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18.01 General
18 Sound
Sound Capture Basics
• Allar tölvur koma með hlóðíhlutum:
– Hljóðkort.
– Hátalari/hátalarar.
– Hljóðnemi.
– Upptöku/afspilunarhugbúnaður.
• Gæði tónlistar eru mæld í kílóriðum (KHz).
– 11 KHz - símalína
– 192 KHz - hágæða tónlist.
• Tónafjöldi er mældur í bits.
• Eins og hver önnur tölvuvinnsla er hljóði breytt í 0/1
• Ómur hljóðs fer eftir því hversu mörg tracks eru í hljóðinu:
– Single track = monaural (einóma).
– Two track = stereo (víðóma).
• Tónlistargæði á geisladiski:
– 44.1 KHz - 16-bit. - stereo
Recorded Sound Formats
• Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) var fyrsti
tónlistarstaðallinn, hannaður upp úr 1960
til að flytja talmál fyrir fyrstu digital
símalínurnar.
• Grunnstaðal tónlistar í tölvum er WAV
skrár sem er í raun PCM staðallinn.
• WAV skrár geta verið býsna stórar ef
gæðin eru mikil (mörg KHz).
• Fær forritari þjappar WAV skránum í
minna pláss með sk. codec.
– Frægasta codec á WAV skrám er MP3.
MIDI Files
• Musical Instrument Interface (MIDI) er
staðall sem er á hardware level.
• Allar MIDI skrár eru í raun textaskrár sem
segja örgjörvanum hvaða tón eigi að spila,
hversu langur hver tónn skal vera ásamt
fleiri hlutum.
• Það er því möguleiki að MIDI skrár hljómi
misjafnlega milli tölva.
• Hljóðkort spila MIDI skrár með
tvennskonar tækni:
– FM Synthesis.
– Wave Table Synthesis.
Other File Formats
• AAC: Advanced Audio Coding: Apple staðall notaður
fyrir iTunes forritið.
• AIFF: Audio Interchange File Format: Vinsælt fyrir
Machintosh tölvur, sést oft á netinu og hægt að opna
með Quick Time.
• ASX: Microsoft Advanced Streaming Redirector:
Staðall frá Microsoft ætlaður til að spila tónlist í
gegnum netið. Er í raun ekki tónlistarskrár heldur
túlkur sem spilar t.d. WAV skrár.
• AU: Vinsæll tónlistarstaðall sem bæði er hægt að spila
í Windows og non-Windows based forritum s.s frá Sun
og UNIX.
• OGG: Staðall frá Vorbis sem er Open Source.
• RM: Real Media: Staðall sem er bæði fyrir hljóð og
mynd. Hægt er að spila RM skrár í RealMedia
spilaranum.
• WMA: Windows Media Audio: Algengasti Windows
Video App and Streaming
• Helstu Video staðlarnir eru:
– AVI. Audio Video Interleave.
– MPEG. Moving Picture Expert Group.
– MOV. Quick Time
– ASF. Advanced Streaming Format.
– RM. Real Media.
– WMV, Windows Media Video.
– DivX.
– Flash.
• Forrit geta haft sína eigin hljóðstaðla en algengast
er þó að hljóðið komi frá WAV, MP3 eða MIDI.
• Þróunin í streaming tækninni hefur verið hröð og
eru dæmi um að að hljóði sé skilað á netið á 128
Kbps.
NÆST...
18.02 Getting the Right Sound Card

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18.01 General

  • 2. Sound Capture Basics • Allar tölvur koma með hlóðíhlutum: – Hljóðkort. – Hátalari/hátalarar. – Hljóðnemi. – Upptöku/afspilunarhugbúnaður. • Gæði tónlistar eru mæld í kílóriðum (KHz). – 11 KHz - símalína – 192 KHz - hágæða tónlist. • Tónafjöldi er mældur í bits. • Eins og hver önnur tölvuvinnsla er hljóði breytt í 0/1 • Ómur hljóðs fer eftir því hversu mörg tracks eru í hljóðinu: – Single track = monaural (einóma). – Two track = stereo (víðóma). • Tónlistargæði á geisladiski: – 44.1 KHz - 16-bit. - stereo
  • 3. Recorded Sound Formats • Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) var fyrsti tónlistarstaðallinn, hannaður upp úr 1960 til að flytja talmál fyrir fyrstu digital símalínurnar. • Grunnstaðal tónlistar í tölvum er WAV skrár sem er í raun PCM staðallinn. • WAV skrár geta verið býsna stórar ef gæðin eru mikil (mörg KHz). • Fær forritari þjappar WAV skránum í minna pláss með sk. codec. – Frægasta codec á WAV skrám er MP3.
  • 4. MIDI Files • Musical Instrument Interface (MIDI) er staðall sem er á hardware level. • Allar MIDI skrár eru í raun textaskrár sem segja örgjörvanum hvaða tón eigi að spila, hversu langur hver tónn skal vera ásamt fleiri hlutum. • Það er því möguleiki að MIDI skrár hljómi misjafnlega milli tölva. • Hljóðkort spila MIDI skrár með tvennskonar tækni: – FM Synthesis. – Wave Table Synthesis.
  • 5. Other File Formats • AAC: Advanced Audio Coding: Apple staðall notaður fyrir iTunes forritið. • AIFF: Audio Interchange File Format: Vinsælt fyrir Machintosh tölvur, sést oft á netinu og hægt að opna með Quick Time. • ASX: Microsoft Advanced Streaming Redirector: Staðall frá Microsoft ætlaður til að spila tónlist í gegnum netið. Er í raun ekki tónlistarskrár heldur túlkur sem spilar t.d. WAV skrár. • AU: Vinsæll tónlistarstaðall sem bæði er hægt að spila í Windows og non-Windows based forritum s.s frá Sun og UNIX. • OGG: Staðall frá Vorbis sem er Open Source. • RM: Real Media: Staðall sem er bæði fyrir hljóð og mynd. Hægt er að spila RM skrár í RealMedia spilaranum. • WMA: Windows Media Audio: Algengasti Windows
  • 6. Video App and Streaming • Helstu Video staðlarnir eru: – AVI. Audio Video Interleave. – MPEG. Moving Picture Expert Group. – MOV. Quick Time – ASF. Advanced Streaming Format. – RM. Real Media. – WMV, Windows Media Video. – DivX. – Flash. • Forrit geta haft sína eigin hljóðstaðla en algengast er þó að hljóðið komi frá WAV, MP3 eða MIDI. • Þróunin í streaming tækninni hefur verið hröð og eru dæmi um að að hljóði sé skilað á netið á 128 Kbps.
  • 7. NÆST... 18.02 Getting the Right Sound Card