Advanced trauma life support is very essential topics that all health professionals should have better understating off it. Its concept should also need to be extended to the general community as the best outcome of those pt depend on the initial care given starting from the time of the traumatic event.
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Advanced Truama Life Support.pptx
1. Advanced Trauma Life
Support (ATLS)
Dr Sharew Delelegn
Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery Resident
Adama Hospital Medical College
Oct 14,2023
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2. Contents
1. Introduction to ATLS
2. Initial Assessment & Management of trauma pt
ļ¼ Preparation
ļ¼ Triage
ļ¼ Primary survey & Adjunct of primary survey
ļ¼ Secondary survey & Adjunct of Secondary Survey
ļ¼ Definitive care
3.Musculoskeletal Trauma
4.Pelvic trauma
5.Damage control resuscitation & surgery
6. References
3. Introduction to ATLS
Epidemiology
ļ¼Current data from World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers
for Disease Control (CDC) shows, more than nine people die every minute, and
5.8 million people of all ages and economic groups die every year from
unintentional injuries and violence.
ļ¼It accounts for 18% of the worldās total diseases.
ļ¼Motor vehicle crashes alone cause more than 1 million deaths annually and
an estimated 20 to 50 million significant injuries;
ļ¼Trauma remains the leading cause of death in persons 1 through 44 years of age.
ļ¼Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of injury-related deaths worldwide.
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4. Cont.
Trimodal death distribution
ļ¼ First described in 1982, the trimodal distribution of
deaths implies that death due to injury occurs in one
of three periods, or peaks.
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7. Concepts of the ATLS
Three underlying concepts of the ATLS Program were:-
ļ¼1) Treat the greatest threat to life first.
ļ¼2) Never allow the lack of definitive diagnosis to impede the application of an
indicated treatment.
ļ¼3) A detailed history is not essential to begin the
evaluation of a patient with acute injuries.
The result was the development of the ABCDE approach to evaluating and treating
injured patients.
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8. Cont.
ļ¼The ATLS course emphasizes that injury kills in certain reproducible
time frames. Thus, the mnemonic ABCDE defines
the specific, ordered evaluations and interventions that
should be followed in all injured patients:
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9. Preparation
A, Prehospital
-Notifying the receiving hospital
-Airway maintenance
-Control of external bleeding & shock
-Immobilization of the patient, and
-Immediate transport to the closest appropriate facility
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10. B, Hospital phase
ļ¼ A resuscitation area is available for trauma patients.
ļ¼ Properly functioning airway equipment is
organized, tested, and strategically placed to be
easily accessible.
ļ¼Warmed intravenous crystalloid solutions
are immediately available
ļ¼Means to ensure prompt responses by laboratory and
radiology personnel.
ļ¼Transfer agreements with verified trauma
centers are established and operational
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11. Triage
ļ¼Triage involves the sorting of patients based on the resources required for
treatment and the resources that are actually available.
ļ¼The order of treatment is based on the ABC priorities
ļ¼Other factors that can affect triage and treatment priority include the severity of
injury, ability to survive, and available resources.
ļ¼Triage situations are categorized as multiple casualties or mass casualties.
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12. Primary Survey
ā¢ Patients are assessed and their treatment priorities established
based on their injuries, vital signs, and injury mechanisms
The primary survey encompasses the ABCDEs of
trauma care.
ļ¼ A - Airway and c-spine protection
ļ¼ B - Breathing and ventilation
ļ¼ C - Circulation with hemorrhage control
ļ¼ D - Disability/Neurologic status
ļ¼ E - Exposure/Environmental control
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13. A - Airway and c-spine protection
ļ¼Airway should be assessed for patency
ļ¼Is the patient able to communicate verbally?
If the patient is able to communicate verbally, the airway is not likely to be in immediate jeopardy
ļ¼Assume c-spine injury in patients with multisystem trauma
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17. Definitive airway
ļ¼Reduced conscious level(GCS<8).
ļ¼Obstructed airway.
ļ¼Prevent potential obstruction (e.g. from burns or airway injury).
ļ¼Risk of aspiration.
ļ¼Apnoea.
ļ¼Inadequate oxygenation or ventilation, e.g. chest injury.
ļ¼Any doubt about the patientās ability to maintain airway integrity
ļ¼Orotracheal intubation is the gold standard for providing a definitive airway.ted or
cannot be accomplished.
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Surgical Cricothyroidotomy
ļ¼ Complete upper airway obstruction or failed
intubation with severe hypoxia, and inability to
oxygenate or ventilate the patient via any other
method.
ļ¼ It should not be performed in pre-pubertal children
19. Cont.
The spine must be protected from excessive mobility
ļ¼cervical collar application
ļ¼manual restriction of motion (When airway management is
necessary)
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20. Cont.
How to maintain cervical immobility
ļ¼During securing definitive airway(e.g endotracheal tube)?
ļ¼When there is need to remove cervical collar?
ļ¼To remove helmet from traumatic patient?
ļ¼When there is need for posterior examination of patient?
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22. B - Breathing
ā¢ Airway patency alone does not ensure adequate ventilation
ā¢ Adequate gas exchange is required to maximize oxygenation and
carbon dioxide elimination.
ā¢ Inspect, palpate, and auscultate
ā¢ Deviated trachea, flail chest, sucking chest wound, crepitus,
absence of breath sounds
ā¢ Significant impairment of ventilation in the short term
ā¢ tension pneumothorax, massive hemothorax, open
pneumothorax, and tracheal or bronchial injuries.
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27. C - Circulation
ļ¼Hemorrhage is the predominant cause of preventable
deaths after injury.
ļ¼Once tension pneumothorax has been excluded as a
cause of shock, consider that hypotension following
injury is due to blood loss until proven otherwise.
ļ¼Rapid and accurate assessment of an injured patientās
hemodynamic status is essential. So, rapidly assess
ļ§ Level of consciousness
ļ§ Skin color
ļ§ Pulses in four extremities
ļ§ Blood pressure and pulse pressure
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28. Cont.
ļ§ Identify any external bleeding.
ļ§ Inspect the abdomen for any pattern bruising or distension, and
palpate for tenderness.
ļ§ Inspect the pelvis for any bruising, deformity, or swelling, and any
perineal wounds or genital bleeding.
ļ§ Inspect and palpate both femurs for deformity, swelling, tenderness,
or wounds.
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29. Circulation Interventions
ļ¼Apply pressure to sites of external hemorrhage
ļ¼Tourniquets - in massive exsanguination from an extremity(if direct pressure
is ineffective)
ļ¼Blind clamping can result in damage to nerves and veins
ļ¼Establish IV access (2 large bore IVs)
ļ¼Cardiac tamponade decompression if indicated
ļ¼Volume resuscitation
Have blood ready
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30. ļ¼When peripheral sites cannot be accessed
ļ§ Intraosseous infusion,
ļ§ Central venous access,or
ļ§ venous cutdown
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NOTE!
ļ¼ Aggressive and continued volume resuscitation is
not a substitute for definitive control of hemorrhage.
ļ¼ Definitive bleeding control is essential, along with
appropriate replacement of intravascular volume.
32. Tranexamic acid
ā¢ An antifibrinolytic drug
ā¢ Reduces risk of mortality from bleeding in both blunt and
penetrating trauma
ā¢ Should be given to all trauma patients suspected to have
significant haemorrhage,
ā¢ Needs to be administered within 3 hours of injury
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33. D - Disability
ā¢ Neurological exam
ā¢ Level of consciousness
ā¢ Pupil size and reaction
ā¢ Presence of lateralizing signs
ā¢ Determines spinal cord injury level
ā¢ Check anal tone & sensation.
ā¢ Test random blood sugar
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34. Disability Interventions
ICP monitor- Neurosurgical consultation
Elevated ICP
ā¢ Head of bed elevated
ā¢ Mannitol
ā¢ Hyperventilation
ā¢ Emergent decompression
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NOTE!
ļ¼ Prevention of secondary brain injury by maintaining
adequate oxygenation and perfusion are the main
goals of initial management.
35. E - Exposure / Environment control
ļ¼Completely undress the patient,
ļ¼Always Inspect the Back
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37. Avoid hypothermia
ļ¼Core temperature < 35 Ā° C
ā¢ Altered platelet function
ā¢ Coagulation factor - 1 Ā°C drop in 10% drop
ā¢ Enzyme inhibition & fibrinolysis
ļ¼Lower than 34 Ā°C, risk of mortality of more than 80 %
ļ¼Steps of prevention
ā¢ Remove Wet cloth
ā¢ Cover patient
ā¢ Ambient room temperature
ā¢ Warm fluid
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41. Adjunct To
Primary
Survey
ļ¼ Obtain ABG analysis and ventilatory rate.
ļ¼ Determine CBC, serum lactate, PT, APTT, Fibrinogen
ļ¼ Attach an ECG monitor to the patient.
ļ¼ Insert urinary and gastric catheters unless contraindicated,
and monitor the patientās hourly output of urine.
ļ¼ Consider the need for and obtain AP chest and AP pelvic x-rays.
ļ¼ Consider the need for and perform FAST or DPL.
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42. Secondary survey
ā¢ Does not begin until
ā¢ ABCDE completed
ā¢ Resuscitation underway
ā¢ Normalization of vital functions has been demonstrated
ā¢ Allergies
ā¢ Medications currently used
ā¢ Past illnesses/Pregnancy
ā¢ Last meal
ā¢ Events/Environment related to the injury
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43. Musculoskeletal Injuries
ļ¼These injuries often appear
dramatic, but only infrequently
cause immediate threat to life
or limb.
ļ¼Major musculoskeletal injuries
indicate that the body sustained
significant forces
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44. Cont.
Three goals for the assessment of trauma patientsā extremities:
1. Identification of life-threatening injuries (primary survey)
2. Identification of limb-threatening injuries (secondary survey)
3. Systematic review to avoid missing any other musculoskeletal
injury (continuous reevaluation)
Look/Feel/Move/Measure
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46. Major Arterial Hemorrhage and Traumatic Amputation
ļ¼Penetrating extremity wounds
ļ¼Blunt trauma in close proximity to an artery
ļ¼Significant haemorrhage through the open wound or into the soft
tissues.
ļ¼Traumatic amputation are at high risk of life-threatening
hemorrhage
ā¢ May require application of a tourniquet.
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47. Management
A stepwise approach
ļ¼Manual pressure to the wound
ļ¼A pressure dressing is then applied
ļ¼Manual pressure to the artery proximal to the injury
ļ¼Consider applying a manual tourniquet
A properly applied tourniquet must occlude arterial inflow,
Patients with traumatic amputation may benefit from tourniquet
application.
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48. Bilateral femur fractures
ā¢ Indicate the patient has been subjected to significant force
ā¢ High possibility of associated injuries and complication
ā¢ significant blood loss,
ā¢ pulmonary complications,
ā¢ Multiple organ failure, and death.
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49. Management
ļ¼Fracture reduction and immobilization
ā¢ Realign the injured extremity in as close to anatomic position as
possible
ā¢ Prevent excessive motion at the fracture site.
ā¢ Accomplished by applying inline traction
ļ¼ Proper application of a splint
ā¢ control blood loss, reduces pain, and prevents further
neurovascular compromise and soft-tissue injury.
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51. ļ¼Open fracture
ā¢ pull the exposed bone back into the wound,
ā¢ Remove gross contamination
ā¢ Administer weight-based dosing of antibiotics
ā¢ Tetanus prophylaxis
ā¢ External fixation (definitive therapy)
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52. Pelvic ring injuries
ļ¼Patients with hypotension and pelvic fractures have high
mortality.
ļ¼Based on injury force patterns:
ļ§ AP compression-External rotation
ļ§ lateral compression-Internal rotation
ļ§ vertical shear, and
ļ§ combined mechanism
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55. Damage control surgery and resuscitation
ā¢ Term "damage control" was borrowed from the US Navy
ā¢ Severely injured patients often do not have the physiologic reserve
to tolerate definitive repair.
ā¢ Serves to attend to immediately life-threatening conditions
ā¢ Definitive management are delayed until after appropriate
resuscitation.
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56. Indications
ā¢ Severe degree of physiologic insult
ā¢ Inability to control bleeding using conventional methods
ā¢ Large-volume resuscitation required
ā¢ Injury pattern identified during surgery
ā¢ Need for staged abdominal or thoracic wall reconstruction
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57. Damage control resuscitation (DCR)
ā¢ Applied throughout all phases of damage control.
ā¢ Intravenous fluid therapy is administered to achieve euvolemia
using a balanced approach.
ā¢ Permissive hypotension
ā¢ Transfusion of Plasma, Platelets, and Red Blood Cells in a 1:1:1
ratio
ā¢ Further testing or imaging that may be needed to better define the
full extent of injuries
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ļ¼ Severely injured patients who sustain
large volume blood loss often
develop the lethal ātriadā of
coagulopathy, hypothermia, and
metabolic acidosis
ļ¼ DCR emphasizes novel resuscitation
strategies that attempt to limit
secondary blood loss and prevent the
development of coagulopathy.
ļ¼ These include hypotensive
resuscitation techniques, early airway
control, early use of blood and blood
products, and other hemostatic
agents.
61. Damage control surgery
ā¢ The goals are to first arrest hemorrhage and then to limit
contamination
ā¢ Maintain blood flow to the vital organs and extremities
ā¢ Performed in a diligent and expeditious fashion to minimize
additional physiologic insult.
ā¢ Operative times should be approximately 90 minutes or less
ā¢ Definitive repair is deferred until the patient has stabilized
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62. Reference
1. ATLS student course manual, 10th Ed.
2. Tintinalliās Emergency medicine 9th Ed.
3. Uptodate 2018
4. Apley's and Solomon's Concise System of Orthopedics and
Trauma 4th Ed.
5. Emergency in trauma Aneel Bhangu et al.Oxford 2010
6. Baily and loveās short practice of surgery, 27th edition
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