This document provides an overview of race relations in the early 20th century United States, known as the Nadir era. It describes how the 1896 Plessy v Ferguson Supreme Court decision established the "separate but equal" doctrine, legitimizing racial segregation and the rise of Jim Crow laws across the South. During this period, white supremacy was strongly enforced through policies of segregation and discrimination across all areas of life. Black Americans faced widespread oppression, disenfranchisement, violence including lynching, and the emergence of systems like convict leasing and sharecropping that maintained economic oppression. The document discusses key events and figures that exemplified the nadir, including the popularity of the film The Birth of a Nation, the
1.18.24 The Nadir--Race Relations in Early 20th C America.pptxMaryPotorti1
The document provides information about race relations in the early 20th century United States, often referred to as the Nadir era. It summarizes key events like the end of Reconstruction, the establishment of Jim Crow laws, the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision legalizing "separate but equal", and the rise of violent white supremacist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan. It also describes aspects of life under Jim Crow like disenfranchisement of Black voters, sharecropping, convict leasing systems, and the prevalence of lynching. The Great Migration of Black Americans from the rural South is noted as a response to these conditions. Specific violent events like the 1919 Red Summer and 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre are
Racial Violence and the Politics of the Color Linedaltonj
The document summarizes key details and events related to racial segregation and civil rights struggles in the United States from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, including:
1) The 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision that established the "separate but equal" doctrine allowing racial segregation.
2) Early civil rights activists and organizations that challenged segregation laws and racial violence, such as Ida B. Wells, W.E.B. Du Bois, and the NAACP.
3) The prevalence of lynching and racial violence against African Americans in the late 19th/early 20th century, as well as resistance movements and protests against these acts.
This document provides a detailed history of racial segregation and the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. It discusses how segregation began before the Civil War and intensified after Reconstruction, becoming codified into Jim Crow laws in the 1890s. The Supreme Court upheld segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. African Americans challenged segregation through the Civil Rights Movement beginning in the 1940s. The Movement sought to defeat white supremacy and achieve equal political and economic opportunities for blacks, not just integration into white society. Segregation began to break down in the 1950s and 1960s through Supreme Court rulings like Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The Era of the Movements for Civil Rights, 1941-1973...and Beyond?Dave Smith
This document provides background on the need for civil rights movements in the United States, focusing on the African American civil rights movement and the women's rights movement. It describes the oppression and lack of rights that African Americans and women faced for much of U.S. history post-Civil War/Reconstruction and through the early-mid 20th century, including lack of voting rights, segregation, violence, and limited economic opportunities. It also outlines some of the early activism and organizations that emerged to advocate for civil rights, such as the NAACP, CORE, and women's suffrage conventions.
The End of Reconstruction and the Rise of Jim Crow LawsEricHurlburt1
The document summarizes the end of Reconstruction and the rise of Jim Crow laws in the Southern United States after the Civil War. It explains that after Reconstruction ended in 1877, without federal protection, African Americans lost many rights and freedoms. Southern states then began passing Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation and discrimination, denying African Americans equal access to public spaces, education, jobs, voting rights, and more. This led to the widespread oppression and disenfranchisement of African Americans under an entrenched system of racial segregation in the South for the next 70+ years.
This document provides a summary of how racism in America has evolved over time, from the Civil War era to present day. It argues that while slavery ended after the Civil War, racist attitudes persisted through policies like sharecropping contracts that maintained black oppression. After the Civil War, racism began to shift focus from black Americans to foreigners and immigrants. During the World Wars era, racism expanded to target Asian immigrants as a perceived "race problem." The document examines how racism in America changed forms over time but was never truly eradicated, only directed elsewhere.
The Civil Rights Movement took place from 1954 to 1968 and sought to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans. Key leaders included Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. Major events and accomplishments included the Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling in 1954 declaring segregation unconstitutional, the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955-1956 protesting segregation on buses led by Rosa Parks, the Little Rock Nine integration crisis of 1957, sit-ins starting in 1960 to protest segregated lunch counters, the March on Washington in 1963 where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 banning discrimination and protecting voting rights.
1.12.23 Movement Mythologies and the Legacies of Reconstruction .pptxMaryPotorti1
The document discusses the "master narrative" of the civil rights movement. It summarizes some key issues with this narrative, including that it minimizes the importance of local struggles and organizers like Black women, emphasizes morality over disruption as a tactic, ignores diversity within the Black community, and suggests change came from national leaders rather than a long struggle. It also discusses how the narrative focuses only on 1955-1968 and ignores earlier movements, takes a top-down view of how change happened, and overlooks daily organizing work.
1.18.24 The Nadir--Race Relations in Early 20th C America.pptxMaryPotorti1
The document provides information about race relations in the early 20th century United States, often referred to as the Nadir era. It summarizes key events like the end of Reconstruction, the establishment of Jim Crow laws, the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision legalizing "separate but equal", and the rise of violent white supremacist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan. It also describes aspects of life under Jim Crow like disenfranchisement of Black voters, sharecropping, convict leasing systems, and the prevalence of lynching. The Great Migration of Black Americans from the rural South is noted as a response to these conditions. Specific violent events like the 1919 Red Summer and 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre are
Racial Violence and the Politics of the Color Linedaltonj
The document summarizes key details and events related to racial segregation and civil rights struggles in the United States from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, including:
1) The 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision that established the "separate but equal" doctrine allowing racial segregation.
2) Early civil rights activists and organizations that challenged segregation laws and racial violence, such as Ida B. Wells, W.E.B. Du Bois, and the NAACP.
3) The prevalence of lynching and racial violence against African Americans in the late 19th/early 20th century, as well as resistance movements and protests against these acts.
This document provides a detailed history of racial segregation and the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. It discusses how segregation began before the Civil War and intensified after Reconstruction, becoming codified into Jim Crow laws in the 1890s. The Supreme Court upheld segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. African Americans challenged segregation through the Civil Rights Movement beginning in the 1940s. The Movement sought to defeat white supremacy and achieve equal political and economic opportunities for blacks, not just integration into white society. Segregation began to break down in the 1950s and 1960s through Supreme Court rulings like Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The Era of the Movements for Civil Rights, 1941-1973...and Beyond?Dave Smith
This document provides background on the need for civil rights movements in the United States, focusing on the African American civil rights movement and the women's rights movement. It describes the oppression and lack of rights that African Americans and women faced for much of U.S. history post-Civil War/Reconstruction and through the early-mid 20th century, including lack of voting rights, segregation, violence, and limited economic opportunities. It also outlines some of the early activism and organizations that emerged to advocate for civil rights, such as the NAACP, CORE, and women's suffrage conventions.
The End of Reconstruction and the Rise of Jim Crow LawsEricHurlburt1
The document summarizes the end of Reconstruction and the rise of Jim Crow laws in the Southern United States after the Civil War. It explains that after Reconstruction ended in 1877, without federal protection, African Americans lost many rights and freedoms. Southern states then began passing Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation and discrimination, denying African Americans equal access to public spaces, education, jobs, voting rights, and more. This led to the widespread oppression and disenfranchisement of African Americans under an entrenched system of racial segregation in the South for the next 70+ years.
This document provides a summary of how racism in America has evolved over time, from the Civil War era to present day. It argues that while slavery ended after the Civil War, racist attitudes persisted through policies like sharecropping contracts that maintained black oppression. After the Civil War, racism began to shift focus from black Americans to foreigners and immigrants. During the World Wars era, racism expanded to target Asian immigrants as a perceived "race problem." The document examines how racism in America changed forms over time but was never truly eradicated, only directed elsewhere.
The Civil Rights Movement took place from 1954 to 1968 and sought to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans. Key leaders included Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. Major events and accomplishments included the Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling in 1954 declaring segregation unconstitutional, the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955-1956 protesting segregation on buses led by Rosa Parks, the Little Rock Nine integration crisis of 1957, sit-ins starting in 1960 to protest segregated lunch counters, the March on Washington in 1963 where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 banning discrimination and protecting voting rights.
1.12.23 Movement Mythologies and the Legacies of Reconstruction .pptxMaryPotorti1
The document discusses the "master narrative" of the civil rights movement. It summarizes some key issues with this narrative, including that it minimizes the importance of local struggles and organizers like Black women, emphasizes morality over disruption as a tactic, ignores diversity within the Black community, and suggests change came from national leaders rather than a long struggle. It also discusses how the narrative focuses only on 1955-1968 and ignores earlier movements, takes a top-down view of how change happened, and overlooks daily organizing work.
2.27.24 Malcolm X and the Black Freedom Struggle.pptxMaryPotorti1
The document provides biographical information about Malcolm X and his involvement with the Nation of Islam (NOI). It discusses how Malcolm X became the national spokesperson for the NOI and promoted black nationalism and pride. It also describes Malcolm X's growing disillusionment with the NOI and his eventual departure from the group. After leaving the NOI, Malcolm X renounced racism and advocated for pan-Africanism before being assassinated in 1965 at the age of 39.
2.22.24 Black Nationalism and the Nation of Islam.pptxMaryPotorti1
The Nation of Islam (NOI) was a Black nationalist movement founded in 1930 that sought to achieve freedom for Black Americans through Black self-sufficiency, racial pride, and political separatism. Led by Elijah Muhammad from 1934-1975, the NOI emphasized economic empowerment through Black-owned businesses, a cultural message of racial pride, and a theology that positioned Blacks as the original chosen people of God. Though advocating political separatism rather than integration, the NOI gained popularity in the 1960s by addressing the economic and social conditions facing poor urban Black communities, especially those in prisons.
2.20.24 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.pptxMaryPotorti1
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom took place on August 28, 1963 in Washington D.C. It was organized by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin to advocate for racial equality and address economic issues facing African Americans. Over 250,000 people participated. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech calling for an end to racism. While a historic event, the march had critics like Malcolm X who felt it lost its radical edge, and Anne Moody who felt the leaders focused more on dreams than concrete plans for change.
2.15.24 The Birmingham Campaign and MLK.pptxMaryPotorti1
The Birmingham Campaign document summarizes key events of the Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama between 1947-1963, including nearly 50 bombings targeting Black neighborhoods, the leadership of Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and his Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, Bull Connor's segregationist policies as commissioner of public safety, King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail", and the violent police response to the Children's Crusade protests that turned fire hoses and police dogs on peaceful child demonstrators and drew national attention.
Irene Morgan was arrested in 1944 for refusing to follow segregated seating on a bus traveling between Virginia and Maryland. Her case, Morgan v. Virginia, resulted in the Supreme Court ruling that segregation on interstate transportation was unconstitutional. However, segregation on buses largely continued in the South. In 1947, CORE embarked on a "Journey of Reconciliation" with mixed-race riders that was a precursor to the 1961 Freedom Rides to challenge continued violations of anti-segregation rulings. The 1961 Freedom Rides involved sending mixed-race groups on buses from Washington D.C. through the Deep South states of Alabama and Mississippi to provoke arrests and force federal intervention. The rides faced attacks by mobs but persisted
2.1.24 Student Activism, Sit-ins, and the Rise of SNCC.pptxMaryPotorti1
The document summarizes the emergence of student activism and the founding of SNCC in 1960. It describes how student sit-ins starting in February 1960 in Greensboro, NC inspired widespread protests and the establishment of SNCC at a conference organized by Ella Baker. Baker mentored SNCC to take an independent path focused on community organizing rather than being led by King. SNCC published newsletters documenting resistance and violence against the movement. The founding statement emphasized a philosophy of nonviolence and pursuit of justice and equality. Baker later wrote that the students sought far more than access to segregated facilities but an end to racial discrimination and second-class citizenship through nonviolent direct action.
1.30.24 The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Crisis at Little Rock.pptxMaryPotorti1
This document provides context and background information on key events and figures related to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s-1960s, including:
- The Montgomery Bus Boycott led by Martin Luther King Jr. and Jo Ann Robinson which began in 1955 after Rosa Parks' arrest for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger.
- The legal challenge to bus segregation, Browder v. Gayle, which the Supreme Court ruled in favor of in 1956, formally requiring the desegregation of Montgomery's bus system.
- Resistance to desegregation including the "Southern Manifesto" signed by southern congressmen pledging to oppose the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision
1.25.24 The Brown Decision and the Murder of Emmett Till.pptxMaryPotorti1
The Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision declared racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. However, implementation was slow and met massive resistance from Southern whites opposed to integration. In 1955, 14-year-old Emmett Till was brutally murdered in Mississippi for allegedly whistling at a white woman, highlighting the ongoing dangers of racism in the South despite legal victories for civil rights. His mother's decision to have an open casket funeral drew national attention to the brutality of his killing and racism in the South.
The Great Migration was the movement of over 6 million black Americans from the rural South to Northern and Western cities between 1916-1970. They sought to escape the oppression of Jim Crow laws and seize new economic opportunities. While the North offered higher wages, black migrants still faced racism and segregation, living in overcrowded neighborhoods with poor housing conditions. Publications like the Chicago Defender encouraged and helped black southerners make the journey North.
1.23.24 Early Visionaries--Washington, DuBois, and Garvey.pptxMaryPotorti1
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois advocated different strategies for advancing black liberation in America in the late 19th/early 20th century. Washington believed black Americans should focus on vocational skills and economic independence through accommodation to eventually gain equality. DuBois argued for direct confrontation through demanding civil rights and higher education to achieve full participation and end second-class citizenship. Their differing views reflected tensions over the best approach and had influential impacts on black communities and leaders.
1.11.24 Movement Mythologies and the Legacies of Reconstruction .pptxMaryPotorti1
The document discusses key frameworks for understanding the civil rights movement, including defining it as the "long civil rights movement" that extended beyond the 1950s-60s period typically focused on. It notes how the "master narrative" of the movement overlooks important local struggles and grassroots organizing, as well as the diversity of approaches within the Black freedom struggle. The document also provides historical context on how racial inequality and white supremacy were enshrined in the U.S. Constitution and how the Reconstruction amendments aimed to address this, though the end of Reconstruction saw a rollback of Black civil and political rights through disenfranchisement and Jim Crow laws.
1.9.24 Intro to Course--Defining Key Terms and Asking Key Questions.pptxMaryPotorti1
This document provides an overview of a course on the Black Freedom Struggle in the U.S. It outlines the course objectives, frameworks, and key concepts that will be covered. These include examining social movements through the lenses of history, sociology, and political science; understanding the goals, strategies, and tactics of movements; and analyzing primary and secondary sources on the Black freedom struggle. The document also provides examples of defining terms like freedom, liberation, and power that will be important to the course.
3.28.23 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptxMaryPotorti1
This document summarizes how the Vietnam War impacted race relations in the United States. It discusses how the draft system benefited white Americans over black Americans, with things like student deferments and health requirements. It also notes that black leaders and civil rights groups like SNCC increasingly opposed the war, seeing it as detrimental to the fight for racial equality at home. As the war escalated in the late 1960s, it exacerbated racial tensions and contributed to rebellions in cities across America.
3.23.23 The Chicago Freedom Movement and Urban Uprisings.pptxMaryPotorti1
The Chicago Freedom Movement aimed to combat racial injustice and segregation in Chicago through nonviolent protest and civil disobedience beginning in 1966. Led by Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the movement highlighted the role of discriminatory government policies in creating segregated housing and schools. Protests were met with hostility and violence from white counter-protesters. While the movement succeeded in passing fair housing laws, it revealed the difficulties of dismantling deeply entrenched systems of inequality in Northern cities. The uprisings in other cities that same summer showed that racial injustices persisted despite civil rights legislation.
3.21.23 The Origins of Black Power.pptxMaryPotorti1
The document summarizes the origins and key figures of the Black Power movement in the 1960s. It discusses the legacies of Malcolm X in developing a framework of human rights and Pan-Africanism. It describes Stokely Carmichael's work with the Lowndes County Freedom Organization in Alabama to register Black voters and establish political power. It outlines Carmichael's famous 1966 call for "Black Power" during the March Against Fear in Mississippi as a defining moment that shifted the civil rights movement's emphasis to Black empowerment and control. It also provides excerpts from Carmichael's speeches addressing issues like civil rights legislation, imperialism, opposition to integration, and the role of white allies in dismantling racism.
3.16.23 The Selma March and the Voting Rights Act.pptxMaryPotorti1
The Selma March and Voting Rights Act document summarizes the events leading up to and following the 1965 Selma marches, including Bloody Sunday and the passage of the Voting Rights Act. Sheriff Jim Clark used intimidation tactics to suppress Black voter registration in Selma. The march from Selma to Montgomery drew national attention after state troopers attacked peaceful protesters on Bloody Sunday. This event and the murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson led Dr. King and SCLC to organize further marches. The Voting Rights Act was subsequently passed to protect minority voting rights in response to the Selma campaign.
Freedom Summer was a 1964 voter registration campaign in Mississippi led by civil rights groups. It attracted hundreds of northern student volunteers and aimed to increase black voter registration despite violent white opposition. The campaign was part of the broader civil rights movement and push for racial equality under the Johnson administration's Great Society agenda. A key event was the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party's challenge to the all-white state delegation at the 1964 Democratic National Convention, seeking to expose racial discrimination in Mississippi politics.
This document provides biographical information on Malcolm X and discusses his significance. It notes that Malcolm X was the national spokesperson for the Nation of Islam (NOI) from 1952 until 1964 when he departed from the organization and converted to Sunni Islam. As spokesperson, he advocated for black nationalism, self-determination, and black pride. The document also summarizes key events in Malcolm X's life, including his involvement with the NOI, departure from the NOI, founding of the Organization of Afro-American Unity, and assassination in 1965 at the age of 39. It examines Malcolm X's evolving philosophies on black nationalism and revolution.
2.21.23 Black Nationalism and the Nation of Islam.pptxMaryPotorti1
The Nation of Islam (NOI) promoted black nationalism and racial separatism beginning in the 1930s. Led by Elijah Muhammad, the NOI emphasized economic self-sufficiency, cultural pride, and moral propriety as keys to black liberation. It established businesses and temples that gave the NOI great influence in urban black communities. The NOI's message of racial pride and its focus on incarcerated black men made it appealing. Through the NOI, black nationalism became an important strategy within the broader black freedom struggle.
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom took place on August 28, 1963. It was conceived by A. Philip Randolph and organized by Bayard Rustin to demand equal rights and an end to racial discrimination. Over 250,000 people gathered in Washington D.C. to hear speeches by civil rights leaders including John Lewis and Martin Luther King Jr., who delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. However, the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham just weeks later, which killed four young black girls, was a tragic reminder that racial equality was still far from being achieved.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2.27.24 Malcolm X and the Black Freedom Struggle.pptxMaryPotorti1
The document provides biographical information about Malcolm X and his involvement with the Nation of Islam (NOI). It discusses how Malcolm X became the national spokesperson for the NOI and promoted black nationalism and pride. It also describes Malcolm X's growing disillusionment with the NOI and his eventual departure from the group. After leaving the NOI, Malcolm X renounced racism and advocated for pan-Africanism before being assassinated in 1965 at the age of 39.
2.22.24 Black Nationalism and the Nation of Islam.pptxMaryPotorti1
The Nation of Islam (NOI) was a Black nationalist movement founded in 1930 that sought to achieve freedom for Black Americans through Black self-sufficiency, racial pride, and political separatism. Led by Elijah Muhammad from 1934-1975, the NOI emphasized economic empowerment through Black-owned businesses, a cultural message of racial pride, and a theology that positioned Blacks as the original chosen people of God. Though advocating political separatism rather than integration, the NOI gained popularity in the 1960s by addressing the economic and social conditions facing poor urban Black communities, especially those in prisons.
2.20.24 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.pptxMaryPotorti1
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom took place on August 28, 1963 in Washington D.C. It was organized by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin to advocate for racial equality and address economic issues facing African Americans. Over 250,000 people participated. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech calling for an end to racism. While a historic event, the march had critics like Malcolm X who felt it lost its radical edge, and Anne Moody who felt the leaders focused more on dreams than concrete plans for change.
2.15.24 The Birmingham Campaign and MLK.pptxMaryPotorti1
The Birmingham Campaign document summarizes key events of the Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama between 1947-1963, including nearly 50 bombings targeting Black neighborhoods, the leadership of Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and his Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, Bull Connor's segregationist policies as commissioner of public safety, King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail", and the violent police response to the Children's Crusade protests that turned fire hoses and police dogs on peaceful child demonstrators and drew national attention.
Irene Morgan was arrested in 1944 for refusing to follow segregated seating on a bus traveling between Virginia and Maryland. Her case, Morgan v. Virginia, resulted in the Supreme Court ruling that segregation on interstate transportation was unconstitutional. However, segregation on buses largely continued in the South. In 1947, CORE embarked on a "Journey of Reconciliation" with mixed-race riders that was a precursor to the 1961 Freedom Rides to challenge continued violations of anti-segregation rulings. The 1961 Freedom Rides involved sending mixed-race groups on buses from Washington D.C. through the Deep South states of Alabama and Mississippi to provoke arrests and force federal intervention. The rides faced attacks by mobs but persisted
2.1.24 Student Activism, Sit-ins, and the Rise of SNCC.pptxMaryPotorti1
The document summarizes the emergence of student activism and the founding of SNCC in 1960. It describes how student sit-ins starting in February 1960 in Greensboro, NC inspired widespread protests and the establishment of SNCC at a conference organized by Ella Baker. Baker mentored SNCC to take an independent path focused on community organizing rather than being led by King. SNCC published newsletters documenting resistance and violence against the movement. The founding statement emphasized a philosophy of nonviolence and pursuit of justice and equality. Baker later wrote that the students sought far more than access to segregated facilities but an end to racial discrimination and second-class citizenship through nonviolent direct action.
1.30.24 The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Crisis at Little Rock.pptxMaryPotorti1
This document provides context and background information on key events and figures related to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s-1960s, including:
- The Montgomery Bus Boycott led by Martin Luther King Jr. and Jo Ann Robinson which began in 1955 after Rosa Parks' arrest for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger.
- The legal challenge to bus segregation, Browder v. Gayle, which the Supreme Court ruled in favor of in 1956, formally requiring the desegregation of Montgomery's bus system.
- Resistance to desegregation including the "Southern Manifesto" signed by southern congressmen pledging to oppose the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision
1.25.24 The Brown Decision and the Murder of Emmett Till.pptxMaryPotorti1
The Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision declared racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. However, implementation was slow and met massive resistance from Southern whites opposed to integration. In 1955, 14-year-old Emmett Till was brutally murdered in Mississippi for allegedly whistling at a white woman, highlighting the ongoing dangers of racism in the South despite legal victories for civil rights. His mother's decision to have an open casket funeral drew national attention to the brutality of his killing and racism in the South.
The Great Migration was the movement of over 6 million black Americans from the rural South to Northern and Western cities between 1916-1970. They sought to escape the oppression of Jim Crow laws and seize new economic opportunities. While the North offered higher wages, black migrants still faced racism and segregation, living in overcrowded neighborhoods with poor housing conditions. Publications like the Chicago Defender encouraged and helped black southerners make the journey North.
1.23.24 Early Visionaries--Washington, DuBois, and Garvey.pptxMaryPotorti1
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois advocated different strategies for advancing black liberation in America in the late 19th/early 20th century. Washington believed black Americans should focus on vocational skills and economic independence through accommodation to eventually gain equality. DuBois argued for direct confrontation through demanding civil rights and higher education to achieve full participation and end second-class citizenship. Their differing views reflected tensions over the best approach and had influential impacts on black communities and leaders.
1.11.24 Movement Mythologies and the Legacies of Reconstruction .pptxMaryPotorti1
The document discusses key frameworks for understanding the civil rights movement, including defining it as the "long civil rights movement" that extended beyond the 1950s-60s period typically focused on. It notes how the "master narrative" of the movement overlooks important local struggles and grassroots organizing, as well as the diversity of approaches within the Black freedom struggle. The document also provides historical context on how racial inequality and white supremacy were enshrined in the U.S. Constitution and how the Reconstruction amendments aimed to address this, though the end of Reconstruction saw a rollback of Black civil and political rights through disenfranchisement and Jim Crow laws.
1.9.24 Intro to Course--Defining Key Terms and Asking Key Questions.pptxMaryPotorti1
This document provides an overview of a course on the Black Freedom Struggle in the U.S. It outlines the course objectives, frameworks, and key concepts that will be covered. These include examining social movements through the lenses of history, sociology, and political science; understanding the goals, strategies, and tactics of movements; and analyzing primary and secondary sources on the Black freedom struggle. The document also provides examples of defining terms like freedom, liberation, and power that will be important to the course.
3.28.23 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptxMaryPotorti1
This document summarizes how the Vietnam War impacted race relations in the United States. It discusses how the draft system benefited white Americans over black Americans, with things like student deferments and health requirements. It also notes that black leaders and civil rights groups like SNCC increasingly opposed the war, seeing it as detrimental to the fight for racial equality at home. As the war escalated in the late 1960s, it exacerbated racial tensions and contributed to rebellions in cities across America.
3.23.23 The Chicago Freedom Movement and Urban Uprisings.pptxMaryPotorti1
The Chicago Freedom Movement aimed to combat racial injustice and segregation in Chicago through nonviolent protest and civil disobedience beginning in 1966. Led by Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the movement highlighted the role of discriminatory government policies in creating segregated housing and schools. Protests were met with hostility and violence from white counter-protesters. While the movement succeeded in passing fair housing laws, it revealed the difficulties of dismantling deeply entrenched systems of inequality in Northern cities. The uprisings in other cities that same summer showed that racial injustices persisted despite civil rights legislation.
3.21.23 The Origins of Black Power.pptxMaryPotorti1
The document summarizes the origins and key figures of the Black Power movement in the 1960s. It discusses the legacies of Malcolm X in developing a framework of human rights and Pan-Africanism. It describes Stokely Carmichael's work with the Lowndes County Freedom Organization in Alabama to register Black voters and establish political power. It outlines Carmichael's famous 1966 call for "Black Power" during the March Against Fear in Mississippi as a defining moment that shifted the civil rights movement's emphasis to Black empowerment and control. It also provides excerpts from Carmichael's speeches addressing issues like civil rights legislation, imperialism, opposition to integration, and the role of white allies in dismantling racism.
3.16.23 The Selma March and the Voting Rights Act.pptxMaryPotorti1
The Selma March and Voting Rights Act document summarizes the events leading up to and following the 1965 Selma marches, including Bloody Sunday and the passage of the Voting Rights Act. Sheriff Jim Clark used intimidation tactics to suppress Black voter registration in Selma. The march from Selma to Montgomery drew national attention after state troopers attacked peaceful protesters on Bloody Sunday. This event and the murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson led Dr. King and SCLC to organize further marches. The Voting Rights Act was subsequently passed to protect minority voting rights in response to the Selma campaign.
Freedom Summer was a 1964 voter registration campaign in Mississippi led by civil rights groups. It attracted hundreds of northern student volunteers and aimed to increase black voter registration despite violent white opposition. The campaign was part of the broader civil rights movement and push for racial equality under the Johnson administration's Great Society agenda. A key event was the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party's challenge to the all-white state delegation at the 1964 Democratic National Convention, seeking to expose racial discrimination in Mississippi politics.
This document provides biographical information on Malcolm X and discusses his significance. It notes that Malcolm X was the national spokesperson for the Nation of Islam (NOI) from 1952 until 1964 when he departed from the organization and converted to Sunni Islam. As spokesperson, he advocated for black nationalism, self-determination, and black pride. The document also summarizes key events in Malcolm X's life, including his involvement with the NOI, departure from the NOI, founding of the Organization of Afro-American Unity, and assassination in 1965 at the age of 39. It examines Malcolm X's evolving philosophies on black nationalism and revolution.
2.21.23 Black Nationalism and the Nation of Islam.pptxMaryPotorti1
The Nation of Islam (NOI) promoted black nationalism and racial separatism beginning in the 1930s. Led by Elijah Muhammad, the NOI emphasized economic self-sufficiency, cultural pride, and moral propriety as keys to black liberation. It established businesses and temples that gave the NOI great influence in urban black communities. The NOI's message of racial pride and its focus on incarcerated black men made it appealing. Through the NOI, black nationalism became an important strategy within the broader black freedom struggle.
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom took place on August 28, 1963. It was conceived by A. Philip Randolph and organized by Bayard Rustin to demand equal rights and an end to racial discrimination. Over 250,000 people gathered in Washington D.C. to hear speeches by civil rights leaders including John Lewis and Martin Luther King Jr., who delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. However, the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham just weeks later, which killed four young black girls, was a tragic reminder that racial equality was still far from being achieved.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
2. Course Learning Objectives
• Describe structures and manifestations of racial inequality in
the U.S. since emancipation.
• Understand how changing historical contexts create
opportunities and constraints that influence when and how
social movements emerge.
• Assess the philosophies, strategies, tactics, and demands of
activists and organizations advocating racial justice.
3. Trigger Warning
Today’s class will include discussion and written descriptions of brutal
racist violence and images of the Ku Klan Klan.
No images of graphic violence will be displayed on the slides.
4. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
In this case, which centered on an 1890 Louisiana law
segregating railway coaches, the U.S. Supreme Court
ruled that segregation laws passed by states were not
necessarily unconstitutional, meaning they did not
directly violate the framework or principles of the U.S.
government and its founding document. The Plessy
decision established the doctrine of “separate but
equal,” which held that racial segregation was
permissible (and not in violation of the 14th
amendment’s “equal protection” clause) as long as the
facilities and services available to both “White” and
“Colored” people were “equal.” Plessy v. Ferguson
marked the official beginning of the era of Jim Crow
segregation, which would endure for almost sixty
years, shaping nearly every facet of Southern life.
5. White Supremacy in the “Jim Crow” South
Named for the 19th century minstrel character
“Jumpin’ Jim Crow,” the Jim Crow system of
segregation relegated African Americans to second-
class citizenship in the South. This discriminatory
system of white supremacy was supported by
structures, laws, and practices that served to
disempower, humiliate, and dehumanize Black
Americans.
6. Dimensions of Jim Crow
• Social: segregation of facilities including schools, transportation, hotels, and restaurants;
required Black people to defer to white people in most cases; legal and extralegal
consequences for interracial sexual relationships involving a Black male.
• Economic: employment and housing discrimination; restrictions on credit; emergence of
sharecropping as new economic system in South.
• Political: restrictions on Black political participation, including voting and juror service;
racially-biased criminal justice system, e.g. in most jurisdictions, a Black person could
not testify against a white person accused of a crime.
* All dimensions of Jim Crow were supported or enabled by state-sanctioned violence that
permitted crimes committed by white people against Black people to go unpunished and
allowed white mobs to attack Black people for alleged or invented offenses.
7. The Nadir
• “Nadir” means “low point.” In U.S. history, this term refers to the period at the
end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century during which efforts
to institute formalized racial segregation and to reassert systems of white
supremacy took myriad oppressive and violent forms. White supremacy was more
pronounced and less veiled at this point than at any other time in U.S. history.
• Massive erasure of Black gains made during Reconstruction era, esp. in terms of
political and economic power Establishment and strengthening of Jim Crow.
• The “Lost Cause” mythology emerged, portraying the Confederacy as heroic
rather than traitorous, suggesting the Civil War was about issues other than the
defense of slavery (i.e. “states’ rights”). The Lost Cause served as a defense of
white supremacy, suggesting that slavery was in fact a morally good system while
reinforcing views of Black inferiority.
• During this period, white backlash against progress for racial equality became
more entrenched and violent, e.g. the rise of lynching, mob violence, race riots,
massacres, and the reemergence of Ku Klux Klan.
9. Sharecropping
Above: Photo of sharecroppers taken by Dorothea Lange
in Mississippi in 1937. From the Library of Congress.
Left: Sharecroppers picking cotton in Georgia, photograph
by T.W. Ingersoll, 1898.
10. Sharecropping
• Since the advent of the cotton gin in 1793, the Southern economy was anchored by large cotton
plantations. After the prohibition of enslaved labor and the end of Reconstruction, the Southern
labor system quickly reoriented to a system known as sharecropping.
• Large white landowners hired “sharecroppers” to plant cotton on their land. Sharecroppers were
not paid a wage, but lived on the land they farmed and earned a “share” of the profit generated
from the crop they grew. Most sharecroppers were Black, but poor white people also worked as
sharecroppers.
• At the beginning of each year, sharecroppers were required to purchase all their seeds, farming
supplies and tools, and food from the plantation store, owned by the landowner, at inflated prices.
• After the harvest, the landowner and the sharecropper would “settle” the sharecropper’s annual
account, deducting from their profit (as determined by the landowner) the costs of the supplies
purchased over the year. Often sharecroppers earned very little, or even ended the year “owing” the
landowner money after growing crops for them and tending to their land. Sharecroppers and their
families lived on the land they worked, making their shelter and livelihood dependent on staying in
the good graces of the landowner.
11. —13th Amendment
(Ratified Dec 1865)
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime whereof the party
shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist within the United States, or any place subject
to their jurisdiction.”
12. Florida, 1915.
Georgia, 1903.
“Black Codes” and the Convict Lease System
(both emerged after Civil War)
“…Black Codes proscribed a range of actions—such as vagrancy, absence from
work, breach of job contracts, the possession of firearms, and insulting gestures
or acts—that were criminalized only when the person charged was black.”
(Angela Davis, Are Prisons Obsolete?, pg. 28).
14. NAACP flag flown in protest to
mark known lynchings.
Lynching and Mob Violence
• “Lynching” refers to mob violence under the guise of
administering justice for a supposed crime but before
due process (a “fair trial”) is carried out. Historically,
the act of killing has often followed torture or other
acts of violence against the alleged offender.
• In U.S. history, lynching has typically been carried out
by public hanging, often for perceived offenses of
overstepping the rules of white supremacy.
• Though most victims of lynching have been Black,
other subordinate racial groups (e.g. Italian, Jewish)
have historically also been targeted.
• According to the NAACP, 4,743 lynchings occurred in
the U.S. between 1882 and 1968.
15. Ida B. Wells’Anti-Lynching Crusade
• In the late-19th century, suffragist, newspaper owner, and
sociologist Ida B. Wells began collecting data on lynching
murders of Black Americans, first published in 1895 in The
Red Record. Wells aimed to educate the rest of the nation
about the prevalence of lynching in the American South.
• Born enslaved in Mississippi, Wells was a life-long
advocate of anti-lynching legislation. Wells’ work was
hugely influential in bringing attention to the prevalence of
lynching around the U.S.
• In March 2022, more than 90 years after Wells’ death, the
Emmett Till Antilynching Act was passed into law by
Congress and signed by President Biden, finally rendering
lynching a federal hate crime.
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
(1862-1931)
16. “Our country’s national crime is lynching. It is not the creature of an hour,
the sudden outburst of uncontrolled fury, or the unspeakable brutality of an
insane mob. It represents the cool, calculating deliberation of intelligent
people who openly avow that there is an ‘unwritten law’ that justifies them in
putting human beings to death without complaint under oath, without trial by
jury, without opportunity to make defense, and without right of appeal. …
… During the last ten years a new statute has been added to the ‘unwritten
law.’ This statute proclaims that for certain crimes or alleged crimes no negro
shall be allowed a trial; that no white woman shall be compelled to charge an
assault under oath or to submit any such charge to the investigation of a court
of law. The result is that many men have been put to death whose innocence
was afterward established; and to-day, under this reign of the ‘unwritten law,’
no colored man, no matter what his reputation, is safe from lynching if a
white woman, no matter what her standing or motive, cares to charge him
with insult or assault.”
-Ida B. Wells, “Lynch Law in America” (1900)
17. “I Met A Little Blue-Eyed Girl”
by Bertha Johnston
I met a little blue-eyed girl--
She said she was five years old;
‘Your locket is very pretty dear;
And pray what may it hold?’
And then—my heart grew chill and sick—
The gay child did not flinch—
‘I found it—the tooth of a colored man—
My father helped to lynch.’
‘And what had he done, my fair-haired child?’
(Life and Death play a fearful game!)
‘Oh, he did nothing--they made a mistake—
But they had their fun, just the same!’
Published in The Crisis (July 1912)
18. The Birth of a Nation
The nadir of American race relations was signified
by the popularity of D.W. Griffith’s 1915 film The
Birth of Nation. It centers on the years after the
Civil War and depicts the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) as
a noble force protecting America, white supremacy,
and white womanhood. Black characters,
caricatured by white actors in blackface, are
portrayed as ignorant, violent, and sexually
predatory. Organizations like the NAACP worked
unsuccessfully to have the film banned, claiming it
inflamed racial tensions. Shortly after the film’s
release, the KKK reemerged. The Birth of a Nation
was the first film to be screened at the White
House. President Woodrow Wilson characterized it
as “writing history with lightening.”
19.
20. Woodrow Wilson: The “Lost Cause” President
In mobilizing national support for U.S.
involvement in the Great War (WWI) in 1917,
Wilson, a descendent of Confederate soldiers
and the first Southerner to win the presidency
since 1848, offered “a full-throated embrace of
the Lost Cause: ‘There are many memories of
the Civil War that thrill along the blood and
make one proud to have been sprung of a race
that could produce such bravery and
constancy.’To a standing ovation of applause
and rebel yells [and appearing before both U.S.
and Confederate flags], Wilson warmly
recalled how ‘heroic things were done on both
sides.’”
Source: Michael Paradis, “The Lost Cause’s Long Legacy,” The Atlantic (26 Jun 2020).
Woodrow Wilson and veterans of the Civil War at the
Battle of Gettysburg 50th Anniversary (4 Jul 1913).
Public Domain.
21. The Great Migration represented a sustained effort on the part of Black Americans to escape the
stifling oppression of the Jim Crow South. Between 1916 and 1970, about six million Black
Americans left the rural South, the largest internal mass migration in U.S. history.
22. The Red Summer of 1919
Racial violence erupted in dozens of
U.S. cities, including Chicago and
Washington, sparked by resentment over
competition for jobs and housing, as well
as perceived violations of de facto
segregation. These tensions were made
worse by an economic recession and the
return of soldiers from World War I,
including many Black veterans who
found they were treated no better as a
result of their military service. Writer
and activist James Weldon Johnson
referred to this period of racial terror as
“Red Summer.”
New York Tribune (27 July 1919)
23. “If We Must Die” (1919)
by Claude McKay
If we must die—let it not be like hogs
Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot,
While round us bark the mad and hungry dogs,
Making their mock at our accursed lot.
If we must die—oh, let us nobly die,
So that our precious blood may not be shed
In vain; then even the monsters we defy
Shall be constrained to honor us though dead!
Oh, Kinsmen! We must meet the common foe;
Though far outnumbered, let us show us brave,
And for their thousand blows deal one deathblow!
What though before us lies the open grave?
Like men we’ll face the murderous, cowardly pack,
Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back!
29. Black men in Tulsa were marched under armed guard during the race massacre on June 1,
1921. (Department of Special Collections/McFarlin Library/University of Tulsa/AP)
30. (1 Jun 2021) “There are two dead Negroes at the Frisco
depot.”
Not just an “inconvenience” but a system of daily humiliation and dehumanization that served to solidify white supremacy through a system based on proximate racial inequality.