1) Agriculture credit has been an important part of rural development in Pakistan since the 1950s as a way to improve rural economies.
2) Studies have shown that well-functioning rural credit markets can significantly impact poverty reduction by increasing production through efficient use of inputs and helping smooth consumption.
3) Rural credit institutions play an important role in poverty reduction by connecting rural factor markets like credit, land, and labor markets. Credit is essential for combining resources to boost production, growth, and development.
La comunicazione non violenta (chiamata anche comunicazione compassionevole o comunicazione collaborativa) è un processo di comunicazione sviluppato da Marshall Rosenberg nel 1960.
Propongo l'analisi della specularità ritrovata tra la comunicazione nel campo informatico, formata da "protocolli" ed alcune basi della comunicazione non violenta.
Cogliere le analogie che si riflettono nei due linguaggi ci apre ad una consapevolezza riguardo le reali distanze che separano i due modi di comunicare.
The project main ambition is to empower small farmers in Eritrea through micro-financing and micro-ensurance project, associated with business technical cooperation. It main goal is to help reduce poverty in the country, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Being agriculture the principal economic activity in Eritrea, and giving the low resources from domestic funding,the proposal is developed through a serie of strategies that could ally Private Sector Window to demands. Considering risks, IDA is necessary for mitigation and secure markets and investments. Target audience are MDBs, Private Sector and Public Sector.
The expansion of the microfinance market is driven by several significant factors. These include the growth of small and medium-sized businesses, along with increased access to loan facilities for low-income economic groups. The market's growth is further propelled by the offering of financial services that encourage aspiring entrepreneurs to act on their ideas. As a result, the microfinance sector is expanding, and the roles of governments and financial institutions are becoming more pronounced in both developing and underdeveloped countries.
Rural Poverty and Credit Used: Evidence from Pakistanidspak
This paper attempts to evaluate the underlying relationship between rural poverty and credit use. Using household data collected in 1990 from representative sub-sample of the 1985 Rural Credit Survey of Pakistan households by IFPRI. The paper looks at whether credit use does, in fact, affect rural welfare. The paper examines the key characteristics of credit use patterns by rural households at different levels of poverty and looks at the source structure of such borrowing; thereby highlighting inadequacies in policy and governance of institutional rural credit in Pakistan. In the process it looks at the little known but hugely important role of the village shopkeeper as a source of credit for poverty alleviation through consumption smoothing
La comunicazione non violenta (chiamata anche comunicazione compassionevole o comunicazione collaborativa) è un processo di comunicazione sviluppato da Marshall Rosenberg nel 1960.
Propongo l'analisi della specularità ritrovata tra la comunicazione nel campo informatico, formata da "protocolli" ed alcune basi della comunicazione non violenta.
Cogliere le analogie che si riflettono nei due linguaggi ci apre ad una consapevolezza riguardo le reali distanze che separano i due modi di comunicare.
The project main ambition is to empower small farmers in Eritrea through micro-financing and micro-ensurance project, associated with business technical cooperation. It main goal is to help reduce poverty in the country, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Being agriculture the principal economic activity in Eritrea, and giving the low resources from domestic funding,the proposal is developed through a serie of strategies that could ally Private Sector Window to demands. Considering risks, IDA is necessary for mitigation and secure markets and investments. Target audience are MDBs, Private Sector and Public Sector.
The expansion of the microfinance market is driven by several significant factors. These include the growth of small and medium-sized businesses, along with increased access to loan facilities for low-income economic groups. The market's growth is further propelled by the offering of financial services that encourage aspiring entrepreneurs to act on their ideas. As a result, the microfinance sector is expanding, and the roles of governments and financial institutions are becoming more pronounced in both developing and underdeveloped countries.
Rural Poverty and Credit Used: Evidence from Pakistanidspak
This paper attempts to evaluate the underlying relationship between rural poverty and credit use. Using household data collected in 1990 from representative sub-sample of the 1985 Rural Credit Survey of Pakistan households by IFPRI. The paper looks at whether credit use does, in fact, affect rural welfare. The paper examines the key characteristics of credit use patterns by rural households at different levels of poverty and looks at the source structure of such borrowing; thereby highlighting inadequacies in policy and governance of institutional rural credit in Pakistan. In the process it looks at the little known but hugely important role of the village shopkeeper as a source of credit for poverty alleviation through consumption smoothing
The thrust of this study was to determine the impact of micro credit on the MSMEs sector in CRS,
Nigeria. Three hypotheses were formulated from the research questions and tested by using chi-square statistic
to validate the truth or otherwise of the hypotheses. Ex-post factor research design was adopted and a sample
size of 158 respondents was selected and used for the study. A structured questionnaire was used in obtaining
the data. In testing the hypotheses, all the calculated chi-square values were greater than the critical chi-square
value at the given level of significance and degree of freedom. This resulted in rejecting the null hypotheses
while the alternate hypotheses were retained. The results indicated that micro credit programmes have
significant effect on MSMEs in CRS. Equally, credit administration has a significant effect on the performance
of microcredit programmes and that collateral requirements on MSMEs have significant effect on obtaining
credit from microfinance institutions in CRS. Arising from the findings, the study recommends that government
should make more microcredit programmes available for the development of MSMEs in CRS. There should be
efficiency in credit administration on the part of both government and the private sector so as to enhance the
performance of microcredit programmes in CRS and also collateral requirements should be minimized, while
low interest rate should be charged on micro, small and medium enterprises so as to enhance obtaining of credit
facilities from microfinance institutions in the State.
Effective Utilization of Banking Credit: A bird’s eye viewRHIMRJ Journal
India is an agricultural country and it plays a significant role in the development of our economy. Approximately two
third of the Indian Population is depend on agriculture sector. According to the data released by National Sample Survey
(NSS) reflects that about 65 to 70 per cent of all agricultural holdings belonged to the smaller size groups of families. These
small and marginal farmers required credit facility. Agricultural credit appears to be an essential input to take the advantage
of modern technology in agriculture sector for enhancing productivity. That is the reason credit has been taking a crucial role
in designing strategies for the development of agriculture. This paper put emphasis on proper planning for effective utilization
of credit facilities.
14 . Energies sources ( Tidal energy renewable energy ) A Series of Presen...
15.rural credit perspective
1. Rural Credit Perspective
Lecture 15
Agriculture creditispartand parcel of all agriculture activitiestoimprovethe rural sector of Pakistan
since the 1950s. The agriculture creditprovisionwasincludedasbasiccomponenttoimprove rural
economiesinPakistan(Zubeiri,1989; Malik,et.al.,1991).
There are many studieswhich reflectedthatthe linkagesof agriculture creditto welfare enhancingand
povertyreductioninPakistan(Qureshi,etal.,1996; Malik,1999; Malikand Nazli,1999).
These studieshighlightedthat well-functioningof rural creditmarkethas significantimpactonpoverty
reduction. Thiswill notonlyincrease the productionby judicious use of inputs.Resultantly,thiswillhelp
to improve andmore efficientconsumptionsmoothing. The rural creditmarketefficiencytoreduce
povertycan be enhancedbyremovingthese bottlenecks;byreducinginstitutional hightransactioncosts
bothexplicitandimplicit,the needforbetterflow of information,arationalizationof the existing
collateral requirementsforinstitutional credit,anda amplification of the loanapplicationprocedure.
Povertyreductionisbasicallylinkedtohow rural factor marketsfunction.Rural incomesand
employmentlevel forpovertyreductionisdeterminedbythese factormarketfunctioning. Credit
(workingcapital) isextremelyimportanttocombine all the rural factormarkets.It providesthe
opportunitytocombine all the resourcesforbetterproduction,growth and development.Inthis
perspective creditisnecessaryconditionforthe well-functioningof the otherrural factormarkets.
Rural CreditInstitutions
The rural financial marketinPakistanis comprisedof twocomponents,i.e.,the formal andinformal.
The formal component included;The Zarai Tarqaiti BankLimited(ZTBL),CommercialBanks,the Federal
Banksfor Cooperatives(FBC) andotherfinancial institutionsengagedinrural lending. The informal
sourcescomposedof commissionagents,inputdealers,professional moneylendersandlandlords.The
informal sectorextends loansinthe formcash and kindforbothconsumptionandproduction.Thiswas
the basic reasonof the dominance of informal sectorinrural creditmarketinPakistan.
Thisis evidentfromthe Rural CreditSurvey1996 only22 percentof rural householdsborrowedfrom
formal sources.Borrowingfrominformal sourcesiscomparativelyeasyintermsof access, procedures
and collateral requirements.Thistranslatesintolow transactioncosts. Furthermore,unlikeinstitutional
credit;where the range of purposesforwhichcreditisavailable islimitednon-institutional creditis
available forconsumption, social ceremoniesandothernon- productivepurposes(Himayatullah,1995).
The Formal CreditMarket
Before the partitioninstitutional creditinrural areaswasmainlyprovidedas“Taccavi” loansby the
governmentandasco-operative creditbythe co-operative societies. AgriculturalDevelopmentFinance
CorporationandAgricultural Bankwere establishedin1950s to withobjective reduce the burdenon
informal sources.These weremergedtoformthe Agriculture DevelopmentBankof Pakistan(ADBP) in
1961. ZTBL emergedasthe largestinstitutional source thatismandatedtoextendlongtermcreditto
2. farmersand co-operativesocieties.Commercial Bankswere the secondmajorsource of lending.
Commercial Banksprovidedmark-upfree loanstosmall farmersandpoorhouseholdsfrom1979 to
1987. Thiswas highlycriticizedandabusedbecausethe mainbeneficiarieswerethe landlordsinstead
of small farmhouseholds.The political poweralwaysplayedadominantrole inrural creditmarket.
Volume anddisbursementof the agriculture creditisincreasingconsiderablydaybydaybutstill there is
room of improvement.
Informal CreditMarket
The main sourcesinInformal creditmarketare;friendsandrelatives, professionalmoneylenders,
landowners,commissionagentsandmerchantsandfactories. The proportionof lendingamong these
resources hasbeenchangingovertime butwithoutdisturbingthe overallshare of informal sourcesin
the creditmarket. It was depictedbythe resultsof the Rural CreditSurvey1996 that 78 percentof total
creditwas disbursedbynon-institutionallendingsources.Inthe absence of well-functioningformal
creditmarket,the informal sourcesplayedkeyroletoprovide creditrural populationof Pakistan.
Informal sectorisverycrucial in the situationwhenaccesstorural creditis difficult.These informal
sourcesare more importantthanformal sources. Accordingtothe Rural CreditSurvey,1985 friendsand
relativesconstitutedthe largestsource of non-institutional credit.Thisbehaviorwasalsoconfirmedby
the PakistanRural HouseholdSurvey(2001) that the informal loansfromfriendsandrelatives ercentfor
more recenttimes.The predominance of the informal sectorincreditmarketbecause of unconditional
and diversityof purpose forwhichthissectorlend.Informal sourcesnotonlyprovide creditfornon-
farm activitiesbutalsoforconsumptionpurposes. The Rural Financial MarketStudy1996 indicatedthat
56 percentof informal loanswere usedforconsumptionpurposes. Onthe otherhandformal lending
sourceslendmainlytoagriculture sectorwithemphasisonthe croppingsector.
Interaction withother Rural Factor Markets
The land ismostacceptable collateral forthe lendinginstitutionsinthe Pakistan.Rural laborandland
marketare interconnectedwithcreditmarket. Butthe landdistributioninPakistanisof skewednature.
Thisfact is alsoprovidingthe opportunitytolarge farmerstodistortsmall farmersanddominate the
creditmarket.Thisrequiredmuchattentionforthe well-functioningof the creditmarket.Creditalsohas
bothdirectand indirectlinkageswiththe rural labormarket.The productivityof landcanbe enhanced
by usingbetterqualityfarminputssuchasfertilizersandseedsbycombiningefficientfarmlabor.
JehangirandSampath(1999) foundthat fertilizeruse hadasignificantandpositiveimpactonthe use of
permanenthiredfarmlabor.Fertilizeruse canbe enhancedthroughthe provisionof credittosmall
farmers.Thiswouldinturnhave positive bearingonthe use of farmlabor.Variousstudiesindicate the
welfare impactof farmcrediton productivityandfarmerwelfare (Qureshi,et.al.,1996, Malik,1999,
Malikand Nazli,1999). The income inequalitymitigating effectof employmentinthe rural non-farm
sectorof PakistanwasestablishedbyAdams(1993) andErcelawn(1984). Accessto creditfornon-farm
purposesthrougha well-functioningcreditmarketwill helpprivateemploymentandmitigatepoverty
and inequality.