Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming methodology that focuses on creating objects that encapsulate both data and functions. Key elements of OOP include objects, classes, encapsulation, data abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism, dynamic binding, and message passing. These concepts enable the representation of data with associated behaviors, promote reusability, and facilitate interaction between objects.

1. Introduction to OOP
• OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming.
• Procedural programming is about writing
procedures or functions that perform operations on
the data, while object-oriented programming is
about creating objects that contain both data and
functions.
• Definition: Object oriented programming is a
programming methodology that associates data
structures with a set of operators which act upon it.

4. Elements of OOP
• Objects
• Classes
• Encapsulation
• Data Abstraction
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Dynamic Binding
• Message Passing

5. • Object: This is the basic unit of object oriented
programming. That is both data and function
that operate on data are bundled as a unit
called as object.
• Class : A class is a user defined data type. It
serves as a template of the objects. It includes
data and the member functions that operate
on data.

6. • Encapsulation :
The wrapping up of data and member function into an
object is called encapsulation. The data is not
accessible to the outside world and only those
functions which are wrapped into the object can
access it.
• Data Abstraction: Data abstraction refers to, providing
only essential information to the outside world and
hiding their background details, i.e., to represent the
needed information in program without presenting
the details. ”“Data abstraction becomes an abstract
data type (ADT)or a user-defined type.”

7. • Inheritance: Inheritance is the mechanism to
provides the power of reusability and extendibility.
Inheritance is the process by which one object can
acquire the properties of another object.
• Polymorphism :
Polymorphism enables one common interface for
many implementations, and for objects to act
differently under different circumstances. You can
also achieve polymorphism in C++ by function
overloading, operator overloading and
implementation inheritance.

8. • Dynamic Binding: In dynamic binding, the code
to be executed in response to function call is
decided at runtime. C++ has virtual functions to
support this.
• Message Passing: Objects communicate with one
another by sending and receiving information to
each other. Message passing involves specifying
the name of the object, the name of the function
and the information to be sent.