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南太平洋熱帯域における
塩分の
準10年スケール変動
○ 長谷川 拓也 ・ 植木 巌 ・ 安藤 健太郎 ・ 水野 恵介 ・ 細田 滋毅
(JAMSTEC)
背景
• 熱帯太平洋準10年スケール(QD)
水温・大気場:ENSO-like 空間パターン
中緯度長周期変動 (PDO)とは異なる特徴
SST/SLP SVDスペクトル:
From Tourre et al. (2001) QD-SST EOF1:
From Hasegawa et al. (2007)
熱帯太平洋 QDスケール
塩分変動特性
不 明
• 最近10年間(トライトンブイ・アルゴ展開後)
における熱帯塩分のQD変動を記述
目的
• 塩分・水温・流速(定点): トライトンブイ
• 塩分・水温(格子化データ):
MOAA GPV (Hosoda et al. 2008) アルゴ+トライトンブイ
• 降水量:TRMM衛星
• E-Pフラックス:NCEP2再解析
• データ期間:1999年1月 - 2010年12月
データ
結果
2000年代のQDフェーズ
QD index (Nino-3.4 indexの37ヶ月移動平均成分)
トライトンブイ
アルゴフロート
塩分偏差分布
MOAA GPV 塩分偏差平均マップ(10m深)
QD(+) QD(-)
西部赤道太平洋の塩分の差:(大)
海面水温に関する過去の研究:中部で信号(大)
水温QD(+)
水温・塩分の比較(空間分布)
MOAA GPV:標準偏差(37ヶ月移動平均:10m深)
塩分標準偏差 水温標準偏差
塩分:西部赤道太平洋
水温:中部赤道太平洋
赤道域 水温・塩分の比較(時間変動)
MOAA GPV塩分・水温偏差:赤道沿い時間経度断面図
(37ヶ月移動平均:10m深)
塩分偏差:西部で卓越(160E中心)
水温偏差:中部で卓越(180E中心)
QD(-)
高塩
塩分偏差 水温偏差
QD(-)
低温
QD(+)
低塩
QD(+)
高温
西部太平洋における表層変動特性
EQ-157Eトライトンブイ流速 (10m)・水温・塩分(37ヶ月移動平均)
!"!
#"! #"!
!! "! !!
"! !! "!
#$%&'!#$%('! #$%('!
$%&!
$%&!
東西流速偏差
水温偏差
塩分偏差
塩分・水温・流速:同時に符号反転 & QD符号反転と同期
QD(+): 高温・低塩水:西部から中部赤道域へ輸送(80m以浅) 
水温:80m深で符号反転(塩分:上層で卓越)
EQ-156Eトライトンブイ
QD (+): 塩分偏差
降水分布
TRMM降水偏差合平均マップ (mm/hour)
小雨多雨
QD(+) QD(-)
塩分:QD(+) 塩分:QD(-)
低塩 高塩
塩分偏差・降水偏差:パターンが類似(西部赤道∼南太平洋)
NCEP2 E-Pフラックス
(mm/yr:正は降水量>蒸発量)
淡水フラックスとの関連
塩分差(0-75m) 相当E-Pフラックス
(mm/yr:正は降水量>蒸発量)
-100mm/yr
-200mm/yr
-200mm/yr
-300mm/yr
西部赤道域(150E以東)・
南太平洋 
→ 降水量で説明可
ITCZ東部     
→ 非対応 
まとめ
• QDスケール塩分偏差は水温偏差と異なり、西部赤道域
で卓越(南太平洋亜熱帯域にも出現)
• 80m以浅でQD信号が卓越
• 水温、塩分、流速の符号がほぼ同時に反転
• 降水パターンと塩分パターンが対応(西部EQ∼南半球)
• 水平パターン                                   
過去の研究:QD偏差(水温/海面高度)が南太平洋熱帯域/亜熱帯域で卓越   
(Luo & Yamagata 2001: Hasegawa et al. 2007: Sasaki et al. 2008)       
本研究:塩分も南太平洋で卓越:降水変化との対応が良い            
→ ENSO信号が弱い南太平洋において、QD信号が卓越する理由の解明へ
• 鉛直方向                                   
過去の研究:QD水温偏差が水温躍層で卓越(0-300m貯熱量・サブダクション)   
(Scheider 2000, 2004; Luo&Yamagata 2001; Hasegawa&Hanawa 2003)  
本研究:80m以浅でQD信号(水温・塩分) が卓越                
→混合層内のメカニズムによるQD変動を示唆                  
→水温躍層のメカニズムとの関係などの解明へ
議論・今後の展望
END
補足資料
2000年代のQDフェーズ
QD index (Nino-3.4 indexの37ヶ月移動平均成分)
!"#$%!
!"#&%!
!"#$%!
!"#!$%#&'()!
QD-SST EOF1
MOAA GPV 10m-Temp (37ヶ月移動平均) EOF1  
(寄与率70%)
QD-Salinity EOF1
MOAA GPV 10m-Salinity (37ヶ月移動平均) EOF1  
(寄与率71%)
MOAA GPV 塩分偏差 (45S-45N)
全球降水パターン
西部太平洋で変化(大)
塩分分布
アルゴ・ブイ格子化データ合成図解析
QD(+) QD(-)
QD(+) minus QD (-)
降水分布
TRMM降水偏差合平均マップ (mm/hour)
SPCZ
QD(+) QD(-)
TRMM降水平均マップ(mm/hour)
QD(+)
多雨
SPCZ
少雨
水温偏差
10 m
50 m
100 m
150 m
200 m
300 m
塩分偏差
10 m
50 m
100 m
150 m
200 m
300 m
0N-156Eトライトンブイ(0-300m)
東西流速偏差
水温偏差
塩分偏差
水平分布図と一致して、150m付近の躍層深度で水温変動が大きい:過去の研究と一致
新たな知見:80m上層で塩分変動が大きい&80mを境に水温の符号が反転
→80m以浅の上層では、水温躍層とは異なるメカニズムでQD変動か?
0N-147Eトライトンブイ
東西流速偏差
水温偏差
塩分偏差
0N-138Eトライトンブイ
東西流速偏差
水温偏差
塩分偏差
• バリアーレイヤー生成を通じて海面水温昇温
(Lukas and Lindstrom 1991;Ando&McPhaden 1997)
• 全球熱帯・亜熱帯バリアレイアー分布 (Sato et al. 2006)
• エルニーニョ発生と暖水プール東端の塩分・バリアレイヤー変動 (Maes et al. 2006)
• サブダクション・水温躍層変動を通じた熱帯太平洋大気海洋変動(結合モデル実験結果)
(Schneider 2000; 2004)
• トレンド → 全球降水量と関連 (Hosoda et al. 2009)
• 北太平洋中緯度decadal変動・PDOとの関連 (Schneider 2005; Sasaki 2010)
• WOCEリピート観測塩分・海面塩分とトレンド&PDO   
(Delcroix et al. 2007; Cravatte et al. 2009)
過去の研究:塩分変動・気候変動との関連
• MOAA GPV. (Grid Point Value of the Monthly Objective Analysis using the Argo data).
• TRIMM 3B43 (0.25x0.25, monthly)
Datasets
旧バージョン
• 海面∼海洋表層
• 水温・流速QD変動との比較
• 降水量変動などとの関連を探る
アウトライン
2000年代のQDフェーズ
QD index (赤実線:Nino-3.4 indexの37ヶ月移動平均成分)
降水分布
TRMM降水偏差合平均マップ (mm/hour)
SPCZ
SPCZ
QD(+) QD(-)
塩分:QD(+) 塩分:QD(-)
低塩 高塩
塩分偏差・降水偏差:パターンが類似(南太平洋)
議論
• QD偏差(水温)が南太平洋熱帯域/亜熱帯域で卓越 (Luo &Yamagata 2001: Hasegawa et al.
2007: Sasaki et al. 2008)                             
本研究:塩分も南太平洋でSPCZとの対応が良い                 
→ENSOと異なり、QDは南太平洋が主体的
• 過去の研究:QD水温偏差が水温躍層で卓越(0-300m貯熱量・サブダクション)   
本研究:80m以浅でもQD信号(水温・塩分)が卓越                
→水温躍層変化+赤道湧昇・混合層変化を通じたQD変化
• 結合モデル(Schneider 2000): QDスケールで 、高温・高塩が10S-15Sから西部赤道域へ
本研究:25S付近から高温・低塩水が西部赤道域まで出現
• 西部太平洋西端(150E以西)・ITCZ領域では、塩分とE-Pフラックスが非対応    
→海洋内部がより重要(e.g., 150E以西:西風から東風偏差に変化→湧昇強化)
• 同化モデルなどを用いてメカニズムのさらなる解明
• ブイ・アルゴ・船舶リピート観測の展開継続・発展
• グライダーなど新技術
• アクエリアス衛星 (海面塩分:2011年6月10日打ち上げ) に期待
今後の展望

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海洋表層塩分の準10年スケール変動と降水変動との関連など:長谷川他2011(海洋学会講演スライド)