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經濟學的研究方法與
目標
王國臣
臺灣師範大學人文社會學科兼任助理教授
王國臣 Blogger

O 網址:http://wangguochen.blogspot.tw/。
2013/10/3

2
經濟學的分類
 個體經濟學(microeconomics) VS. 總體經濟學

(macroeconomics)
1.

個體經濟學的分析對象為:家戶與廠商。

2.

總體經濟學的分析對象為:整個經濟體。

 實證經濟學(positive economics) VS. 規範經濟

學(normative economics)
1.

實證經濟學,不涉及主觀價值的判斷。

2.

規範經濟學,加諸價值判斷。
2013/10/24

3
經濟學的分類
Jevons
Menger

Physiocracy

Malthus

Walras

Pareto
Fisher
Robison

Mercantilism

Vebien

Keynes

Sraffa

Marshall

Smith

Chamberlin

Galbralth

Ricardo
Mandel
Max

Sweezy

Fine

Engels

Bukharin

Bettelheim
2013/10/24

4
經濟學的研究方法(補充)
1.

確立問題與相關變數。

2.

提出假設
 更好的翻譯應為前提假設(assumption)。
 假 定 其 他 條 件 不 變 (other things being

constant),拉丁文為ceteris paribus。
 人們的行為均有理性(rationality),即人們依

據目前擁有的資訊,做出最有利的決策──
人們的行為具有邏輯上的一致性。
2013/10/24

5
經濟學的研究方法(補充)
3.

設定假說(hypothesis)。假說就是描述主
要變數間關係的理論。

4. 檢證前步驟的假說。

2013/10/3

6
經濟學的研究方法
在制訂公式和設計模型時,必須注意避免犯
邏輯分析的一些錯誤,一般有三種可能錯誤:
1.

因果關係的謬誤(post hoc fallacy):
 如果甲事件發生在乙事件之前,甲事件未必

一定是乙事件的因,乙事件未必一定是甲事
件的果。
 兩個變數間的相關性與因果關係,也不可混

為一談。
2013/10/24

7
經濟學的研究方法
2.

組合的謬誤(fallacy of composition):即誤
認為對局部來說是正確的,則也可以適用
於全部。例如:個別的理性可能導致集體
的不理性。

3.

分割的謬誤(fallacy of division):即誤認
為對整體都是對的,則對個體也一定對的。

2013/10/24

8
經濟政策的目標
1.

效率(efficiency):能以最低廉的成本生產出人們
想要的消費品。

2.

公平(equality or fairness):可以是指所得與財富
分配的公平,也可以指減輕或消除貧窮。

3.

成長(growth):主要指經濟成長,代表一國總產出
(所得)的增加。特別是平均每人所得的提升。

4.

安定(stability):指經濟穩定成長,物價保持穩定。

5.

充分就業(full employment):即實際失業率不多
於自然失業率──摩擦性失業與結構性失業。
2013/10/24

9
課後複習
下列各子題的敘述,屬於實證(positive)性或規
範(normative)性:
1.

自民國90年以後,我國失業率一直高於3%;

2.

今年(民國97年),我國通貨膨脹率太高;

3.

為保障勞工退休權益,行政院勞委會應提高
勞工的勞保投保薪資級距;

4.

向美國購買潛艦等軍事裝備,對於政府預算
產生排擠作用。
2013/10/24

10
課後複習
試指出下列敘述的錯誤何在:
1.

提高所得稅稅率,政府的所得稅收入一定增加;

2.

在經濟不景氣時,人民的儲蓄減少,為恢復景氣繁榮,應
增加儲蓄;

3.

提高農產品進口關稅,有利於本國農業的生產與發展,進
而對整體經濟亦產生正面影響;

4.

如果一位農夫擴大稻米耕種面積,其收入會提高,故若全
國所有農夫都增加稻米耕種面積,則全體農夫的收入均增
加。

5.

若全臺北市的醫生人數,冠於全國其他地區,且臺北市每
年死亡人數亦居全台之冠,故醫生人數太多導致死亡人數
偏高。
2013/10/24

11
課後複習
名詞解釋:
1.

總體經濟學

2.

個體經濟學

3.

經濟成長

4.

經濟安定

5.

因果關係的謬誤

6.

效率

7.

公平
2013/10/24

12

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1 2 經濟學的研究方法與目標