This document provides information on various diagnostic procedures and exams related to the respiratory system. It discusses risk factors for respiratory disorders and then describes several diagnostic procedures including chest x-rays, sputum specimens, bronchoscopy, pulmonary angiography, thoracentesis, lung biopsy, ventilation/perfusion lung scans, skin tests, arterial blood gases, pulse oximetry, and chest physiotherapy techniques like postural drainage. For each procedure, it outlines the description, pre-procedure steps, and post-procedure nursing care.