English English Roles Description Arabic.ppt

GRAMMAR
‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫اللغــــــــــة‬ ‫قواعد‬
Prepared by: SAMIER MOUBARAK
2006
‫آرتين‬ ‫موقع‬ ‫تقدمة‬
‫في‬ ‫اإلنكليزي‬ ‫األدب‬ ‫طالب‬ ‫موقع‬
‫البعث‬ ‫جامعة‬
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Main Menu ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬
 English Alphabetic ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫األبجدية‬
 Parts of Speech ‫الكالم‬ ‫أقسام‬
 Sentences ‫مل‬ُ‫ج‬‫ال‬ ‫أنواع‬
 Verb to BE “ ‫فعل‬
”
‫يكون‬
 Verb to DO “ ‫فعل‬
”
‫يعمل‬
 Verb to HAVE “ ‫فعل‬
”
‫يملك‬
 Nouns ‫األسماء‬
– Countable Nouns ‫المعدودة‬ ‫األسماء‬
– Spelling Rules for Plurals ‫الجمع‬ ‫إمالء‬ ‫قواعد‬
– Uncountable Nouns ‫المعدودة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫األسماء‬
– Definite & Indefinite Articles ‫النكرة‬ ‫و‬ ‫التعريف‬ ‫أدوات‬
 Pronouns ‫الضمائر‬
– Object Pronouns ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫ضمائر‬
– Reflexive Pronouns ‫االنعكاسية‬ ‫ضمائر‬
– Relative Pronouns ‫الوصل‬ ‫ضمائر‬
 Making Questions ‫األسئلة‬ ‫تكوين‬
 ‫استعماالت‬ How
 some/‫بعض‬ any/‫أي‬
 Making Negative ‫النفي‬ ‫تكوين‬
 TENSES ‫األزمنة‬
– Present Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫المضارع‬
– Past Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬
– Future Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫المستقبل‬
– Present Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫المضارع‬
– Past Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫الماضي‬
– Future Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫المستقبل‬
– Present Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬
– Past Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫الماضي‬
– Future Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫المستقبل‬
– Present Perfect Continuous ‫المستمر‬ ‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬
 Imperatives ‫األمر‬ ‫صيغة‬
 Modals ‫الناقصة‬ ‫األفعال‬
 Comparing Adjectives ‫الصفات‬ ‫مقارنة‬
 Adverbs ‫األحوال‬ ‫الظروف‬
 Active & Passive ‫للمجهول‬ ‫المبني‬ ‫و‬ ‫للمعلوم‬ ‫المبني‬
 Transitive & Intransitive Verbs ‫األفعال‬ ‫و‬ ‫الالزمة‬ ‫األفعال‬
‫المتعدية‬...
 Prepositions ‫الجر‬ ‫حروف‬
 Question-Tags ‫المذيلة‬ ‫األسئلة‬
 Conditional “if” ” ‫لو‬
“
‫الشرطية‬
 Reported Speech ‫المنقول‬ ‫الكالم‬
 Countries and Nationalities ‫الجنسيات‬ ‫و‬ ‫البلدان‬
‫آرتين‬ ‫موقع‬ ‫تقدمة‬
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English Alphabetic
‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫األبجدية‬
1. Capital Letters ‫الكبيرة‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫األبجدية‬
2. Small Letters ‫الصغيرة‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫األبجدية‬
 Consonant Letters ‫الساكنة‬ ‫الحروف‬
 Vowels Letters ‫المتحركة‬ ‫الحروف‬
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬
‫السابق‬
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m
n o p q r s t u v w x y z
b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z
a e i o u

Parts of Speech
‫الكالم‬ ‫أقسام‬
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬ ‫التالي‬
‫السابق‬
‫تعريف‬ ‫مثال‬
Noun
‫اسم‬
Ahmed, book
Pronoun ‫ضمير‬ ‫محله‬ ‫يحل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫على‬ ‫يدل‬ ‫ما‬ ‫هو‬ I, he, she, it, etc. ……..
Verb
‫فعل‬
‫ما‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫في‬ ‫شيء‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫على‬ ‫يدل‬ ‫ما‬ ‫هو‬ Play, played, will play
Adjective
‫صفة‬
‫قبله‬ ‫وتكون‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫تصف‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هو‬ rich man ‫غني‬ ‫رجل‬
‫بعكس‬ ‫الموصوف‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫سبقت‬ ‫هنا‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الحظ‬
‫االسم‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫التي‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫اللغة‬
‫الموصوف‬
Adverb
‫حال‬
‫تزيد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫تصف‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هو‬
‫وضوحا‬ ‫الصفة‬
Ahmed writes quickly.
‫بسرعة‬ ‫يكتب‬ ‫أحمد‬
.

Parts of Speech
‫السابق‬
Preposition
‫الجر‬ ‫حرف‬
‫لتبين‬ ‫الضمير‬ ‫أو‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تأتي‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫هو‬
‫أخرى‬ ‫بكلمة‬ ‫عالقته‬
Ahmed goes to school
‫يذهب‬ ‫أحمد‬
‫إلى‬
‫المدرسة‬
They traveled by plane
‫سافروا‬ ‫هم‬
‫ب‬
‫الطائرة‬
Conjunction
‫العطف‬ ‫حرف‬
‫جملة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫و‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫ما‬ ‫تصل‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫هو‬
‫وجملة‬
.
Ali and Ahmad visited us yesterday.
‫علي‬
‫و‬
‫أمس‬ ‫زارونا‬ ‫أحمد‬
Interjection
‫تعجب‬ ‫حرف‬
‫عن‬ ‫تعبر‬ ‫صيحات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أصوات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هو‬
‫التعجب‬
Alas! She died.
‫لألسف‬ ‫يا‬
!
‫ماتت‬ ‫لقد‬
.

Parts of Speech
‫السابق‬
Article
‫أداة‬
‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫اللغة‬ ‫في‬ ‫أدوات‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫هناك‬
:
a, an, the
‫يبدأ‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫النكرة‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫تستخدم‬
‫ساكن‬ ‫بحرف‬
.
This is a book.
‫كتاب‬ ‫هذا‬
.
‫يبدأ‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫النكرة‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫تستخدم‬
‫متحرك‬ ‫بحرف‬
.
This is an apple.
‫تفاحة‬ ‫هذه‬
.
‫للتعريف‬ ‫تستخدم‬
. This is the book I bought yesterday.
‫أمس‬ ‫اشتريته‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الكتاب‬ ‫هو‬ ‫هذا‬
.
a
an
the

‫مالحظة‬
:
‫فعل‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫وأن‬ ‫البد‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫بالذكر‬ ‫الجدير‬
‫بدون‬ ‫أي‬ ‫اسمية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫قد‬ ‫التي‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫اللغة‬ ‫خالف‬
‫مثل‬ ‫فعل‬
(:
‫طبيب‬ ‫علي‬
)
‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ترجمتها‬ ‫أردنا‬ ‫ولو‬
‫نقول‬ ‫حرفيا‬
:
Ali doctor.
‫أن‬ ‫والصحيح‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫على‬ ‫احتوائها‬ ‫لعدم‬ ‫خاطئة‬ ‫إنجليزية‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫وهذه‬
‫فتصبح‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫لها‬ ‫نضع‬
:
Ali is a doctor
‫السابق‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬

Sentences
‫مل‬ُ‫ج‬‫ال‬ ‫أنواع‬
 Simple Sentences ‫بسيطة‬ ‫جمل‬
 Compound Sentences ‫مركبة‬ ‫جمل‬
 Complex Sentences ‫جمل‬
‫معقدة‬

Simple Sentences
‫بسيطة‬ ‫جمل‬
‫فقط‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هي‬
:
‫مثال‬
:
1) I saw a boy.
2) The boy was riding a bicycle.
‫بسيطة‬ ‫واحدة‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫لنكون‬ ‫الجملتين‬ ‫ربط‬ ‫يمكن‬
:
I saw a boy riding a bicycle.

Compound Sentences
‫مركبة‬ ‫جمل‬
‫و‬ ‫البعض‬ ‫ببعضهما‬ ‫صلة‬ ‫لهما‬ ‫بسيطتين‬ ‫جملتين‬ ‫من‬ ‫تتركب‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هي‬
‫لكل‬
‫مثل‬ ‫عطف‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫ربطهما‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫مستقل‬ ‫معنى‬ ‫منهما‬
:
and/ but /or
and: ‫العطف‬ ‫واو‬
:
‫بعضهما‬ ‫بين‬ ‫عالقة‬ ‫لهما‬ ‫جملتين‬ ‫تربط‬
Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.
‫واحدة‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫لنكون‬ ‫الجملتين‬ ‫ربط‬ ‫يمكن‬
:
Ahmed did his homework and Anas helped him.

Compound Sentences
‫مركبة‬ ‫جمل‬
but: ‫لكن‬
:
‫متناقضين‬ ‫أو‬ ‫مختلفين‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫عن‬ ‫جملتين‬ ‫تربط‬
Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.
:
Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.
or: ‫أو‬
:
‫خيار‬ ‫فيهما‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫جملتين‬ ‫تربط‬
We can play football. We can watch TV.
:
We can play football or we can watch TV.

Complex Sentences
‫معقدة‬ ‫جمل‬
‫جملتين‬ ‫من‬ ‫مركبة‬ ‫و‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هي‬
:
Main Clause ‫أساسية‬ ‫جملة‬
‫أنواع‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫وهي‬
: Subordinate Clause ‫ثانوية‬ ‫جملة‬
 Noun Clause ‫أسمية‬ ‫جملة‬
 Adjectival Clause ‫وصفية‬ ‫جملة‬
 Adverbial Clause ‫ظرفية‬ ‫جملة‬

Clause & Phrase
‫الجملة‬ ‫شبه‬ ‫و‬ ‫الجملة‬
 A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and
has a complete meaning.
‫تام‬ ‫معنى‬ ‫لها‬ ‫و‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫كلمات‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الجملة‬
.
‫مثال‬
:
I saw the man who was carrying a stick.
 A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the
sentence but without a verb.
‫فعل‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫من‬ ‫جزءا‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫كلمات‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫شبه‬
.
‫مثال‬
:
I saw the man carrying a stick.

Verb to BE “ ‫فعل‬
”
‫يكون‬
 It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
‫ومساعد‬ ‫رئيسي‬ ‫كفعل‬ ‫يستخدم‬
:
Subject
‫فاعل‬
Present
‫مضارع‬
Past
‫ماضي‬
Past participle
‫المفعول‬ ‫أسم‬
I am was been
He, She, It is was been
We, They,
You
are were been

Verb to BE “ ‫فعل‬
”
‫يكون‬
‫ثابتة‬ ‫حقائق‬ ‫أو‬ ‫عادات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫صيغة‬ ‫نستخدم‬
.
‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫وانتهى‬ ‫حصل‬ ‫شيء‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫صيغة‬ ‫نستخدم‬
.
:Examples ‫أمثلة‬
1. I am a pupil.
2. They are boys.

Negative Sentences with the verb to
BE ‫بالفعل‬ ‫المنفية‬ ‫الجمل‬
”
‫يكون‬
“
 We make negative statements with the verb to BE
by using the word not after the verb to be.
‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫منفية‬ ‫جمل‬ ‫نكون‬
(
‫يكون‬
)
‫كلمة‬ ‫بوضع‬
‫بعده‬
. (not)
Affirmative
‫إثبات‬
Negative
‫نفي‬
I am at home. I am not at home.
You are tall. You are not tall.

Making Questions with the verb to BE
‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫تكوين‬
”
‫يكون‬
“
 “Yes” or “No” questions and short answers
‫ب‬ ‫األسئلة‬
(
‫نعم‬
)
‫و‬
(
‫ال‬
)
‫مختصرة‬ ‫اإلجابات‬ ‫و‬
:
“Yes” or “No” questions
‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫نعم‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫إجابتها‬ ‫أسئلة‬
Short Answers
‫مختصرة‬ ‫إجابات‬
Affirmative‫إثب‬
‫ات‬
Negative
‫نفي‬
Be +Subject
‫فاعل‬
+ Complement
‫تكملة‬
Yes + Subject
+ Be
No + Subject +
Be + not
Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Were the boys at school? Yes, they were. No, they were
not.

Verb to DO “ ‫فعل‬
”
‫يعمل‬
‫مساعد‬ ‫وفعل‬ ‫رئيسي‬ ‫كفعل‬ ‫يستخدم‬
:
Subject
‫فاعل‬
Present
‫مضارع‬
Past
‫ماضي‬
Past participle
I, you, we,
they
do did done
He, She, It does did done
.
.

Verb to HAVE “ ‫فعل‬
”
‫يملك‬
‫مساعد‬ ‫وفعل‬ ‫رئيسي‬ ‫كفعل‬ ‫يستخدم‬
:
Subject
‫فاعل‬
Present
‫مضارع‬
Past
‫ماضي‬
Past participle
I, you, we,
they
have had had
He, She, It has had had
.
.

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE
as a main verb
‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫المنفية‬ ‫الجمل‬
”
‫يملك‬
“
‫رئيسي‬ ‫كفعل‬
Subject
‫فاعل‬
+
do/does/did
+ not + have +
Complement
‫تكملة‬
I do not have a car.
He does not have A new watch.
They did not have breakfast this
morning.

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a
main verb
”
‫يملك‬
“
‫رئيسي‬ ‫كفعل‬
“Yes” or “No” questions
‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫نعم‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫إجابتها‬ ‫أسئلة‬
Short Answers
Affirmative
‫إثبات‬
Negative
‫نفي‬
Do/Does/Did +Subject
‫فاعل‬
+have + Complement
‫تكملة‬
Yes + Subject +
do/does/did
No + Subject +
do/does/did
+not
Do you have a car? Yes, I do. No, I do not.
Does he have a new watch? Yes, he does. No, he does not
Did they have Breakfast this
morning?
Yes, they did. No, they did not.

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb
‫فعل‬
”
‫يملك‬
“
‫مساعد‬ ‫كفعل‬
 Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the
perfect tense.
‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫ليكون‬ ‫مساعد‬ ‫كفعل‬ ‫يملك‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫يستخدم‬
.
‫أمثلة‬
:
 They have lived here for two years.
 Adel has just finished his work.

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE
as a helping verb
‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫المنفية‬ ‫الجمل‬
”
‫يملك‬
“
‫الفعل‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫يملك‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫نفي‬ ‫لتكوين‬
.
‫أمثلة‬
:
I have lived here for a long time.
I have not lived here for a long time.
‫السابق‬
not

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a
helping verb
”
‫يملك‬
“
 “Yes” or “No” questions and short answers
‫مختصرة‬ ‫اإلجابات‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫نعم‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫األسئلة‬
:
‫على‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫نقدم‬ ‫مساعد‬ ‫كفعل‬ ‫يملك‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫سؤال‬ ‫لتكوين‬
‫الفاعل‬
.
‫مثال‬
:
 They have lived here for a long time.
 Have they lived here for a long time?
 Yes, they have. No, they have not.

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE
‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫استخدامات‬
”
‫يملك‬
“
 To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to,
had to.
‫الماضي‬ ‫و‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضرورة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ليعبر‬
.
‫مثال‬
:
I have to leave now.
____________________________________________________
 With some model auxiliaries.
‫الناقصة‬ ‫األفعال‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫مع‬
.
‫مثال‬
:
You had better see a doctor.
____________________________________________________
 To show that something is caused by another person.
‫اخر‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫حصل‬ ‫ما‬ ‫شيئا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ليبين‬
.
‫مثال‬
:
I have my shoes cleaned every week.

Nouns ‫األسماء‬
Nouns are words we use to name:
‫لذكر‬ ‫نستخدمها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫هي‬ ‫األسماء‬
:
‫شعور‬ ، ‫أفكار‬ ، ‫مكان‬ ، ‫شيء‬ ، ‫شخص‬ ، ‫علم‬ ، ‫اسم‬
.
‫أشخاص‬ People man, father, teacher, neighbor, …
‫أشياء‬ Things book, table, sugar, fruit, …
‫أماكن‬ Places school, street, city, house, …..
‫أفكار‬ Ideas freedom, honesty, truth, ….
‫شعور‬ Feelings happiness, anger, boredom, joy, ….

Countable & Uncountable Nouns
‫المعدودة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫و‬ ‫المعدودة‬ ‫األسماء‬
 Countable Nouns: are things that be
counted as one, two, three, and so on.
‫المعدودة‬ ‫األسماء‬
:
‫وهكذا‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ، ‫اثنان‬ ، ‫واحد‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫عدها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األشياء‬ ‫هي‬
.
 Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.
‫معدودة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫األسماء‬
:
‫قبلها‬ ‫رقم‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أي‬ ‫عدها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫التي‬ ‫هي‬
.

Countable Nouns
‫المعدودة‬ ‫األسماء‬
 These nouns have singular and plural forms.
‫جمع‬ ‫و‬ ‫مفردة‬ ‫صيغ‬ ‫لها‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫هذه‬
.
 Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an.
‫استخدام‬ ‫تستطيع‬ ‫المعدودة‬ ‫المفردة‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫قبل‬
.
 You cannot use singular countable nouns alone
without words such as:
a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.
‫السابقة‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫بمفردها‬ ‫معدودة‬ ‫مفردة‬ ‫أسماء‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫نستطيع‬ ‫ال‬
.
‫السابق‬
(a/an)

Spelling Rules for Plurals
‫الجمع‬ ‫إمالء‬ ‫قواعد‬
We form plurals of most nouns by adding “s”
to the singular noun.
‫بإضافة‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجمع‬ ‫ن‬ ّ‫نكو‬
‫المفرد‬ ‫لالسم‬
. “s”
Singular Plural
one book two books
one horse many horses
‫السابق‬

‫خاصــــــــــــــة‬ ‫حـــــــــاالت‬
‫لها‬ ‫نضيف‬ ‫بالحروف‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬
sh, ch, z, x, s
es
Singular Plural
match matches
bus buses
dish dishes
box boxes

‫ونضيف‬ ‫تحذف‬ ،‫ساكن‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫وسبقه‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬
Singular Plural
city cities
baby babies
y
ies y
‫فقط‬ ‫نضيف‬ ،‫متحرك‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫وسبقه‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬
. y
s
Singular Plural
boy boys
key keys

‫نضيف‬ ،‫ساكن‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫وسبقه‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬
Singular Plural
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
o
es
‫فقط‬ ‫نضيف‬ ،‫متحرك‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫وسبقه‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬
. o
s
Singular Plural
radio radios
zoo zoos

‫ونضيف‬ ، ‫حرف‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نحولها‬ ‫أو‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬
Singular Plural
knife knives
shelf shelves
‫األخير‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫تجمع‬ ‫المركبة‬ ‫األسماء‬
:
Singular Plural
classroom classrooms
policeman policemen
f
es fe
v

‫الشاذة‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫هناك‬
:
Singular Plural
man men
woman women
child children
person people
foot feet
tooth teeth
goose geese
mouse mice

Uncountable Nouns
‫المعدودة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫األسماء‬
 Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.
‫بإضافة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫التي‬ ‫هي‬
‫أمثلــــــة‬
:
 salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood.
‫استخدام‬ ‫تستطيع‬ ‫ال‬
‫قبل‬ ‫أو‬
es , s
a
an

Uncountable Nouns
flour ‫دقيق‬ salt ‫ملح‬ meat ‫لحم‬
information ‫معلومات‬ coffee ‫قهوة‬ knowledge ‫معرفة‬
butter ‫زبد‬ food ‫طعام‬ tea ‫شاي‬
sugar ‫سكر‬ gold ‫ذهب‬ blood ‫دم‬
news ‫أخبار‬ glass ‫زجاج‬ cheese ‫جبن‬
milk ‫حليب‬ paper ‫ورق‬ bread ‫خبز‬
rice ‫رز‬ wood ‫خشب‬ furniture ‫مفروشات‬
rain ‫مطر‬ steel ‫حديد‬ grass ‫عشب‬
cloth ‫قماش‬ music ‫موسيقى‬ marble ‫رخام‬
‫المعدودة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫مزيد‬

Uncountable Nouns
‫المفرد‬ ‫معاملة‬ ‫تعامل‬ ‫المعدودة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫جميع‬
.
‫أمثلة‬
:
 Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.
 Milk has many minerals.
‫يعامل‬ ‫فأنه‬ ‫معدود‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫على‬ ‫تدل‬ ‫كلمات‬ ‫وضعت‬ ‫لو‬ ‫لكن‬ ‫و‬
‫الجمع‬ ‫معاملة‬
.
 Two cups of tea are not enough for me.
 Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.

Definite & Indefinite Articles
‫النكرة‬ ‫و‬ ‫التعريف‬ ‫أدوات‬
a/an
are used as indefinite articles. ‫نكرة‬ ‫كأدوات‬ ‫تستخدمان‬
.
The
is used as definite articles. ‫للتعريف‬ ‫كأداة‬ ‫تستخدم‬
.
 We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound.
‫ساكن‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تبدأ‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫نضع‬
.
 We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound.
‫متحرك‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تبدأ‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫نضع‬
.
a
an

Indefinite Articles “a” & “an”
‫النكرة‬ ‫أدوات‬
 We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant
sound.
‫ساكن‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تبدأ‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫نضع‬
.
 We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel
sound.
‫متحرك‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تبدأ‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫نضع‬
.
‫المتحركة‬ ‫الحروف‬
: Vowels
a – e – i – o - u
a
an

We use a/an:
‫السابق‬
Before a singular
countable noun.
‫المفردة‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫قبل‬
‫المعدودة‬
.
a table
an egg
Before a job, a
particular group of
people or a nationality.
‫مجموعة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الوظيفة‬ ‫قبل‬
‫الجنسية‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫من‬ ‫معينة‬
.
Saleh is a doctor
He is an engineer.
She is an English
women.
With numbers that
mean every.
‫تعني‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األرقام‬ ‫مع‬
”
‫كل‬
“ He washes his
hands ten times a
day. (means every
day).

We DO NOT use a/an:
‫السابق‬
No article is used with
abstract nouns and the
names of metals.
‫مع‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫ال‬
‫أسماء‬ ‫و‬ ‫المعنوية‬ ‫األسماء‬
‫المعادن‬
.
Love, beauty,
hatred, wood, silver,
gold
No article is used
before plural or
uncountable nouns.
‫الجمع‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫ال‬
‫معدودة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫أو‬
.
There are books on
the table.
Milk is good for you.

The Definite Article “The”
‫التعريف‬ ‫أدوات‬
”
‫أل‬
“
The is used before: ‫التعريف‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫تستخدم‬
”
‫أل‬
“
‫قبل‬
:
‫السابق‬
A noun that is the only
one of its kind.
‫سوى‬ ‫نوعه‬ ‫من‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫االسم‬
‫فقط‬ ‫واحد‬
.
The river Nile
The Ka’aba
Names of rivers, seas,
oceans, etc….
‫البحار‬ ‫و‬ ‫األنهار‬ ‫أسماء‬
........
‫الخ‬
. The Arabian Gulf
The Red Sea
A noun which is the
object of a sentence.
‫لجملة‬ ‫به‬ ‫مفعول‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫االسم‬
. Umar answered the
question.
The names of musical
instruments.
‫الموسيقية‬ ‫اآلالت‬ ‫أسماء‬
. Can you play the duff?

”
‫أل‬
“
The is used before: ‫التعريف‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫تستخدم‬
”
‫أل‬
“
‫قبل‬
:
‫السابق‬
Names of some
countries.
‫البلدان‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫أسماء‬
. The United Kingdom
The U.S.A.
With some time
expressions.
‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫التعابير‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫مع‬
‫الوقت‬
.
at the weekend
in the evening
With dates. ‫التواريخ‬ ‫مع‬
. On the first day of every
month.
With some general
expressions.
‫العامة‬ ‫التعبيرات‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫مع‬
. Listen to the radio/news.
Go to the market/desert.

”
‫أل‬
“
‫السابق‬
Use article with the name
that is repeated.
‫االسم‬ ‫مع‬ ‫أل‬ ‫التعريف‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫نستخدم‬
‫الثانية‬ ‫للمرة‬ ‫ذكر‬ ‫الذي‬
.
I saw a man. The man
was young.
No article is used with the
names of studies of
subjects.
‫المواد‬ ‫أسماء‬ ‫مع‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫ال‬
‫الدراسية‬
.
I do not like science. My
favorite subject is
mathematics.
No article is used before
such words as school,
home, bed, work, etc.
‫معينة‬ ‫أسماء‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫ال‬
،‫سرير‬ ،‫منزل‬ ،‫مدرسة‬ ‫مثل‬
‫عمل‬
....
I am going to school.
I always go to bed early.
No article is used before
such words such as day
and month names.
‫معينة‬ ‫أسماء‬ ‫مع‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫ال‬
‫الشهور‬ ‫و‬ ‫األيام‬ ‫مثل‬
.
on Monday, in June
in summer (sometimes
in the summer).
before breakfast.

Pronouns ‫الضمائر‬
A pronoun replaces a noun . ‫االسم‬ ‫محل‬ ‫يحل‬ ‫الضمير‬
Subject
Pronouns
‫الفاعل‬ ‫ضمائر‬
Object
Pronouns
‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫ضمائر‬
Possessive
Adjectives
‫الملكية‬ ‫صفات‬
Possessive
Pronouns
‫الملكية‬ ‫ضمائر‬
Reflexive
Pronouns
‫االنعكاس‬ ‫ضمائر‬
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
We us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

Pronouns ‫الضمائر‬
• We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or
what we are talking about .
‫نتحدث‬ ‫شيء‬ ‫أي‬ ‫عن‬ ‫أو‬ ‫من‬ ‫مع‬ ‫علم‬ ‫على‬ ‫نكون‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫من‬ ‫بدال‬ ‫الضمير‬ ‫نستخدم‬
.
Examples ‫أمثلة‬
Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests.

Object Pronouns
‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫ضمائر‬
 We use an object pronoun ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫ضمير‬ ‫نستخدم‬
.
– After a preposition. ‫الجر‬ ‫حروف‬ ‫بعد‬
– After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend,
pass, take, show.
Do you live near them?
Send the box directly to me.
The little boy made it for her.

Reflexive Pronouns
‫االنعكاسية‬ ‫ضمائر‬
 Reflexive pronouns are used: ‫ضمائراإلنعكاسية‬ ‫نستخدم‬
.
– for emphasize ‫للتأكيد‬
– With some special expressions ‫الخاصة‬ ‫التعابير‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫مع‬
Did you do the decorations yourself ?
I did the painting myself.
Help yourself .
Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
I live by myself. (I live alone)

Relative Pronouns
‫الوصل‬ ‫ضمائر‬
• The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.
‫ببعض‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫لربط‬ ‫الوصل‬ ‫ضمائر‬ ‫تستخدم‬
.
‫اآلتية‬ ‫الخطوات‬ ‫اتبع‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫لربط‬ ‫و‬
:
1
-
‫موقعها‬ ‫عن‬ ‫نبحث‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫متكررة‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫نبحث‬
.
‫نستعمل‬ ‫عاقال‬ ‫فاعال‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫فإذا‬
‫الفعل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫بوجود‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫نعرف‬ ‫و‬ ‫نستعمل‬ ‫عاقال‬ ‫به‬ ‫مفعوال‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫وإذا‬
.
‫عاقل‬ ‫غير‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫و‬
‫نستعمل‬
.
‫الجمل‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫في‬ ‫استعمالها‬ ‫نفضل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أننا‬ ‫إال‬ ‫السابقة‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫من‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫فتستخدم‬ ‫أما‬
.
‫كلمة‬ ‫نستعمل‬ ‫للملكية‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫و‬
.
2
-
‫األولى‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫مثله‬ ‫حذفت‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫من‬ ‫المتكررة‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫احذف‬
.
‫السابق‬
who
whom
which
whose
that

Relative Pronouns
‫الجملة‬ ‫أول‬ ‫بوجوده‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫نعرف‬ ‫طبعا‬ ‫و‬ ‫العاقل‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫محل‬ ‫لتحل‬ ‫تستخدم‬
.
‫التالي‬ ‫المثال‬ ‫الحظ‬
:
Here is the man. The man is a doctor.
‫الكلمة‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫منها‬ ‫بدال‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫و‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫من‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫نحذف‬
‫فتصبح‬ ‫األولى‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫مثلها‬ ‫حذفنا‬ ‫التي‬
:
Here is the man who is a doctor.
‫أمثلة‬
:
1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.
The man who was here is a doctor
2) My friend swims well. He lives here.
My friend who lives here swims well.
‫السابق‬
who
Who ‫التي‬ ،‫الذي‬
[
‫العاقل‬ ‫للفاعل‬
]
The man
who

Relative Pronouns
‫الفعل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫بوجوده‬ ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫نعرف‬ ‫طبعا‬ ‫و‬ ‫العاقل‬ ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫محل‬ ‫لتحل‬ ‫تستعمل‬
.
‫المث‬ ‫الحظ‬
‫ال‬
‫التالي‬
:
The man came here. I visited him.
‫و‬ ‫الموصول‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫ونضع‬ ،‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫أول‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫من‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫نحذف‬
‫مثلها‬ ‫حذفنا‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬
(
‫الضمير‬ ‫إليها‬ ‫يعود‬ ‫التي‬
)
‫فتصبح‬
:
The man whom I visited came here.
‫أمثلة‬
:
1) The man was working with me. I paid him.
The man whom I paid was working with me.
2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.
This is the girl whom you gave a flower.
‫السابق‬
whom
Whom ‫التي‬ ،‫الذي‬
[
‫العاقل‬ ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬
]
him
whom

Relative Pronouns
‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫أما‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫أول‬ ‫بوجوده‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫نعرف‬ ‫طبعا‬ ‫و‬ ‫عاقل‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫محل‬ ‫لتحل‬ ‫تستعمل‬
‫الفعل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫فيوجد‬
.
:
He found his book. He lost it yesterday.
‫نضع‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫أول‬ ‫في‬ ‫منها‬ ‫بدال‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫و‬ ‫فنحذفها‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫تعود‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫نرى‬
‫مثلها‬ ‫حذفنا‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫و‬ ‫الموصول‬ ‫االسم‬
(
‫الضمير‬ ‫إليها‬ ‫يعود‬ ‫التي‬
)
‫فتصبح‬
:
He found his book which he lost yesterday.
‫أمثلة‬
:
1) This is the house. I live in it.
This is the house which I live in.
2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.
This book which is very useful is cheap.
‫السابق‬
which
Which ‫التي‬ ،‫الذي‬
[
‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫للجماد‬
]
him
his book
which

Relative Pronouns
‫تحل‬ ‫أي‬ ‫عاقل‬ ‫غير‬ ‫و‬ ‫العاقل‬ ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫محل‬ ‫لتحل‬ ‫تستعمل‬
‫شرحها‬ ‫سبق‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫محل‬
.
‫التالية‬ ‫األمثلة‬ ‫الحظ‬
:
This is the boy. You met her.
This is the boy that (whom) you met.
I have a bird. It sings.
I have a bird that (which) sings.
‫السابق‬
that
That ‫التي‬ ،‫الذي‬
[
‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫العاقل‬ ‫غير‬ ‫و‬ ‫للعاقل‬
]

Relative Pronouns
‫للملكية‬ ‫تستعمل‬
.
:
This is the man. His car hit the boy.
This is the man whose his car hit the boy.
‫االسم‬ ‫منه‬ ‫بدال‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫و‬ ‫الملكية‬ ‫ضمير‬ ‫فنحذف‬ ‫لـ‬ ‫مملوكة‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫نجد‬ ‫هنا‬
‫كلمة‬ ‫بعدها‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫الموصول‬
.
‫السابق‬
whose
Whose ‫التي‬ ،‫الذي‬
[
‫للملكية‬
]
car
car whose
the man

Making Questions
‫األسئلة‬ ‫تكوين‬
‫البداية‬ ‫في‬ ‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫سؤال‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الخبرية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫لتحويل‬
:
‫هي‬ ‫المساعدة‬ ‫األفعال‬
: Helping Verbs
 am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had –
will – would – shall – should – can – could – may –
might – must – ought to
‫أمثلـــــــــة‬
:
 They are doctors. Are they doctors?
 She can help us? Can they help us?
 I will go to the market? Will you go to the market?

Making Questions
‫مساعد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫بالجملة‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫إذا‬
1
)
‫نستخدم‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫مع‬
:
:
 They play tennis. Do they play tennis?
 I write books. Do you write books?
2
)
‫نستخدم‬ ‫به‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫مع‬
:
:
 ِAhmed plays tennis. Does Ahmed play tennis?
 Huda watch TV. Does Huda watch TV?
‫أصله‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫إعادة‬ ‫الحظ‬
(
‫األول‬ ‫التصريف‬
)
‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫لوجود‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫و‬
(
)
s
s
do
does

Making Questions
‫مساعد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫بالجملة‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫إذا‬
3
)
‫نستخدم‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫مع‬
:
:
 They watched TV last night.
Did they watch TV last night?
 I played football yesterday.
Did you play football yesterday?
‫مالحظــــــــة‬
:
‫سؤال‬ ‫بأداة‬ ‫تبدأ‬ ‫لم‬ ‫ألنها‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫و‬ ‫أو‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫إجابتها‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫السابقة‬ ‫األسئلة‬ ‫جميع‬
.
(
)
Yes
No
did

Making Questions
Where? ‫أين‬ ‫المكان‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
When? ‫متى‬ ‫الزمان‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
Why? ‫لماذا‬ ‫السبب‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
What? ‫ما‬
/
‫ماذا‬ ‫شيء‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
Which? ‫أي‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫لالختيار‬
Who? ‫من‬ ‫عاقل‬ ‫فاعل‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
Whom? ‫من‬ ‫عاقل‬ ‫به‬ ‫مفعول‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
‫تسمى‬ ‫التي‬ ‫و‬ ‫التالية‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫أدوات‬ ‫بإحدى‬ ‫يبدأ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫فيجب‬ ‫معينة‬ ‫معلومة‬ ‫إعطاء‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫من‬ ‫الهدف‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬
:
Wh Questions

Making Questions
Whose? ‫لمن‬ ‫الملكية‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
How? ‫كيف‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
How many? ‫عدد‬ ‫كم‬ ‫العدد‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
How much? ‫كمية‬ ‫كم‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
How long? ‫طول‬ ‫كم‬ ‫الطول‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
How old? ‫عمر‬ ‫كم‬ ‫العمر‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
How far? ‫بعد‬ ‫كم‬ ‫المسافة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
Wh Questions (Cont.)

Steps for Making a Question
‫خطوات‬
‫السؤال‬ ‫تكوين‬
1
)
‫مثل‬ ،‫عنه‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫المراد‬ ‫للجزء‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫اختر‬
:
When, Where, Why………..etc
2
)
‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫ضع‬
(
‫وجد‬ ‫إن‬
)
‫مباشرة‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫أي‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫قبل‬
.
3
)
‫استخدم‬ ‫مساعد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫بالجملة‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫إذا‬
:
*
‫نستخدم‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫مع‬
*
‫نستخدم‬ ‫به‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫مع‬
*
‫نستخدم‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫مع‬
4
)
‫أو‬ ‫أصال‬ ‫بالجملة‬ ‫الموجود‬ ‫سواء‬ ‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫ضع‬ ‫التي‬
‫األول‬ ‫تصريفه‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أصله‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫إعادة‬ ‫مالحظة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫عندنا‬ ‫من‬ ‫استخدمناها‬
.
5
)
‫السؤال‬ ‫جواب‬ ‫ألنه‬ ‫عنه‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫المراد‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫احذف‬
.
helping verb
‫السابق‬
s
do
s
does
did

‫خطوات‬
‫أمثلــــــــــــــــــــــة‬
:
They are going to eat meat.
What are they going to eat?
*
‫على‬ ‫الجواب‬ ‫ألنها‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫حذفنا‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫هي‬ ‫ألنها‬ ‫على‬ ‫قدمنا‬ ‫أننا‬ ‫الحظ‬
‫السؤال‬
.
They played tennis at school.
Where did they play tennis?
*
‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫ألن‬ ‫و‬ ‫مساعد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫لعدم‬ ‫استخدمنا‬ ‫أننا‬ ‫الحظ‬
.
‫حذف‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫الحظ‬ ‫و‬
‫أصله‬ ‫ألى‬ ‫إلعادته‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫من‬
.
‫السؤال‬ ‫على‬ ‫الجواب‬ ‫ألنها‬ ‫حذفنا‬ ‫أننا‬ ‫الحظ‬ ‫و‬
.
they are
meat
did
ed
at school

‫خطوات‬
‫مالحظة‬
:
‫مثل‬ ‫المعنى‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تتناسب‬ ‫لكي‬ ‫الضمائر‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫تغيير‬ ‫الحظ‬
:
I ‫تصبح‬ you you ‫تصبح‬ I
your ‫تصبح‬ my you ‫تصبح‬ we
‫نضع‬ ‫بل‬ ‫عندنا‬ ‫من‬ ‫مساعدا‬ ِِِِ‫فعال‬ ‫نستخدم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫عن‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬
‫غير‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫و‬ ‫عاقال‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫أداة‬
‫عاقال‬
.
‫أمثلة‬
:
Ahmed broke the window. Who broke the window?
The book describes accidents. What describes accidents?
who
what

‫استعماالت‬
How
He was very pleased to meet his friend.
How was he to meet his friend?
‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
‫الكيفي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الحالة‬
‫ة‬
How
Thirty boys are in this class.
How many boys are in this class?
‫العدد‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬ How
many
I am twenty years old.
How old are you?
‫العمر‬
How
old
You paid five pounds for this coat.
How much did you pay for this coat?
‫الكمية‬
How
much

‫استعماالت‬
How
It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh.
How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh?
‫المسافات‬
How
far
This rope is two meters long.
How long is this rope?
‫األطوال‬
How
long
This fence is four meters high.
How high is this fence?
‫اإلرتفاعات‬
How
high
Sami is meter and a half tall.
How tall is Sami?
‫أطوال‬
‫األشخاص‬
How
tall

some/‫بعض‬
any/‫أي‬
‫السؤال‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المنفية‬ ‫ليست‬ ‫و‬ ‫الخبرية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫في‬ ‫أخواتها‬ ‫و‬ ‫تستخدم‬
.
‫النفي‬ ‫و‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫مع‬ ‫أخواتها‬ ‫و‬ ‫وتستخدم‬
.
‫السؤال‬ ‫مع‬
:
‫النفي‬ ‫مع‬
:
some
1) We had some books. 2) Somebody was there.
3) He is somewhere.
any
1) Do you have any books? 2) Is anybody at home?
3) Is he anywhere?
1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody.
3) He is not anywhere.

Making Negative
‫النفي‬ ‫تكوين‬
‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫نفي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الخبرية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫لتحويل‬
:
‫هي‬ ‫المساعدة‬ ‫األفعال‬
: Helping Verbs
am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will
– would – shall – should – can – could – may –
might – must – ought to
:
 They are happy. They are not happy?
 He can help us? He can not help us?
not

Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be
Long Forms Short Forms
I am not I’m not
He is not He’s not
She is not She’s not
It is not It’s not
You are not You’re not
We are not We’re not
They are not They’re not
‫السابق‬
Long Forms Short Forms
I am I’m
He is He’s
She is She’s
It is It’s
You are You’re
We are We’re
They are They’re
(Affirmative) ‫في‬
‫اإلثبات‬ (Negative) ‫النفي‬ ‫في‬
Making Negative
‫النفي‬ ‫تكوين‬

Making Negative
‫تكوين‬
‫النفي‬
‫عندنا‬ ‫من‬ ‫مساعد‬ ‫بفعل‬ ‫فنأتي‬ ‫مساعد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫إذا‬
.
‫هي‬ ‫المساعدة‬ ‫األفعال‬ ‫وهذه‬
:
‫مالحظة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بعده‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫ثم‬
‫األول‬ ‫التصريف‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أصله‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫إعادة‬
.
‫مالحظة‬
:
‫التالي‬ ‫الجدول‬ ‫في‬ ‫كما‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫بنفي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫فننفي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫اآلتية‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫إحدى‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫إذا‬
:
‫السابق‬
(do, does, did)
(not)
Affirmative ‫اثبات‬ Negative ‫نفي‬
some ‫بعض‬ no, any
both……and ‫من‬ ‫كل‬
....
‫و‬ neither………….nor
either…..or ‫إما‬
......
‫أو‬ neither………….nor
sometimes ‫أحيانا‬ never
as………as ‫مثله‬
.......
‫مثل‬ not so…………..as
all ‫كل‬ not all
every ‫كل‬ no, not every

‫الحقائق‬ ‫و‬ ‫القدرات‬ ‫و‬ ‫التقاليد‬ ‫و‬ ‫العادات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬
.
‫المجرد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫أي‬ ‫للفعل‬ ‫األول‬ ‫التصريف‬ ‫من‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يتكون‬
.
‫مثل‬ ‫كلمات‬ ‫مع‬ ‫عادة‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يأتي‬
:
every ‫كل‬ always ‫دائما‬ usually ‫عادة‬
generally ‫ا‬‫عموم‬ often ‫غالبا‬ sometimes ‫أحيانا‬
rarely ‫نادرا‬ never ‫أبدا‬ from time to time
‫آلخر‬ ‫حين‬ ‫من‬
1. Present Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫المضارع‬
TENSES ‫األزمنة‬

1. I go to school everyday.
2. They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m.
3. We often drink coffee in the morning.
4. She is never late to school.
‫مالحظة‬
:
‫للفعل‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫نضيف‬ ‫غائب‬ ‫مفرد‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬
.
1. Ali drinks milk every morning.
2. A cow gives us milk.
s
‫السابق‬

‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫وقع‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬
.
‫مالحظة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫إضافة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫للفعل‬ ‫الثاني‬ ‫التصريف‬ ‫من‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يتكون‬
‫الشاذة‬ ‫األفعال‬
.
:
yesterday ‫أمس‬ last ‫الماضي‬ ago ‫مضى‬
in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH: ‫مثل‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫تاريخ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أو‬
2. Past Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬
ed
‫السابق‬
Past Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬

I, He, She, it was
They, We, You were
1. I watched television last night.
2. They visited their uncle yesterday.
3. We went to Makkah two months often.
2. Past Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬

‫المستقبل‬ ‫في‬ ‫حدوثه‬ ‫متوقع‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬
.
‫للفعل‬ ‫األول‬ ‫التصريف‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫او‬ ‫من‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يتكون‬
.
‫الضمائر‬ ‫باقي‬ ‫مع‬ ‫فتأتي‬ ‫أما‬ ‫و‬ ‫المتكلم‬ ‫ضمير‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تأتي‬
.
‫الضمائر‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بدلها‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫حلت‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫الحديثة‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫في‬ ‫استخدامها‬ ‫ندر‬ ‫ولكن‬
.
:
tomorrow ‫غدا‬ next ‫القادم‬ in the future ‫المستقبل‬ ‫في‬
in 2010 AD, in 1425 AH: ‫مثل‬ ‫المستقبل‬ ‫في‬ ‫تاريخ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أو‬
3. Future Simple Tense ‫المستقبل‬
‫البسيط‬
shall will
shall
we I
will
shall
will
‫السابق‬
3. Future Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫المستقبل‬

1. I will go to school tomorrow.
2. They will play foot ball next Friday.
3. He will join the army in the future.
‫باستخدام‬ ‫البسيط‬ ‫للمستقبل‬ ‫أخر‬ ‫تكوين‬ ‫هناك‬
:
am , is , are going to
3. Future Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫المستقبل‬

‫فقط‬ ‫اآلن‬ ‫يقع‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬
.
‫من‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يتكون‬
:
I am + verb + ing
He, she, it is + verb + ing
They, we, you are + verb + ing
:
now ‫اآلن‬ at the moment ‫اللحظة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫في‬ look ‫انظر‬
listen ‫استمع‬ at the present time ‫الوقت‬ ‫في‬
‫الحاضر‬
4. Present Continuous
Tense ‫المضارع‬
‫المستمر‬
am / is / are ‫فعل‬
+ + ing
4. Present Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫المضارع‬

1. I am reading a story at the moment.
2. They are watching television now.
3. Look! the bus is coming.
‫السابق‬

like ‫يحب‬ love ‫يحب‬ want ‫يريد‬ prefer ‫يفضل‬
wish ‫يتمنى‬ hate ‫يكره‬ dislike ‫يكره‬ feel ‫يشعر‬
hope ‫يأمل‬ hear ‫يسمع‬ think ‫يعتقد‬ seem ‫يبدو‬
appear ‫يظهر‬ fear ‫يخشى‬ consider ‫يعتبر‬ fit ‫يناسب‬
believe ‫يصدق‬ trust ‫يثق‬ understand ‫يفهم‬
‫األفعال‬ ‫وهذه‬ ‫المستمر‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المستمر‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫سواء‬ ‫االستمرار‬ ‫في‬ ‫تقع‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫األفعال‬ ‫بعض‬
‫األفعال‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ومن‬ ‫واإلحساس‬ ‫واألذى‬ ‫الشعور‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تعبر‬
:
‫السابق‬

‫أخر‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫وقوع‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫وقع‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬
.
:
:
‫ملحوظة‬
:
‫وقع‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫أي‬ ‫المستمر‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫تخلل‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫و‬ ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫معه‬ ‫يأتي‬ ‫ما‬ ‫عادة‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬
‫حدوثه‬ ‫أثناء‬
.
when ‫عندما‬ while ‫بينما‬ as ‫حيث‬
‫أن‬
because
‫ألن‬
was / were ‫فعل‬
+ + ing
‫السابق‬
5. Past Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫الماضي‬

While I was sleeping , a thief entered my room.
(
‫غرفتي‬ ‫لص‬ ‫دخل‬ ، ‫نائما‬ ‫كنت‬ ‫بينما‬
)
‫مستمر‬ ‫ماضي‬ ‫أحدهما‬ ‫حدثين‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هذه‬
‫النوم‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫حصل‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الغرفة‬ ‫اللص‬ ‫دخول‬ ‫واآلخر‬ ‫النوم‬ ‫وهو‬
.
When we were eating , my father came .
(
‫والدي‬ ‫جاء‬ ، ‫نأكل‬ ‫كنا‬ ‫بينما‬
)
‫األكل‬ ‫وهو‬ ‫مستمر‬ ‫ماضي‬ ‫أحدهما‬ ‫حدثين‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هذه‬
‫األكل‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫حصل‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫والدي‬ ‫مجيء‬ ‫واآلخر‬
.
‫مستمر‬ ‫ماضي‬ ‫بسيط‬ ‫ماضي‬
‫مستمر‬ ‫ماضي‬ ‫بسيط‬ ‫ماضي‬
‫السابق‬

‫مالحظة‬
:
‫ك‬ ‫السابقة‬ ‫الجملتان‬ ‫فتصبح‬ ‫المعنى‬ ‫يتغير‬ ‫أن‬ ‫دون‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫وسط‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫يمكن‬
‫ما‬
‫يلي‬
:
A thief entered my room while I was sleeping .
‫نائما‬ ‫كنت‬ ‫بينما‬ ‫غرفتي‬ ‫لص‬ ‫دخل‬
My father came when we were eating .
‫نأكل‬ ‫كنا‬ ‫بينما‬ ‫والدي‬ ‫جاء‬
‫مستمر‬ ‫ماضي‬
‫بسيط‬ ‫ماضي‬
‫بسيط‬ ‫ماضي‬
‫السابق‬
‫مستمر‬ ‫ماضي‬

‫مالحظة‬
:
‫في‬ ‫وقعت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫وتحذف‬ ‫بكلمة‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫بدأت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫الفاصلة‬ ‫تكتب‬
‫األولى‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫منتصف‬
.
‫اآلخر‬ ‫و‬ ‫مستمر‬ ‫طويل‬ ‫األول‬ ‫فعالن‬ ‫بها‬ ‫قاعدة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫دائما‬ ‫تذكر‬
‫بسيط‬ ‫ماضي‬ ‫وهو‬ ‫مفاجئ‬
.
‫السابق‬
while
while

‫لفترة‬ ‫ويستمر‬ ‫المستقبل‬ ‫في‬ ‫حدوثه‬ ‫متوقع‬ ‫شيء‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬
.
:
:
( will + be ‫فعل‬
+ + ing )
‫السابق‬
at ‫للزمن‬ ‫عند‬ by ‫بحلول‬ in ‫غضون‬ ‫في‬
from…to ‫من‬
..
‫إلى‬ all ‫جميع‬، ‫كل‬ after ‫بعد‬
6. Future Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫المستقبل‬

1. By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo.
2. They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock .
‫السابق‬
6. Future Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫المستقبل‬

‫و‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫انتهى‬ ‫أو‬ ‫لحظات‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫انتهى‬ ‫و‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫حصل‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬
‫اآلن‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫موجودة‬ ‫آثاره‬ ‫الزالت‬
.
:
:
has / have ‫للفعل‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫التصريف‬
+ I
I
‫السابق‬
since ‫منذ‬ for ‫لمدة‬ just ‫التو‬ ‫في‬
yet ‫اآلن‬ ‫حتى‬ ever ‫األبد‬ ‫في‬ never ‫أبدا‬
recently ‫حديثا‬ already ‫تماما‬
7. Present Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬

1. I have lived in Riyadh for six years.
2. I have not visited him since 1995.
3. Ahmed has already finished his homework.
4. She has written three letters just now.
‫السابق‬
7. Present Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬

• Since means “from some definite point or period n the past up to now”
‫كلمة‬ ‫تعني‬
”
‫منذ‬
“
‫اآلن‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫و‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫محددة‬ ‫فترة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫نقطة‬ ‫من‬ ‫اعتبارا‬
.
• For means “a definite period of time”
‫كلمة‬ ‫تعني‬
”
‫لمدة‬
“
‫زمنية‬ ‫فترة‬ ‫على‬
.
‫السابق‬
since ‫منذ‬ For ‫لمدة‬
2 o’clock a moment
Monday 3 minutes
yesterday an hour
last night many hours
last week/ last month/ last year 3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months
1996 a year
last century 10 years
he came………… a century
Since & For

‫الماضي‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫في‬ ‫ما‬ ‫لحظة‬ ‫في‬ ‫انتهى‬ ‫و‬ ‫حصل‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬
.
:
:
had ‫للفعل‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫التصريف‬
+ I
I
‫السابق‬
after ‫منذ‬ before ‫لمدة‬
which ‫اآلن‬ ‫حتى‬ as soon as ‫في‬
‫األبد‬
8. Past Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫الماضي‬

1. I had washed before I prayed.
2. They went home after they had finished their work.
3. Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought.
4. As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah.
‫حدث‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫معه‬ ‫يأتي‬ ‫ما‬ ‫غالبا‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الحظ‬
‫بعد‬
‫الماضي‬ ‫انتهاء‬
‫التام‬
.
‫السابق‬
8. Past Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫الماضي‬

‫المستقبل‬ ‫في‬ ‫ما‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫في‬ ‫انتهاؤه‬ ‫و‬ ‫حدوثه‬ ‫متوقع‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬
.
:
:
will + have ‫للفعل‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫التصريف‬
+ I
I
‫السابق‬
by ‫بحلول‬ at ‫عند‬
9. Future Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫المستقبل‬

1. By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my
work.
2. At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters.
‫السابق‬
9. Future Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫المستقبل‬

‫اآلن‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫مستمر‬ ‫لكنه‬ ‫و‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫تم‬ ‫و‬ ‫منه‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫وقع‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬
.
:
:
has / have + been ‫فعل‬
+ + ing I
I
‫السابق‬
for ‫لمدة‬ since ‫منذ‬
10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬

1. I have been studying English for six years.
2. She has been sleeping since 2 o’clock.
‫السابق‬

‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫و‬ ‫المستمر‬ ‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫بين‬ ‫نفرق‬ ‫لكي‬
:
‫األمثلة‬ ‫الحظ‬
‫التالية‬
:
• Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now
one hundred cakes on the table.
‫ن‬ ّ‫نكو‬ ‫الجملتين‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫من‬
:
Present Perfect Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫المضارع‬
‫التام‬
• She has been making cakes for three hours.
Present Perfect Tense ‫المضارع‬
‫التام‬
• She has made 100 cakes.
‫السابق‬
Present Perfect

Imperatives ‫األمر‬ ‫صيغة‬
• Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences
either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions,
invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do.
،‫التعليمات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫لتعبر‬ ‫اإلثبات‬ ‫في‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أما‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫بداية‬ ‫في‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫أفعال‬ ‫هي‬ ‫األمر‬ ‫صيغة‬
‫يفعل‬ ‫ماذا‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫إخبار‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المالحظات‬ ‫و‬ ‫اإلشارات‬ ،‫الدعوى‬
.
• The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as:
walk, read, open,….etc.
‫األول‬ ‫التصريف‬ ‫أي‬ ‫للفعل‬ ‫البسيطة‬ ‫الصيغة‬ ‫األمر‬ ‫صيغة‬ ‫تستخدم‬
.

‫السابق‬
Give Instructions ‫تعليمات‬ ‫إعطاء‬
• Mix the flour and the sugar. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
• Take two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
Make Invitations ‫الدعوى‬ ‫صيغة‬
• Come in; make yourselves at home. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
• Please start; do not wait for me. (Negative ‫)نفي‬
Tell someone what to do ‫سيفعله‬ ‫ما‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫إخبار‬
• Open your book. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
• Do not forget to post the letter. (Negative ‫)نفي‬

‫السابق‬
Give Warnings ‫تحذيرات‬ ‫إعطاء‬
• Keep out. Danger. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
Make Signs & Notices ‫مالحظات‬ ‫و‬ ‫إشارات‬ ‫تكوين‬
• Push. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
• Insert 2 X 50 SR. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
• Keep off the grass. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
Make Requests ‫الطلب‬ ‫تكوين‬
• Please open the door. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬

Modals ‫الناقصة‬ ‫األفعال‬
 A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can
have several meanings and time frames, depending on the
context in which it is used.
‫حسب‬ ‫زمنية‬ ‫أشكال‬ ‫و‬ ‫معاني‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫له‬ ‫ولكن‬ ‫األشخاص‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫مع‬ ‫واحدة‬ ‫صيغة‬ ‫له‬ ‫الناقص‬ ‫الفعل‬
‫فيه‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫المحتوى‬
.
 Form ‫الصيغة‬
shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to +
(
‫للفعل‬ ‫األول‬ ‫التصريف‬
)
 Modals have no infinitives or past participles.
‫ثالث‬ ‫تصريف‬ ‫أو‬ ‫مصدر‬ ‫الناقص‬ ‫للفعل‬ ‫ليس‬
.

‫السابق‬
Modals
‫الناقصة‬ ‫األفعال‬
Expresses:
‫عن‬ ‫تعبر‬
:
Example
‫مثال‬
shall
Promise
‫وعد‬
You shall take a reward.
Determination
‫تصميم‬
He does not want to obey me: but he
shall.
Threat
‫تهديد‬
You shall be punished if you come late.
should
Duty
‫الواجب‬
You should obey your teachers.
Advice or opinion
‫الرأي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫النصيحة‬
You should stop smoking.
will
The simple future tense.
‫البسيط‬ ‫المستقبل‬ ‫صيغة‬
He will visit us tomorrow.
Determination or promise
‫الوعد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫التصميم‬
I will travel when I like.
We will do as you wish.

‫السابق‬
Modals
Expresses:
:
Example
‫مثال‬
might
Possibility
‫اإلمكانية‬
I hoped that I might succeed.
I thought that the weather might change
can, am/is/are
able to
Ability
‫المقدرة‬
He can do it carefully.
He is able to solve the problem.
shall be able,
will be able
Ability in the future
‫المستقبل‬ ‫على‬ ‫المقدرة‬
I shall be able to help you.
could
Past, present or future possibility
‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلمكانية‬
/
‫المضارع‬
/
‫المستقبل‬
Fahad could drive his car a year ago.
Ali is not in class today. He could be sick.
Do not leave now. It could rain now.
must
Necessity
‫الضرورة‬
You must listen to your teachers.
had to
The past form of must :past necessity
‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضرورة‬
Faisal could not come to our dinner party.
He had to stay home to study.

‫السابق‬
Modals
Expresses:
:
Example
‫مثال‬
ought to
Advice
‫النصيحة‬
You ought to help the poor.
ought to
have
Actions that were advisable in the past
‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫عملها‬ ‫المستحسن‬ ‫من‬ ‫كان‬ ‫أحداث‬
You ought to have studied.
(You did not. That was a mistake)

‫السابق‬
Affirmative
‫إثبات‬
Negative
‫نفي‬
Question
‫إثبات‬
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
They should eat
now.
They should not
eat now.
Should they eat
now?
Yes, they should. No, they should not.
He will leave. He will not leave. Will he leave? Yes, he will. No, he will not.
He would
succeed.
He would not
succeed.
Would he leave? Yes, he would. No, he would not.
I might succeed. I might not
succeed.
Might I succeed?
I may sleep. I may not sleep. May I sleep?

‫السابق‬
Affirmative
‫إثبات‬
Negative
‫نفي‬
Question
‫إثبات‬
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
I can do it. I can not do it. Can I do it? Yes, you can. No, you can not.
He could talk. He could not
talk.
Could he talk? Yes, he could. No, he could not.
We could have a
test tomorrow.
We could not
have a test
tomorrow.
Could we have a
test tomorrow?
Yes, you could. No, he could not.
You must go now. You must not go
now.
Must you go now? Yes, I must. No, I must not.
You ought to help
them.
You ought not to
help them.
Ought you to help
them?
Yes, I ought to. No, I ought not.

Comparing Adjectives
‫الصفات‬ ‫مقارنة‬
1
.
‫شخصين‬ ‫أو‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المقارنة‬
:
‫كلمة‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫القصيرة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫ألغلب‬ ‫الالحقة‬ ‫إضافة‬ ‫نالحظ‬ ‫المقارنة‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬
• Ali is older than Ahmed.
• My Car is faster than yours.
‫فقط‬ ‫نضيف‬ ‫فأننا‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫انتهت‬ ‫إذا‬
.
• safe safer than
• simple simpler than
‫كالعادة‬ ‫نضيف‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نقلب‬ ‫فأننا‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫انتهت‬ ‫إذا‬
.
• easy easier than
• heavy heavier than
er
1. Comparing Short Adjectives ‫القصيرة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫مقارنة‬
than
e
r
er y
y
i

2
.
‫شخصين‬ ‫أو‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المقارنة‬
:
‫المرة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫إضافة‬ ‫يالحظ‬ ‫و‬ ‫المقارنة‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫تسبق‬ ‫التي‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫هنا‬ ‫نالحظ‬
.
• Everest is the highest mountain.
• This is the biggest building in Riyadh.
‫جديدة‬ ‫نضيف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫فأننا‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫انتهت‬ ‫إذا‬
.
• safe the safest
‫كالعادة‬ ‫نضيف‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نقلب‬ ‫فأننا‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫انتهت‬ ‫إذا‬
.
• easy the easiest
the
‫السابق‬
est
1. Comparing Short Adjectives ‫القصيرة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫مقارنة‬
e
e
est y
y
i

1
.
‫شخصين‬ ‫أو‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المقارنة‬
:
‫متباعدين‬ ‫متحركين‬ ‫حرفين‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫على‬ ‫يحتوي‬ ‫مقطع‬ ‫كل‬ ،‫مقطع‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫من‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫تتكون‬ ‫هنا‬
.
‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫يقبل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬
.
‫كلمة‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تسبق‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المقارنة‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫ففي‬
• Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh.
• French is more difficult than English.
‫السابق‬
er
est
beautiful ‫جميل‬ difficult ‫صعب‬
dangerous ‫خطر‬ correct ‫صحيح‬
Important ‫مهم‬ Fluent ‫فصيح‬
2. Comparing Long Adjectives ‫الطويلة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫مقارنة‬
than more

2
.
‫شخصين‬ ‫أو‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المقارنة‬
:
‫كلمة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تسبق‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المقارنة‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫في‬
• Amal is the most beautiful girl in her class.
• This is the most important subject in this book.
‫السابق‬
the most

‫مالحظــــــــــــة‬
:
• Adel is better than his brother at school.
• This girl is the worst one in her class.
‫السابق‬
‫المعنى‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫أثنين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫أثنين‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫بين‬ ‫مقارنة‬
‫جيد‬ good better than the best
‫سيئ‬ bad worse than the worst
‫كثير‬
(
‫للمعدود‬
)
‫كثير‬
(
‫المعدود‬ ‫لغير‬
)
many
much
more than the most
‫قليل‬
(
‫المعدود‬ ‫لغير‬
) little less than the least
‫بعيد‬ far farther than the farthest
‫التالي‬

as……..as ‫مثل‬ ‫مثله‬
(
‫بالضبط‬
)
not as….as ‫مثل‬ ‫مثله‬ ‫ليس‬
‫صفتين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫مساواة‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫حين‬ ‫االصطالح‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬
.
• Ali is as tall as his brother.
• This bag is as big as my bag.
‫حالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫االصطالح‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬
‫عدم‬
‫صفتين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫مساواة‬ ‫وجود‬
.
• Ali is not as tall as his brother.
• This bag is not as big as my bag.
as……..as ‫مثل‬ ‫مثله‬
(
‫بالضبط‬
)
not as……..as ‫مثل‬ ‫مثله‬ ‫ليس‬
‫السابق‬

Adverbs ‫الظروف‬
[
‫األحوال‬
]
• An Adverb always modifies a verb.
‫دائما‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫يصف‬ ‫الظرف‬
• Most adverbs are formed by adding to the adjectives.
‫للصفة‬ ‫بإضافة‬ ‫ن‬ ّ‫تكو‬ ‫الظروف‬ ‫معظم‬
.
slow slowly nice nicely
happy happily careful carefully
ly
ly

[
]
There are many kinds of adverbs:
‫الظروف‬ ‫من‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫هناك‬
:
1. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done.
‫السلوك‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظروف‬
:
‫الحدث‬ ‫وقوع‬ ‫كيفية‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تعبر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الظروف‬
.
• I closed the window carefully.
• The soldier fought bravely.
2. Adverbs of time: express the time when an action is or was done.
‫الزمان‬ ‫ظروف‬
:
‫الفعل‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫كيفية‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تعبر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الظروف‬
.
• I’m going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.
• What’s going to happen next?

[
]
3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.
‫المكان‬ ‫ظروف‬
:
‫الحدث‬ ‫وقوع‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تعبر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الظروف‬
.
• I shall stand here.
• I’ve looked everywhere for my lost pen.
Some words that end in can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer to time.
‫صفات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الممكن‬ ‫من‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫بعض‬
.
‫الوقت‬ ‫على‬ ‫تدل‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫معظم‬
.
‫مثل‬
:
• A daily newspaper is published daily.
• We get up early to catch an early train.
‫السابق‬
ly
ly
daily ‫يوميا‬ weekly ‫أسبوعيا‬
monthly ‫شهريا‬ yearly ‫سنويا‬

[
]
4. Adverbs of frequency: tell how often we do something.
‫التكرار‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظروف‬
:
‫الشيء‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫مرات‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تخبرنا‬ ‫التي‬
.
‫الظروف‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ومن‬
:
Verb to BE: ‫يكون‬ ‫فعل‬
:
‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫التكرار‬ ‫ظرف‬ ‫يأتي‬
Ali is always on time.
Other Verbs: ‫األخرى‬ ‫األفعال‬
:
‫العادي‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫التكرار‬ ‫ظرف‬ ‫يأتي‬
Ali sometimes reads a book.
‫السابق‬
always ‫دائما‬ often ‫غالبا‬
usually ‫عادة‬ sometimes ‫أحيانا‬
seldom ‫نادرا‬ Rarely ‫جدا‬ ‫نادرا‬
Never ‫أبدا‬ Occasionally ‫آلخر‬ ‫حي‬ ‫من‬

Adverbial Clause of Time
‫الوقت‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬
Conjunctions: ‫الربط‬ ‫أدوات‬
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with
the main sentence.
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫الوقت‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫تربط‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫أدوات‬
.
‫مثال‬
:
• I found a watch. I was walking in the street.
• I found a watch while I was walking in the street.

English English Roles Description Arabic.ppt

English English Roles Description Arabic.ppt

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