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[RTCA21] Is vehicle cabin air now dirtier than what comes out of the tailpipe?, Nick Moden, Emmisions Analytics Ltd.
Or: why we should get over our obsession with the tailpipe. The common perception is that the tailpipe is main source of pollutant emissions from vehicles, while the occupant of the vehicle can be safely sealed away from them. In reality, cabin air is affected by emissions from multiple sources, at the same time as the tailpipe has become much cleaner. To assess the latest state of evidence, this presentation will cover: • How low are tailpipe emissions now in real-world conditions? • What are the other sources of emissions? • Is filtration of exhaust gas more effective than cabin air? • In what circumstances is it more polluted inside a car than outside? • If we regulate ambient air quality, why should we not regular in-cabin air quality?
[RTCA21] Is vehicle cabin air now dirtier than what comes out of the tailpipe?, Nick Moden, Emmisions Analytics Ltd.
- 1. Is vehicle cabinair now dirtier than what comes out of the tailpipe? Nick Molden 12 October 2021
- 2. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2020 When it comes to the pursuit for improved air quality, we believe in the power of clarity, transparency and integrity. With real-world data we can meet emissions challenges – instilling trust and confidence in our industry partners and public. It’s with our commitment and independence we are able to make a significant contribution toward positive change and to achieve enduring results. Our Belief 65
- 3. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • Founded in 2011 • Headquartered in the UK • Operations in Germany, USA and South Korea • Independent testing house specialising in real-world emissions testing • Over 2,500 vehicles/machines PEMS tested across passenger, commercial and off-road • Largest commercially available database of real-world emissions data • We work with regulators, OEMs, Tier 1/2 suppliers, fuel and chemical companies, fleets, consumer media • Leads standardisation of new methods through CEN Introduction 66
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- 5. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • Core: CO2, CO, NO, NO2, NOx, exhaust temperature • Using regulatory-grade PEMS from Sensors, Inc • Measurements at 1Hz • Weather station: temperature, humidity, pressure • OBD: typically speed, rpm, coolant temperature, engine load, throttle position, manifold pressure • PN, particularly for EU gasoline and hybrids • Custom integrated NH3 sensor Measurements – PEMS 68
- 6. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 Measurements – volatile organic compounds 69 • Two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry • INSIGHT flow modulator from SepSolve Analytical for separation • BENCH-TOF time-of flight mass spectrometer • Thermal desorption tube sampling from Markes International
- 7. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 Portable in-cabin measurement system 70 • Particle number (down to 15nm), CO2, CO, NO2
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- 9. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • Diesel NOx under control since RDE around 2018 • Both diesel and gasoline NOx tending to very low levels • PN emissions in decline and always well under 6x1011 #/km limit • What about unregulated pollutants? How low are tailpipe emissions now? 72
- 10. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • 8 gasoline vehicles • Mix of hybridisation levels • PHEV in engine mode • 2020 or 2021 model year • EQUA test cycle • Tested May-July 2021 Three-way catalysts can produce N2O, CH2O VOCs including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and PAHs may also be generated What else should Euro 7 consider? Test programme 73
- 11. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • xx Regulated pollutant test results 74 Model Year Make Model Fuel/powertrain CO2 (g/km) CO (mg/km) NOx (mg/km) PN (x10^11) 2021 Renault Clio Gasoline 124.6 61 6 0.015 2021 Volkswagen Polo Gasoline 130.2 14 6 0.083 2021 Kia Rio Gasoline MHEV 139.9 39 7 0.575 2021 Ford Focus Gasoline MHEV 126.5 194 3 0.620 2021 Skoda Octavia Gasoline 116.6 11 14 0.003 2020 Mini Countryman Gasoline PHEV 176.9 113 1 0.122 2021 Subaru Forester Gasoline FHEV 184.3 143 6 2.198 2021 Peugeot 208 Gasoline 134.1 251 8 0.685 Average 141.6 103 6 0.538 Average exceedance factor 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.1
- 12. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • Powerful greenhouse gas • Quantified using N2O standard Nitrous oxide results 75 Model Year Make Model Fuel/powertrain N2O (mg/km) Urban Rural Motorway 2021 Renault Clio Gasoline 0.256 4.794 3.177 2021 Volkswagen Polo Gasoline 0.927 3.933 0.389 2021 Kia Rio Gasoline MHEV 0.678 2.335 1.742 2021 Ford Focus Gasoline MHEV 0.727 3.199 3.504 2021 Skoda Octavia Gasoline 1.085 4.588 3.978 2020 Mini Countryman Gasoline PHEV 0.718 2.778 1.753 2021 Subaru Forester Gasoline FHEV 0.141 2.194 1.624 2021 Peugeot 208 Gasoline 0.781 2.077 1.898 Average 0.664 3.237 2.258
- 13. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • Carcinogen, serious irritant • Quantified using CH2O standard Formaldehyde results 76 Model Year Make Model Fuel/powertrain CH2O (mg/km) Urban Rural Motorway 2021 Renault Clio Gasoline 0.380 0.400 0.340 2021 Volkswagen Polo Gasoline 0.160 0.250 0.200 2021 Kia Rio Gasoline MHEV 0.130 0.110 0.110 2021 Ford Focus Gasoline MHEV 0.180 0.240 0.150 2021 Skoda Octavia Gasoline 0.170 0.330 0.260 2020 Mini Countryman Gasoline PHEV 0.110 0.210 0.110 2021 Subaru Forester Gasoline FHEV 0.190 0.430 0.170 2021 Peugeot 208 Gasoline 0.160 0.250 0.140 Average 0.185 0.278 0.185
- 14. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • Affect lungs, liver, kidney, brain + headaches, dizziness • Quantified using toluene equivalence Alkanes, alkenes‚ alkynes and cyclo- results 77 Model Year Make Model Fuel/powertrain Alkanes etc (ng/km) Urban Rural Motorway 2021 Renault Clio Gasoline 1627.2 5817.1 3333.7 2021 Volkswagen Polo Gasoline 2872.2 6309.3 4564.0 2021 Kia Rio Gasoline MHEV 3250.6 3877.2 3448.7 2021 Ford Focus Gasoline MHEV 4873.7 5515.1 3232.6 2021 Skoda Octavia Gasoline 2890.9 2891.6 1775.5 2020 Mini Countryman Gasoline PHEV 972.4 2774.5 1193.8 2021 Subaru Forester Gasoline FHEV 4089.4 14287.7 8111.6 2021 Peugeot 208 Gasoline 6142.8 6834.5 5997.0 Average 3339.9 6038.4 3957.1
- 15. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • Often carcinogenic • Quantified using toluene equivalence PAH and N-compounds 78 Model Year Make Model Fuel/powertrain PAH and N-compounds (ng/km) Urban Rural Motorway 2021 Renault Clio Gasoline 15.8 71.6 31.5 2021 Volkswagen Polo Gasoline 266.0 292.1 210.5 2021 Kia Rio Gasoline MHEV 294.0 227.2 205.0 2021 Ford Focus Gasoline MHEV 281.1 333.5 121.1 2021 Skoda Octavia Gasoline 428.1 322.4 205.0 2020 Mini Countryman Gasoline PHEV 214.3 285.0 126.3 2021 Subaru Forester Gasoline FHEV 287.8 259.0 182.4 2021 Peugeot 208 Gasoline 211.6 469.6 206.6 Average 249.9 282.6 161.0
- 16. Other sources ofemissions
- 17. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2020 Tyre wear testing 80
- 18. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • Most mass is shed at 10μm end of distribution • Large number of ultrafine particles down to 10nm • Concentration >400,000 #/cm3 at the low size end • Ultrafine peaks when tyre surface hotter • Contribute to both air and marine pollution • 64 mg/km for new tyres, averaging 32 mg/km • <1 mg/km tailpipe for new vehicles Tyre wear emissions 81
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- 20. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • Euro 6 diesel, with DPF • Matching CPCs in front of and behind vehicle • Canisters deployed in front of air intake • Neutralised by engine and DPF • Underlying effect of cleaning air • Can be offset during high load and filter regeneration Measuring tailpipe filtration 83 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 1 47 93 139 185 231 277 323 369 415 461 507 553 599 645 691 737 783 829 875 921 967 1013 1059 1105 1151 1197 1243 1289 1335 1381 1427 1473 1519 1565 1611 1657 1703 1749 1795 1841 1887 1933 1979 2025 2071 2117 2163 2209 2255 2301 Particle number concentration, #/cm3 Time, seconds Front of vehicle Rear of vehicle Canister2 Canister1 Vehicle on
- 21. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • Real-world methodology • Being standardised with CEN Workshop 103 Measuring in-cabin pollution 84 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 1 71 141 211 281 351 421 491 561 631 701 771 841 911 981 1051 1121 1191 1261 1331 1401 1471 1541 1611 1681 1751 1821 1891 1961 2031 2101 2171 2241 2311 2381 2451 2521 2591 2661 2731 2801 2871 2941 3011 3081 3151 3221 3291 3361 3431 3501 3571 3641 3711 3781 3851 3921 3991 4061 Particle number concentration, #/cm 3 Time, seconds Inside vehicle Outside vehicle Recirculationon Recirculationoff
- 22. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • xx Tyre wear emissions 85 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 450000 500000 1 94 187 280 373 466 559 652 745 838 931 1024 1117 1210 1303 1396 1489 1582 1675 1768 1861 1954 2047 2140 2233 2326 2419 2512 2605 2698 2791 2884 2977 3070 3163 3256 3349 3442 3535 3628 3721 3814 3907 4000 4093 4186 4279 4372 4465 4558 4651 4744 4837 4930 Particle number concentration (#/cm3) Time(seconds) Inside Outside 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 1000000 1 96 191 286 381 476 571 666 761 856 951 1046 1141 1236 1331 1426 1521 1616 1711 1806 1901 1996 2091 2186 2281 2376 2471 2566 2661 2756 2851 2946 3041 3136 3231 3326 3421 3516 3611 3706 3801 3896 3991 4086 4181 4276 4371 4466 4561 4656 4751 4846 4941 Particle number concentration (#/cm3) Time(seconds) Inside Outside Good filtration: Hyundai Kona CAQI = 0.36 Poor filtration: Lexus ES CAQI = 4.32 Recirculation on Recirculation off Recirculation on Recirculation off
- 23. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • 97 vehicles • Recent US models • Tested in California • CAQI results averaged by manufacturer • Fresh air vs recirculation mode • Moderate correlation suggests importance of filtration strategy Comparative test programme 86 Acura BMW Chevrolet Chrysler Dodge Ford GMC Honda Hyundai Infiniti Jaguar Jeep Kia Lexus Lincoln Mazda Mercedes-Benz Mitsubishi Nissan Ram Subaru Tesla Toyota Volkswagen Volvo 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 PN filtration rate - recirculation on PN filtration rate - recirculation off
- 24. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 Putting tailpipe and cabin together… 87
- 25. CONFIDENTIAL © EmissionsAnalytics 2021 • Average CAQI is 1.2 • Cabin slightly more polluted than outside on average • Ambient sees big particulate spikes, which can persist when inside • Before regulation, measurement and rating necessary • Potential for a quick win, as better filtration is relatively inexpensive • Better than Euro 7, which may just regulate existing low emissions even further? • Let’s stand back and consider the holistic environmental and health impacts of vehicles to prioritise action Should we regulate in-cabin air? 88
- 26. Thank you. Nick Molden ChiefExecutive Officer nick@emissionsanalytics.com +44 (0)20 7193 0489