1 OVERCROWDING IN AMERICAN PRISONS 5 Overcrowding in American Prisons Max Perez Assignment #2 Overcrowding in American Prisons Prison crowding is an issue of concern within American prisons. It is a major contributor to poor health conditions in the prison system. According to research findings, over 18 countries exceed their maximum occupancy, of which about 11 national prison systems hold double their normal capacity. Overcrowding in prisons does not mean that the rate of crime commission is higher than it has been; however, the poor policy choices within the criminal justice system undermine the need for the system to meet basic human needs for the prisoners. Arguably, the prison system faces the harsh effects of overcrowding, whose impacts are life-threatening if not prevented at the earliest. This paper provides an annotated bibliography about overcrowding in American prisons. Haney, C. (2006). The wages of prison overcrowding: Harmful psychological consequences and dysfunctional correctional reactions. Wash. UJL & Pol'y, 22, 265. Prison overcrowding is an issue in the criminal justice system. According to the authors of this source, the wages of prison overcrowding include poor psychological conditions and dysfunctional correctional reactions. Prisons tend to shape and transform individual inmates. Therefore, any time the prison environment becomes unconducive for the wellbeing of the inmates, they become harmful to them in return. Therefore, prison overcrowding is unpleasant, uncomfortable, and destructive to the psychological health of the inmates. This article supports the fact that overcrowding is a danger to the health of prisoners. Warmsley, R. (2005). Prison health care and the extent of prison overcrowding. International Journal of Prisoner Health. According to the author of this article, prison overcrowding negatively impacts prisoners and affects their general health. Based on the international standard requirements, prisons need to have adequate space for prisoners; however, over 70% of prisons across the world are overcrowded. Thus, even if the number of prisoners increases, the prison system has never expanded the space to accommodate more prisoners. This hurts the prisoners' physical and mental health. This source is essential in determining the healthcare conditions within prisons and the extent of overcrowding in these prisons. Savitsky, D. (2012). Is plea bargaining a rational choice? Plea bargaining as an engine of racial stratification and overcrowding in the United States prison system. Rationality and Society, 24(2), 131-167. According to this article, incarceration rates have steadily increased over the past decades while crime rates are dropping. However, even though crime rates are equal across races, it is evident that Blacks are incarcerated more than their white counterparts. Therefore, the author of this article claims that ...

1. 1
OVERCROWDING IN AMERICAN PRISONS
5
Overcrowding in American Prisons
Max Perez
Assignment #2
Overcrowding in American Prisons
Prison crowding is an issue of concern within American prisons.
It is a major contributor to poor health conditions in the prison
system. According to research findings, over 18 countries
exceed their maximum occupancy, of which about 11 national
prison systems hold double their normal capacity. Overcrowding
in prisons does not mean that the rate of crime commission is
higher than it has been; however, the poor policy choices within
the criminal justice system undermine the need for the system to
meet basic human needs for the prisoners. Arguably, the prison
system faces the harsh effects of overcrowding, whose impacts
are life-threatening if not prevented at the earliest. This paper
provides an annotated bibliography about overcrowding in
American prisons.
Haney, C. (2006). The wages of prison overcrowding: Harmful
psychological consequences and dysfunctional correctional
reactions. Wash. UJL & Pol'y, 22, 265.
Prison overcrowding is an issue in the criminal justice system.

2. According to the authors of this source, the wages of prison
overcrowding include poor psychological conditions and
dysfunctional correctional reactions. Prisons tend to shape and
transform individual inmates. Therefore, any time the prison
environment becomes unconducive for the wellbeing of the
inmates, they become harmful to them in return. Therefore,
prison overcrowding is unpleasant, uncomfortable, and
destructive to the psychological health of the inmates. This
article supports the fact that overcrowding is a danger to the
health of prisoners.
Warmsley, R. (2005). Prison health care and the extent of prison
overcrowding. International Journal of Prisoner Health.
According to the author of this article, prison overcrowding
negatively impacts prisoners and affects their general health.
Based on the international standard requirements, prisons need
to have adequate space for prisoners; however, over 70% of
prisons across the world are overcrowded. Thus, even if the
number of prisoners increases, the prison system has never
expanded the space to accommodate more prisoners. This hurts
the prisoners' physical and mental health. This source is
essential in determining the healthcare conditions within prisons
and the extent of overcrowding in these prisons.
Savitsky, D. (2012). Is plea bargaining a rational choice? Plea
bargaining as an engine of racial stratification and
overcrowding in the United States prison system. Rationality
and Society, 24(2), 131-167.
According to this article, incarceration rates have steadily
increased over the past decades while crime rates are dropping.
However, even though crime rates are equal across races, it is
evident that Blacks are incarcerated more than their white
counterparts. Therefore, the author of this article claims that the
highly increasing populations within prisons are attributed to
plea bargains since it accounts for 95% of criminal dispositions
in the criminal justice system. Plea bargains place defendants
into dilemmas and reduce transactional costs allowing
prosecutors to work on political wills of incarcerating more

3. defendants within the prisons. More so, the Blacks have less
faith in the system than the white; that is why they are on the
worst side of the plea bargain. Thus, differential bargains lead
to a stratified prison population.
Newman, W. J., & Scott, C. L. (2012). Brown v. Plata: prison
overcrowding in California. Journal of the American Academy
of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 40(4), 547-552.
Californian prisons are known for overcrowding. In 2011, the
case between Brown and Plata led to adjustments in these
prisons since, before then, the prisons were holding twice the
required capacity. This article indicates that prison
overcrowding has been an issue within American prisons.
Salins, L., & Simpson, S. (2012). Efforts to fix a broken system:
Brown v. Plata and the prison overcrowding epidemic. Loy. U.
Chi. LJ, 44, 1153.
According to this article, excessive incarceration is a national
issue in America. Overcrowding has caused unconstitutional
confinement conditions, making various states fail to
rehabilitate inmates effectively. The prison system spends a
large amount on correcting the failing prison system. This
article argues that the system should use proactive reforms like
early release and diversionary tactics to correct the current
issues.
Steinberg, J. (2005). Prison overcrowding and the constitutional
right to adequate accommodation in South Africa. Occasional
Paper, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation,
University of Cape Town.
This article provides insights into prison overcrowding in South
African prisons. It illustrates that SA prisons are overcrowded
due to high incarceration rates, which violates the inmates'
constitutional rights. This article shows the extent of prison
overcrowding across the globe.
Garcia-Guerrero, J., & Marco, A. (2012). Overcrowding in
prisons and its impact on health. Revista espanola de sanidad
penitenciaria, 14(3), 106-113.
The authors of this article argue that prison overcrowding is an

4. issue across countries. If not countered, prison overcrowding
can lead to self-harm and violent behaviors between inmates.
Overcrowding leads to health issues for the inmates, the public,
and the system itself. Research shows that overcrowding is a
major cause of infectious and psychiatric disorders. This article
delves into overcrowding within prisons, how to increase
awareness to the public, and the key resources to addressing the
health concerns associated with overcrowding.
MacDonald, M. (2018). Overcrowding and its impact on prison
conditions and health. International journal of prisoner health.
According to this article, overcrowding has been an issue over
the years; and little has been done to resolve it. The author of
this article highlights that overcrowding is a major cause of
health issues within prisons due to infectious diseases and
mental health issues. Hence, the article offers prevention
measures to resolve the issue of overcrowding in these prisons.
Week 5 Discussion 1
Corporate Environment
This week you will learn about corporate environments. This is
a concept that is important as it will give you the opportunity to
further learn about the development of a productive work
environment. Furthermore, you will learn about the evolution of
the workplace over time.
Consider your current workplace. Do you enjoy going to work?
Do you roll over in bed dreading the day? Hopefully, you are
one that can say you enjoy going to work each day. If you do,
that means your corporate environment is one that has been set
up for your success. Unfortunately, there are many that are not
quite meeting the standards of what employee’s look for today.
The setting in which one works is important. Employee health,
comfort, and well-being should be considered. Do you feel you
have a comfortable work-life balance? As time has changed, so
has the way an employee looks at the workplace in terms of
comfort. This is also true for the employer. Consider the

5. benefits that are offered to you.
Netflix offers one paid year of maternity and paternity leave to
new parents. They also allow parents to return part-time or full-
time and take leave as needed throughout the year. Burton
employees receive season ski passes and “snow days” to hit the
slopes after a big snowfall. Airbnb offers a $2,000 yearly travel
stipend (Warren, 2018).
Please review your materials for this week below.
· McClear, S. (2019). The 15 best companies for work-life
balance in 2019.
· Reyes, J.F. (2019). ‘Fear doesn’t belong in the corporate
environment’: SAP’s Jennifer Morgan, named one of the most
powerful women in business
· Safety and Health (2019). Workplace programs promoting
good health on the rise: study.
· Sugden, P. (2019). How workplace design drives productivity
for employees of all ages.
· Taylor, J.C. (2019). How can I get my company to let me work
from home? Ask HR
· Warren, K. (2018). 16 mind-blowing job perks that real
companies offer.
· Weiner, Y. (2019). Meet the Female Titans of Wall Street:
Helen Kane, founder and CEO of Hedge Trackers
Assignment:
Respond to two colleagues’ post: Expand the discussion by
providing your thoughts in the following ways.
· Devils’ Advocate, and challenge the benefits of your peers’
suggestions.
· Remember to be respectful when doing so.
· Be sure to include real-world examples and follow up with
outside research.
· No plagiarism
· APA citing

6. 1ST Colleague - Steven Cole
Cole Discussion- Week 5
Top of Form
As society evolves, as does the way businesses conduct business
operations. Legacy items and processes are now being replaced
by things that can be done through technology, software, etc.
The recent pandemic has given opportunities to businesses to
conduct operations and day to day functions remotely. Through
the use of Internet and business computers, office matters and
operations can be handled and completed remotely or virtually.
As Globe department has employees that are in a variety of time
zones, creating a weekly meeting during the middle of the day
can ensure that information and communication is delivered
across the department, Additional avenues of approach can
include swing shifts, or adjusted work schedules to ensure
everyone is in the know and communication flow is consistent.
The benefits of working remotely helps provide ease and
convenience to the employee and also creates motivation and
encouragement for the employees to do well. The use of Virtual
platforms such as Microsoft Teams and Zoom creates a work
environment remotely where businesses meetings can be done,
items can be shared, and business operations continue with no
issues. Challenges that would be faced include a potential
security threat of information being shared in the public which
can release employee or customer Personnel Identifiable
Information (PII) and other information. Creating a safe and
secure remote environment would be needed from the
technological department. Overall, the use of remote working is
something more and more businesses are using and empowering
employees to use. Ask yourself, would you want to work,
completing the jobs and tasks in the comfort of your own home?
I have provided an article from Forbes which explains the

7. benefits of remote working from an employers standpoint, and
how more businesses should take part in remote working
(Farrer, 2020).
Thoughts
Referenc
Farrer, L. (2022, April 14). 5 proven benefits of remote work
for companies. Forbes. Retrieved May 14, 2022,
from https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurelfarrer/2020/02/12/top-
5-benefits-of-remote-work-for-companies/?sh=7588ec7f16c8
Steve
2nd Colleague - Shimira Walker
Week 5
Top of Form
Global remote working has three major are cultural differences,
differences in technology security/surveillance and technology
limitation. Cultural differences are often the first challenge
beyond time zone differences. A good example of this is how
employee relations/communications differs between countries.
Take how a worker in Japan would respond to a lacked
workplace like France. These differences would be challenging.
Differences in technology security and surveillance can be seen
in companies often entering China where there are limitations
on what is allowed into the country. Technology limitations can
be seen in countries with outdated information architecture
limits communications often in cases where telecommunication
hardware is being updated. The benefits of remote working are
limiting cost, increasing diversity within the workplace, and
improving personnel. However, the advantages of globalization
differ between countries and should be considered in a remote
working environment. For example, India and Israel advantages
differed and impacted work-life balance.
Israel advantage consisted of innovativeness led to
development of an advanced industry focusing on research and
development, while India advantage consisted of low labor costs
resulting in the development of an advanced industrial sector

8. focusing on manufacturing and service (Cohen, 2019). These
advantages in development would help provide information
related to the challenges.
References
Cohen, E. (2019). How globalization impacted Israel and India
differently in the 1990s. Economic Affairs, 39(1), 115–126.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12336
Bottom of Form
Bottom of Form
1
8
OVERCROWDING IN PRISONS
Overcrowding In Prisons
Max Perez
April 18, 2022
Overcrowding in American Prisons
Prison crowding is an issue of concern within American prisons.

9. It is a major contributor to poor health conditions in the prison
system. According to research findings, over 18 countries
exceed their maximum occupancy, of which about 11 national
prison systems hold double their normal capacity. Overcrowding
in prisons does not mean that the rate of crime commission is
higher than it has been; however, the poor policy choices within
the criminal justice system undermine the need for the system to
meet the basic human needs of the prisoners. Arguably, the
prison system faces the harsh effects of overcrowding, whose
impacts are life-threatening if not prevented at the earliest. This
paper provides an annotated bibliography about overcrowding in
American prisons.
Suliman, N., & Einat, T. (2018). Does Work Stress Change
Personalities? Working in Prison as a Personality-Changing
Factor Among Correctional Officers. Criminal Justice and
Behavior, 009385481875814.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854818758141
According to the authors of this source, the wages of prison
overcrowding include poor psychological conditions and
dysfunctional correctional reactions. Prisons tend to shape and
transform individual inmates which have been neglected.
Therefore, any time the prison environment becomes
unconducive for the wellbeing of the inmates creates chaos
hence extension of the time spent in prisons. Therefore, prison
overcrowding is unpleasant, uncomfortable, and destructive to
the psychological health of the inmates. This article supports
the fact that overcrowding is a danger to the health of prisoners.
Van Hout, M.-C., & Mhlanga-Gunda, R. (2019). Prison health
situation and health rights of young people incarcerated in sub-
Saharan African prisons and detention centers: a scoping review
of extant literature. BMC International Health and Human
Rights, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-019-0200-z

10. According to the author of this article, prison overcrowding
negatively impacts prisoners and affects their general health.
Based on the international standard requirements, prisons need
to have adequate space for prisoners; however, over 70% of
prisons across the world are overcrowded. Thus, even if the
number of prisoners increases, the prison system has never
expanded the space to accommodate more prisoners. This hurts
the prisoners' physical and mental health. This source is
essential in determining the healthcare conditions within prisons
and the extent of overcrowding in this prison
Zorro Medina, A. (2019, November 4). Adversarial, Plea
Bargaining, and Prison Population Growth: Evidence from a
Natural Experiment. Papers.ssrn.com.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3686925
According to this article, incarceration rates have steadily
increased over the past decades while crime rates are dropping.
However, even though crime rates are equal across races, it is
evident that Blacks are incarcerated more than their white
counterparts. Therefore, the author of this article claims that the
highly increasing populations within prisons are attributed to
plea bargains since it accounts for 95% of criminal dispositions
in the criminal justice system. Plea bargains place defendants
into dilemmas and reduce transactional costs allowing
prosecutors to work on political wills of incarcerating more
defendants within the prisons. More so, the Blacks have less
faith in the system than the white; that is why they are on the
worst side of the plea bargain. Thus, differential bargains lead
to a stratified prison population.
Newman, W., & Scott, C. (2011). Brown v. Plata: Prison
Overcrowding in California.
https://scholar.archive.org/work/sa2hi5wlfrfspmki4plx2cydhi/ac
cess/wayback/http://jaapl.org:80/content/jaapl/40/4/547.full.pdf

11. Californian prisons are known for overcrowding. In 2011, the
case between Brown and Plata led to adjustments in these
prisons since, before then, the prisons were holding twice the
required capacity. This article indicates that prison
overcrowding has been an issue within American prisons.
Stuntz, W. J. (2013). The Collapse of American Criminal
Justice. In Google Books. Harvard University Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P7nz_DRM-
HAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Efforts+to+fix+a+broken+system+i
n+american+crminal+justice&ots=hr5QPrudkP&sig=tDPFzi_JtI
kcwilsDgtQR-Zqb0o
. According to this article, excessive incarceration is a
national issue in America. Overcrowding has caused
unconstitutional confinement conditions, making various states
fail to rehabilitate inmates effectively. The prison system
spends a large amount on correcting the failing prison system.
This article argues that the system should use proactive reforms
like early release and diversionary tactics to correct the current
issues
Van Hout, M. C., & Wessels, J. (2017). Human rights and the
invisible nature of incarcerated women in post-apartheid South
Africa: prison system progress in adopting the Bangkok Rules.
International Journal of Prisoner Health.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ijph-05-2021-0045
This article provides insights into prison overcrowding in South
African prisons. It illustrates that SA prisons are overcrowded
due to high incarceration rates, which violates the inmates'
constitutional rights. This article shows the extent of prison
overcrowding across the globe.
MacDonald, M. (2018). Overcrowding and its impact on prison

12. conditions and health. International Journal of Prisoner Health,
14(2), 65–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijph-04-2018-0014
The authors of this article argue that prison overcrowding is an
issue across countries. If not countered, prison overcrowding
can lead to self-harm and violent behaviors between inmates.
Overcrowding leads to health issues for the inmates, the public,
and the system itself. Research shows that overcrowding is a
major cause of infectious and psychiatric disorders. Thi s article
delves into overcrowding within prisons, how to increase
awareness among the public, and the key resources to
addressing the health concerns associated with overcrowding.
Dependent variables
Article one
The dysfunction in the correctional strategies has been
neglected by the correctional officers extending the stay of the
inmates in prisons. Prison overcrowding is a concern in
inmates’ psychology.
Article two
Concerns with general health of inmates. The criminal justice
should improve the environment in which the inmates are
staying during their time in the prison, this is providing clean
water, food, and a place to stay for their health and well -being.
Article three
There is no faith in the justice department. The criminal justice
office plea bargaining is not flexible and just since
discrimination of race has taken control. The African Americans
are denying pleas while the Americans are granted plea deals
Article four
Overcrowding in California prison is common where the
prisons hold more than the required capacity of inmates due to
high crime rates. The criminal justice has not taken this issue
seriously hence it affects the health conditions of the inmates
due to poor eating and living conditions of the prisons

13. Article five
The strategies that were formulated to rehabilitate and correct
the criminal have failed to lead to overcrowding due to an
increase in crime during the serving time in the prisons hence
increasing the chances of overcrowding in the prisons
Article six
The violation of human rights by the government of SA for
providing a conducive environment for correctional facilities.
Prisons have today poor standards that do not support the
rehabilitation of criminals in the system due to poor living
conditions.
Article seven
Overcrowding in prisons courses inmates to take their life
through committing suicide. Others engaged in violence due to
the poor living conditions in the prisons.