korean language hints) can be downloaded from our website: http://www.keytokorean.com
FREE Korean Lessons from Korea University (Cyber University of Korea) Aaron Snowberger
I recently stumbled upon one of the BEST online educational programs for Korean I've ever seen - and it's entirely FREE! - And it's produced by a top team of scholars from a subsidiary university of Korea University (the Cyber University of Korea).
This PPT is a quick run-through of ALL the documentation available on the CUK Korean website.
I personally find it much nicer and easier to consume a LOT of information in a quick and easy manner using a Slideshow. So, I spent some time boiling this down to its main points to share with the Korean language learning community at large!
Hope you enjoy the PPT, and hope you enjoy the new FREE class at CUK too!~ 화이팅!~
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research from the early work in the 1950s to modern advances in deep learning. While progress has been significant, fully general human-level AI remains an ongoing challenge that researchers continue working to achieve.
Securing an Engineering position in Korea as fresher especially from Non-CS background could be challenging. These are the sample questions of the applications I've sent to various companies when I was in Korea. Hope they help!
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
2 Guide
1. 머리말
본 교재는 고용허가제 한국어능력시험(EPS-KLT)에 응시하는 외국인근로자를 위하여 문제은
행화되어 있는 문제를 사전에 공개하고 그 문제들 중에서 시험문제를 출제함으로써 한국어 구사
능력 향상과 한국어 학습을 촉진하고, 한국어능력시험 준비자들의 소요 비용을 최소화하기 위한
시험문제 안내서입니다.
공개문제은행은 듣기 1,000문제, 읽기 1,000문제를 각 영역별로 일련번호를 부여하여 수록하
였으며, 듣기 문제 음성파일(MP3)은 일련번호로 문제에 나오는 지문을 수록하여 외국인근로자
가 혼자서도 한국어 학습을 할 수 있도록 교재를 구성하였습니다.
한국어능력시험은 본 공개문제은행 내에서 시험문제를 그대로 선정 출제할 것입니다. 일부 시
험문제는 한국어 능력 향상을 배양코자 문제 유형이 훼손되지 않은 상태에서 변형, 또는 유사하게
출제될 수 있으므로 학습에 유의하여 주시기 바랍니다.
공개문제는 한국산업인력공단 홈페이지(www.hrdkorea.or.kr) 및 외국인고용관리시스템
(www.eps.go.kr)에 등록되어 있으니 외국인근로자들은 홈페이지에서 무료로 [내려받기]를 하여
유용하게 활용하기시 바랍니다.
공개문제은행은 매년 또는 격년으로 공개문제를 추가, 수정, 삭제할 것이며, 그 내용은 한국산
업인력공단 홈페이지 또는 외국인고용관리시스템에 등록하여 공지할 예정입니다.
이 공개문제집이 한국어 능력을 향상시키는 지침서가 되어 한국 취업에 크게 도움을 드릴 것으
로 확신합니다.
한국산업인력공단 : www.hrdkorea.or.kr
외국인고용관리시스템 : www.eps.go.kr
2. 발 간 사
올해로 한국에 들어온 외국인력이 100만 명 시대를 맞이하였습니다.
그러나 외국인력 도입 제도 시행 초기 제도적 장치의 미비 및 외국인근로자의 한국어 구사 능력
부족으로, 한국 생활 적응이 어렵고 근로계약을 체결한 사용자와 의사소통이 원활하지 못하여 애로
와 갈등을 겪음으로써 외국인근로자들이 조기 귀국하거나 이탈하여 강제 추방되는 안타까운 일이
발생하기도 하였습니다.
이러한 문제점들을 해소하고자 한국정부는 국가간 인력송출 양해각서(MOU)를 체결하고 합법
적으로 외국인력을 도입하는 고용허가제도(EPS)를 마련하였으며, 이는 한국어능력시험을 통과
한 외국인근로자 중에서 사용자와 근로계약이 체결되는 외국인근로자가 한국에 입국할 수 있도록
제도적으로 규정하고 있습니다.
한국어능력시험은 2005년 8월부터 민간기관이 시행해 오다, 2008년부터 공공기관인 한국산업
인력공단에서 국가간 인력송출 양해각서(MOU)를 체결한 모든 국가에 대하여 한국어능력시험을
전담시행하게 되었습니다.
이에, 우리 한국산업인력공단에서는 한국 취업을 희망하는 외국인근로자에게 한국 생활 적응
및 한국어 구사 능력 향상을 도모하고, 한국어능력시험 교재만으로도 한국어 학습이 가능하도록
하였습니다.
고용허가제를 통해 고용인력을 안정적으로 확보하는 데 기여하기 위하여 한국어능력시험에
출제되는 문제은행 유형들로 공개문제집을 발간하게 되었습니다.
아무쪼록 이 교재가 한국어 학습의 안내자가 되어 보다 많은 외국인근로자들이 한국어능력시험
에 합격하는 계기가 되길 기대합니다.
한국산업인력공단 이사장
3. 차 례
머리말 2
발간사 3
고용허가제 한국어능력시험(EPS-KLT)
1. 고용허가제 안내 6
2. 한국취업절차(근로자 중심으로) 7
3. 고용허가제의 특성 8
4. 한국어능력시험 9
5. 한국어능력시험 출제기준 10
6. 답안카드 및 작성요령 12
한국어 기초 학습
1. 모음 1 14
2. 모음 2 16
3. 자음 1 18
4. 자음 2 20
5. 자음 3 21
6. 명사 22
7. 명사 -입니다 25
8. 명사 -가/이 26
9. 동사 어간 - /습니다 27
10. 동사 어간 - /습니까? 29
11. 명사 -를/을 30
12. 명사 -가/이 아닙니다 31
13. 안/-지 않다 32
14. 못/-지 못하다 34
15. 일, 이, 삼, 사 36
16. 하나, 둘, 셋, 넷 38
4. Contents
한국어능력시험 문제은행
듣기
[1 160] 들은 것을 찾는 문제 42
[161 360] 그림을 보고 알맞은 대답을 고르는 문제 59
[361 480] 들은 내용과 관계있는 그림을 고르는 문제 121
[481 680] 질문을 듣고 알맞은 대답을 고르는 문제 169
[681 920 / 921 960] 이야기를 듣고 질문에 알맞은 대답을 고르는 문제 192
듣기 답안 및 지문 242
읽기
[1 200] 그림을 보고 맞는 단어나 문장을 고르는 문제 322
[201 480] 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 것을 고르는 문제 369
[481 800] 질문에 답하는 문제 418
[801 920 / 921 960] 글을 읽고 물음에 답하는 문제 537
읽기 답안 605
5. 고용허가제 한국어능력시험(EPS-KLT)
1 고용허가제 안내
고용허가제는 한국정부(노동부)가 인력을 구하지 못한 한국기업에게 외국인근로자를 합법적으로
고용할 있도록 허가해 주는 제도입니다.
한국정부는 내국인 고용기회 보호와 한국인 기피업종 등 300인 미만의 중소기업의 인력부족을
해결할 수 있도록 2004년 8월부터 고용허가제를 시행하고 있습니다.
그간 합법적으로 외국인력 제도가 마련되어 있지 않아 연수생을 근로자로 편법 활용하거나 불
법체류자를 고용하고 있는 문제를 해소하고자, 정부간 인력송출 양해각서(MOU)를 체결하여 공
공부문에서 외국인근로자 선정도입을 담당하고 있습니다.
아울러 사용자의 수요에 맞는 적격자를 선정하기 위해 한국어능력시험, 건강검진 등을 도입하
고 있습니다.
1. 외국인근로자의 고용관리
정주화 방지를 위해 취업기간을 3년으로 설정하였습니다. (1년마다 갱신)
- 취업기간(3년) 만료 후 사용자가 재고용을 원할 경우 출국 후 1개월 뒤 재입국 가능하며
추가 3년 취업 허용
표준근로계약서를 사용한 근로계약 체결, 출국 만기보증보험(사용자), 귀국비용상해보
험(근로자) 가입을 의무화하고 있습니다.
외국인근로자의 사업장 변경은 제한적으로 허용하고 있습니다.
- 사업체의 휴폐업, 사용자의 정당한 근로계약 해지 등 불가피한 사유가 있는 경우에는
다른 사업장으로의 변경 허용
외국인 불법고용 사업주 등에 대해서는 일정기간 (3년 이내) 외국인근로자의 고용을 제한하
고 있습니다.
2. 국내법이 정하는 바에 따라 권익보호
내국인과 동등하게 근로기준법, 최저임금법, 산업안전보건법 등 노동관계법의 적용을 받고,
노동3권 등 기본적인 권익 보장을 받습니다.
3. 불법체류자 방지
외국인근로자 고용의 법적제도적 장치를 마련함과 동시에 불법체류자에 대해서는 지속
적이고 강력한 단속을 실시합니다.
사용자 처벌 위주의 단속으로 불법취업 기회를 원천적으로 차단하고 있습니다.
6. Guide
2 한국 취업 절차 <근로자 중심>
근로자 취업절차 세부 내용
한국어시험 준비 한국 취업을 희망하는 구직자는 한국어능력시험 응시를 위해 자율 혹은
(자율학습, 교육기관 수강 등) 한국어교육기관 수강을 통해 한국어능력 배양
한국어능력시험 공고 송출기관을 통해 한국어능력시험 시행날짜가 공고되면 시험접수 준비
(한국산업인력공단송출기관) 단, 한국어능력시험 응시자격을 반드시 확인 후 준비
한국어능력시험 신청접수 한국어능력시험 응시 희망자는 한국산업인력공단과 송출기관에서 지정한
(응시 희망자 장소에서 한국어능력시험 응시원서 작성제출
한국산업인력공단송출기관) 한국어능력시험 응시자격을 갖춘 자만이 응시원서 접수 가능
한국어능력시험 실시 한국어능력시험 응시
(한국산업인력공단송출기관)
송출기관은 한국어능력시험 합격자를 게시판, 인터넷 등을 통해 공고
한국어능력시험 합격자 통보 및 합격증 배부
및 건강검진구직신청 안내 시험 합격자는 송출기관이 지정한 건강검진 기관에서 건강검진 실시
(송출기관 합격자) 입국 전 건강검진에 통과한 근로자라도 입국 후 건강검진에서 불합
격할 경우 본국으로 강제송환
구직자 명부 작성 한국어능력시험 합격자 중 건강검진을 통과한 구직자는 구직 신청기간에
(합격자 송출기관) 맞추어 구직 등록
구직자 명부 전송 송출기관은 완성된 구직자 명부를 한국산업인력공단에 송부
(송출기관
한국산업인력공단)
정부기관은 사용자의 외국인 고용 적격 여부를 확인한 후, 사용자가 제
한국사용자의 구직자 선택 시한 조건을 만족하는 구직자를 사용자에게 알선
(사용자 정부기관) 사용자는 정부기관에서 알선한 근로자들의 구직조건(키, 몸무게, 성별,
한국어시험 성적 등)을 검토하여 근로자 선택
근로계약서 송부 외국인근로자를 선택한 사용자는 한국산업인력공단을 통해 근로계약서를
(사용자 한국산업인력공단) 근로자에게 송부
7. 근로자 입국 절차 세부 내용
근로계약 체결 근로자는 송출기관을 통해 근로계약서를 확인 후 근로계약 체결의사 전달
(송출기관 근로자)
사전교육 실시 근로계약이 체결된 근로자는 현지 사전교육기관에 입소하여 한국 취업에
(근로자 송출기관) 필요한 기본교육 이수
송출기관은 한국산업인력공단에서 송부한 사증발급인정서를 수령하여 사
사증 신청발급 전교육을 이수한 근로자에 대한 비자(E-9) 신청
(송출기관 재외공관) 건강검진 실시 시기가 장기간(3개월 이상) 소요된 경우 건강검진 재실
시 후 입국하는 것이 바람직
송출기관은 한국산업인력공단에서 수립통보한 입국 계획에 따라 근
입국 가능 여부 통보 로자의 입국을 준비하고, 대상 근로자의 입국 가능 여부를 입국 예정일
및 입국자 확정 최소 7일 전에 공단에 통보
(송출기관 한국산업인력공단) 근로자는 송출기관의 안내에 따라 입국에 필요한 사항을 준비하는 등
수립된 입국 계획이 차질 없이 진행될 있도록 적극 협조
근로자 입국 최종 입국 확정자 는 송출기관의 안내하에 지정된 입국일에 입국
(송출기관 한국산업인력공단)
근로자는 인천공항 입국 후 취업교육기관으로 이동하여 취업교육 이수
(20시간)
근로자 취업교육 및 인도
(취업교육기관 사용자)
취업교육기관에서 건강검진 재실시
건강검진에 불합격할 경우 본국으로 강제송환
취업교육 이수한 근로자는 근로계약을 체결한 사업장으로 배치
3 고용허가제의 특성
고용허가제의 도입 규모는 총 도입 허용 규모로 각 국가별로 도입 규모가 배정되지 않습니다.
외국인력 도입은 총 도입 규모 내에서 국가별 경쟁 시스템으로 이루어지며, 사용자 선호도
에 따라 해당 연도 국가별 도입 인원이 결정됩니다.
국가별 도입 인원을 사전에 알 수 없으므로 도입 규모의 약 3배수로 한국어능력시험을 합격
한 자로 구성하는 구직자 명부 규모 를 설정 활용하며 사용자 선호도, 전년도의 실적(입국
소요 기간, 근로계약 취소율), 자진 출국률, 불법체류자 증가율 등의 지표를 고려하여 국가
별로 차등 배정됩니다.
8. Guide
4 한국어능력시험
시험 시간 1시간 10분(듣기 30분, 읽기 40분)
시험 출제 언어 한국어
시험 구성
구분 평가영역 문항수 배점 시간
총계 50 200 70분
소리 표기
듣기 시각 자료 25 100 30분
대화나 이야기
어휘 어법
읽기 실용 자료 정보 25 100 40분
독해
평가내용
한국의 일상생활에 필요한 기초적인 의사소통능력
산업현장에서 필요한 한국어 구사능력
한국 기업문화에 대한 이해
응시자격
만 18세 이상 39세 이하일 것
금고 이상의 범죄경력이 없을 것
과거 대한민국에서 강제퇴거출국된 경력이 없을 것
출국에 제한(결격사유)이 없을 것
평가방법 및 합격자 결정기준
평가방법 상대평가
합격자 결정 기준 200점 만점에 80점 이상 획득한 자로서, 선발(예정)인원 만큼만 성적순으
로 합격자로 결정
부정행위자 응시자격 제한 부정행위자로 확정된 시점부터 2년간 제한
9. 5 한국어능력시험 출제기준
시험 내용 1. 한국어능력 2. 한국문화 이해 3. 산업안전 및 보건
듣기 분야 단어 및 문장의 소리와 표기, 사진이나 그림 등 시각 자료에 대한 설명, 대화, 이야기(산업
출제 영역 안전 포함) 등을 녹음하여 응시자들이 청취한 후 내용에 대한 답을 고르기
검정 방법 녹음 청취 4지 선택형 문제수 25문제 시험시간 30분
세부 영역 주요 항목 세부 항목
1. 한국어 음운과 문장에서의 연음 1. 소리와 표기 1. 단어
관계 및 숫자를 제대로 발음할 2. 문장
수 있는지를 평가 3. 숫자
2. 사진이나 그림 등의 시각 자료를 2. 시각 자료 1. 사진 및 그림에 대한 정확한
이용하여 상황에 맞는 한국어 (산업안전 및 직업 관련 포함) 설명 고르기(그림을 보고 맞는
구사 능력 평가 설명을 고르는 문제)
2. 대화 및 문장을 듣고 맞는 그림
고르기(설명을 듣고 맞는 그림
을 고르는 문제)
3. 실생활에서 자주 접하는 생동감 3. 대화 1. 두 사람의 대화를 통해 뒤에
있는 대화 상황을 응시자에게 (산업안전 및 직업 관련 내용 이어질 내용 고르기(인사말,
들려주고 문제를 해결하는 능력 포함) 일상생활, 직업 관련 내용 등)
을 평가(기초적인 이해력 및 대
응력 평가)
4. 두 사람의 대화나 이야기를 들려 4. 대화나 이야기 1. 두 사람의 대화를 듣고 그 내용
주고 세부 정보 청취 여부와 전체 (산업안전 및 직업 관련 내용 파악하기
적인 맥락 이해 여부를 평가 포함) 2. 이야기를 듣고 그 내용 파악하기
10. Guide
시험 내용 1. 한국어능력 2. 한국문화 이해 3. 산업안전 및 보건
읽기 분야 사물 및 상황 설명, 한국어의 어휘 및 어법, 실용자료 정보, 설명문 독해 및 산업안전에 관한
출제 영역 안전표지, 안전사항 등
검정 방법 4지 선택형 문제수 25문제 시험시간 40분
세부 영역 주요 항목 세부 항목
1. 그림, 사진을 보고 맞는 문장을 1. 사물 및 상황 설명(산업안전, 1. 그림, 사진을 보고 맞는 문장
고르게 함으로써 사물 및 상황을 직업 관련 내용 포함) 고르기
제대로 이해하고 있는지 평가
2. 문장의 내용 이해를 전제로 하여 2. 어휘 및 어법 1. 빈칸에 들어갈 어휘 및 문장
빈칸에 들어갈 어휘를 고를 수 (산업안전, 직업 관련 내용 포함) 고르기
있는 능력과 문맥에서의 문장
및 어법 사용 능력을 평가
3. 일상생활 및 작업환경 속에서 3. 실용자료 정보 1. 각종 표지판, 안내판에 담겨 있는
접할 수 있는 교통표지, 안내 (산업안전, 직업 관련 내용 포함) 정보 이해하기
표지, 산업안전표지 등 각종 표 2. 산업안전 표지판 이해하기
지의 의미를 이해하는지를 평가
(특히 산업안전 관련 표지판의
이해를 통해 재해 방지)
4. 구인광고, 기계 작동법 등의 4. 독해 1. 설명문을 읽고 그림 고르기
내용과 일상생활 및 한국문화 (산업안전, 직업, 한국 문화에 (산업안전 관련 그림)
등에 관한 내용을 읽고 이해 관한 내용 포함) 2. 설명문 읽고 답하기
하는지를 평가
11. 6
듣기 답안 읽기 답안
고용허가제 한국어능력시험 답안지 번호 정 답 번호 정 답
1 ① ② ③ ④ 26 ① ② ③ ④
2 ① ② ③ ④ 27 ① ② ③ ④
3 ① ② ③ ④ 28 ① ② ③ ④
성명 4 ① ② ③ ④ 29 ① ② ③ ④
Full Name 5 ① ② ③ ④ 30 ① ② ③ ④
6 ① ② ③ ④ 31 ① ② ③ ④
응 시 번 호 Application number
7 ① ② ③ ④ 32 ① ② ③ ④
8 ① ② ③ ④ 33 ① ② ③ ④
9 ① ② ③ ④ 34 ① ② ③ ④
10 ① ② ③ ④ 35 ① ② ③ ④
① ① ① ① ① ① ① ①
11 ① ② ③ ④ 36 ① ② ③ ④
② ② ② ② ② ② ② ②
12 ① ② ③ ④ 37 ① ② ③ ④
③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③
13 ① ② ③ ④ 38 ① ② ③ ④
④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④
14 ① ② ③ ④ 39 ① ② ③ ④
⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤
15 ① ② ③ ④ 40 ① ② ③ ④
⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥
16 ① ② ③ ④ 41 ① ② ③ ④
⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦
17 ① ② ③ ④ 42 ① ② ③ ④
⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧
18 ① ② ③ ④ 43 ① ② ③ ④
⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ 19 ① ② ③ ④ 44 ① ② ③ ④
형 서명 20 ① ② ③ ④ 45 ① ② ③ ④
문제지 감독위원 서명
type Signature
21 ① ② ③ ④ 46 ① ② ③ ④
유 형
Test Paper
proctor
형 22 ① ② ③ ④ 47 ① ② ③ ④
Type Signature 서명
type Signature 23 ① ② ③ ④ 48 ① ② ③ ④
24 ① ② ③ ④ 49 ① ② ③ ④
한국산업인력공단 HRD korea 25 ① ② ③ ④ 50 ① ② ③ ④
12. [답안지 뒷면]
답안지 작성방법 및 부정행위자 처리알림
답안지 작성 예시 유 의 사 항
답안지 마킹 방법
- 올바른 표기 ● ◈ 답안지 작성은 검정색 사인펜으로 기재하고 마킹해야 합니다.
- 잘못된 표기 ◑ ◎ ◈ 답안지는 수정할 수 없으며(수정액 사용불가), 훼손하여서는 안 됩니
다. 잘못 기재하였을 경우에는 답안지의 교체를 요청하십시오.
성명
Full Name ◈ 답안지 작성시 응시번호, 문제지유형(A형 또는 B형), 문항별 정답의 마킹
누락 및 착오로 인한 불이익은 전적으로 응시자의 책임임을 알려드립니다.
응 시 번 호 ◈ 문항별 정답은 1개만을 마킹하여야 합니다.(2개 마킹시 오답으로 처리)
Application number
0 1 4 1 0 8 1 4 ◈ 감독위원 서명이 없는 답안지는 무효 처리됩니다.
● ●
① ● ① ● ① ① ● ① 부정행위자 처리알림
② ② ② ② ② ② ② ②
③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ 시험 중 다음과 같은 행위를 하는 자는 외국인근로자고용지원업무처리규
④ ④ ● ④ ④ ④ ④ ● 칙에 의거 부정행위자로 처리되며 당해시험을 무효처리하고 2년간 한국
⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤
어능력시험에 응시할 수 없습니다.
⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥
⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ◈ 시험과 관련된 대화를 하는 자, 답안지 교환 자, 타인의 답안지 및 문제
⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ● ⑧ ⑧
지를 보고 답안을 작성하는 자, 대리시험을 치른 자 및 치르게 한 자
⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨
◈ 시험문제 내용과 관련된 물건(무선통신기기 등)을 휴대하여 사용하거나
●형 [ HONG GYLSUN ] 주고받은 자
문제지
감독위원 서명
유 형
형 [ JANG GYLSAN ] ◈ 기타 부정 또는 불공정한 방법으로 시험을 치른 자