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Dr.mohammed safwat qabel

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Safaa Elsayes
Safaa Elsayes
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‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺩ . ﳏﻤﺪ ﺻﻔﻮﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ ـ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ـ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ، ﻫﻰ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﲎ ﰱ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﳊـﻮﺍﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ،‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ‪‬ﺞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﱃ .‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌـﺔ ﺗـﺴﺎﺭﻋﺖ ﺍﳋﻄـﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻴﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﻻﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ.‬ ‫ﻭﱂ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺩﻋﺎﻭﻯ ﻭﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺪﺭﺟﺔ ، ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﴰﻮﻻ ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺣﻠﺖ ﳏﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ‪‬ﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ، ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﳍﺎ ﺳـﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ ﻭﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ .‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫـﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﺗـﺸﻐﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﲔ، ﺑﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺜﻘﻔﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﲣﺼﺼﺎ‪‬ﻢ ، ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﳏﻞ‬ ‫5221‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ، ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟـﻮﺟﻰ ﻭﺧﺎﺻـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻰ ﺍﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ، ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ .‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻄﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ، ﻓﺎﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﱃ ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﻳﻐﻠﻖ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺑﻪ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ، ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﰱ ﻣﱰﻟﻪ ﻭﺑﻠﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﺣـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﺭﺍﺭ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﰱ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ، ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ، ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﺸﻴﻮﻉ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ " ﳕـﻂ ﳏﺎﻛـﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻐـﺮﺏ "‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ، ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺣـﱴ ﰱ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ ، ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ .‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ، ﺇﻻ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺯﻣـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﻋﺼﻔﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ، ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺑﺄﻥ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺷﺮﻛﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺍﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻻ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﲟﺎ ﳜﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ، ﺑﻞ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ، ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫6221‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ، ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ .‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻨﻌﺮﺽ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻶﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ :‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ : ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫1- ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻯ‬ ‫2- ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫3- ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ ) ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ (‬ ‫4- ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫5- ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ : ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ : ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ : ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ : ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ : ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ : ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﺳﺎ : ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻌﺎ : ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻣﻨﺎ : ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺳﻌﺎ : ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ .‬ ‫7221‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻯ :‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﺣﺠﺞ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﳔـﺮﺍﻁ ﰱ ﺗﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌـﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ،ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮ ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ.‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ، ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘـﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ، ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﱪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊـﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻔﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻃﻤﺌﻨﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲎ .‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﲑ :‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﳌﺔ ،‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜـﺒﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﰱ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﺘﺄﺗﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﲣﻔـﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﲨﺮﻛﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﰱ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ : ﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ 3191 ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ ﲤﺜﻞ 7.8 % ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌـﺖ ﺇﱃ 1.21 % ﰱ ﻋـﺎﻡ 3791 ﰒ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫8221‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫6.32 % ﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ 6991 ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫0002 05 % ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ)1( .‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺟﻌـﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻼﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺰﺯﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻛﻔﺄ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻭﻓﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ،‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﻳﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻏـﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺮﺩ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﻬﻬﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ، ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺎﻓﺰ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘـﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ ﻭﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﺎﳋﱪﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ، ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺝ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﳏﻠﻴـﺔ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻻﺩﺧﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ، ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨـﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﻲ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱮ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻦ.‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ، ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫)1(‬ ‫, ‪John D. Sullivan , Prospering in the Global Economy , Economic Reform Today‬‬ ‫0002 ,1 ‪Number‬‬ ‫9221‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﲎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻇﻔـﺮﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺼﻼﺕ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ – ﺷﻬﺪﺕ – ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﺃﺳـﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﲟﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻇﻠﺖ ﺗﺴﲑ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳـﺔ ،‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷـﺮﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﰱ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻗﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ)1(.‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻰ ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻭﺍﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪‬ﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﳕﻮﻫﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿـﺖ ﻟﻌـﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺯﻣﺎﺕ ) ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ( .‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻊ ،‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱮ ﻭﺭﺍﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ، ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱃ ﳚـﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻻﺩﺧﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱮ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺇﺣـﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺃﺟﻨﱮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ، ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻌﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﲤﺜﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﲨـﺎﱃ ،‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻭﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱃ ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿـﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﰱ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﲨﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺳـﻰ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ،‬ ‫)1( , ‪- Barro, Robert and Xaviar Sala- Martin , Economic Growth‬‬ ‫. 5991, ‪Cambridge , MIT Press‬‬ ‫0321‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﺆﻛﺪﺓ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻫﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻰ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻰ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ : ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ :‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺟﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﺟﻮﺍﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺇﻧـﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔـﺎﺕ ‪GATT‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻘﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﺳﻔﺮﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻮﻟﺔ.‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻰ ﻟﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﰱ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ‪‬ﺎ .‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ، ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﰱ ﻭﺿـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨـﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ .‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ :‬ ‫‪‬ﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﺘﺪﻯ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ، ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻔﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ، ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ‪‬ﺎ ، ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ 57% ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ‬ ‫1321‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ، ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺮ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ. ﻭﲤﻨﺢ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ، ﻓﺘﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﲰﺎﺡ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻨﺤﻬـﺎ ﻟﻠـﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ، ﻭﲤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﺸﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ.‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻟﻼﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺟﻮﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺟﻮﺍﻯ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ، ﻭﰱ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ 5991 ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﺪﻳﻼ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ.‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :‬ ‫1 -ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻊ .‬ ‫2 -ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ.‬ ‫3 -ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ.‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ :‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳉﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﺟﻮﺍﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﰎ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ 711 ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ، ﻭﺗﻀﻢ 11 ﺇﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ : ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ، ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ، ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋـﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴـﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ ،‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ، ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ، ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ،‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ، ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ، ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ، ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ .‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ :‬ ‫ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺜﺎﺭ ﻫﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣـﺎ ﰎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻭﻥ ، ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﰱ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫2321‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ، ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﰱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺑﲔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﰱ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﺗـﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺎﳊﻬﺎ .‬ ‫ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ :‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﻔﺖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ، ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺧـﺘﻼﻑ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺴﲑﺍﺕ ،‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻼ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺠـﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﺟـﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌـﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻏﺮﺍﻕ ، ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﺇﺣﻜﺎﻣـﺎ ﻟﺘـﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺿﲔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ .‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ :‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ، ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻳـﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ، ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ :‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ : ﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ 7991 ﰎ ﺇﺑﻼﻍ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ 932 ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻏﺮﺍﻕ ، ﻛﺎﻧﺖ 341 ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ، ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﰱ ﻗﻄﺎﻋـﺎﺕ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬ ‫3321‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﺎ، ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ، ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻭﻣﻨﺠﺎﺗﻪ ، ﺍﳌﻼﺑـﺲ ﻭﺍﳌﻨـﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ،‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻠﻊ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ)1( .‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺘـﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ : ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﻀﻰ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ، ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲡﺮﻯ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺑﻼﻏﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ، ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻮ ﰱ ﺣﻘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﳋﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ .‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ : ﺗـﻀﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﻭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ، ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﻪ ﰱ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﺻـﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧـﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ، ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ .‬ ‫ﺿﺂﻟﺔ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ :‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻛـﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ، ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﻌـﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋـﻦ 003‬ ‫)1( - ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ، ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ، ﺍﺑﺮﻳﻞ 1002 ، ﺹ 12 .‬ ‫4321‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﺣﻮﺍﱃ ﲬﺲ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫) 1(‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ 001 ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐـﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ‪‬ﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ .‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻗﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻯ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﺖ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺜﲎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﻊ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ، ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻔـﺾ ﺍﻟﺮﺳـﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ، ﻭﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﺃﻯ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻔﻰ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ.‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﺓ، ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ :‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰱ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﲪﺎﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﺓ ، ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ‪‬ﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳـﺘﲑﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻬﺪﺩ ﺑﺈﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ، ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ) ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﺼﺺ ( ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟـﻼﺯﻡ ﳌﻨـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ، ﻭﳚﺐ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ .‬ ‫ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﰱ :‬ ‫)1( - ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ، ﺹ 42‬ ‫5321‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫- ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺿﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ .‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻓﻬﻰ ﺗﺒﻴﺢ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻـﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻌﲔ ، ﻭﻻ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔـﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫- ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪‬ﺘﻢ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤـﺔ ﺍﻹﻏـﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ‪‬ﺘﻢ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻠﻰ .‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ، ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﳌﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺪ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﲦﺎﱏ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ، ﻭﳛـﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﲤﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺴﻨﺘﲔ ، ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﳌﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ، ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠـﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳚﻮﺯ ﳍﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺷـﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ .‬ ‫6321‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻻﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺁﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ، ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ، ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺗﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻗﺪ ﺁﺛﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﺕ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻧﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ :‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ : ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻼﺷﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺇﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﲝﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣـﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ، ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱴ ‪‬ﺠﺖ ‪‬ﺞ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﱂ ﺗـﻨﺠﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﲤﺘﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﲟﻴﺰﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ)1( .‬ ‫)1( - ﺟﻮﻥ ﻫﺪﺳﻮﻥ ، ﻣﺎﺭﻙ ﻫﺮﻧﺪﺭ ، ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ، ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺩ. ﻃﻪ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ ، ﺩ. ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻮﺭ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺦ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ - ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ ، ﺹ 474‬ ‫7321‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﰱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﱪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﰱ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﺟﻮﻥ ﺳﺘﻴﻮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻭﺻـﻒ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ " ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻰ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ " ، ﺃﻣﺎ ﲪﺎﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﰱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﰱ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ .‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺩﻯ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺷﺮﺳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﱴ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﲨﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺳﻴﻄﻠﺒﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﻌﺮﻫﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺛـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ .‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﻓـﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ، ﻛـﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ، ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺤﻤﺴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ.‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ : ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻼﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ، ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ، ﻻﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ، ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻫﻰ :‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ: ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ. ﻭﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻌﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ، ﺣﻴـﺚ ﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫8321‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ، ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻧﺘـﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ، ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺆﻗﺘـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪﺭ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ، ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺑـﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ.‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ: ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ، ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﱘ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ، ﻭﻳﱪﺭ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺿﺪﻩ. ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ .‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ: ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﳏﻞ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﺳﻌﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﺎﺯﺓ، ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳـﻠﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ.‬ ‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺬ ﺿﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ.‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺿﺎﺭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﻗﺔ 3 %‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﲨﺎﱃ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ، ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ 2 % ﻣﻦ ﺳﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﳚﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ، ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﳉﻨﺔ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏـﺮﺍﻕ ﲡﺘﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﲡﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﲟﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ، ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬ ‫9321‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺎﻃﺐ ﺃﻯ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻯ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺫﻥ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ، ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ )1(.‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻟـﻀﺮﺭ ‪‬ـﺎ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ ، ﺑﺎﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﲪﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﰱ ﺻـﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﲨﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﰱ ﺳﻌﺮﻫﺎ، ﻭﰱ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘـﻖ ﻣـﻦ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻣﻪ – ﳝﻜﻦ – ﻓﺮﺽ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﻗﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺰﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ .‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﺎﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ 52 % ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨـﺘﺠﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻠﲔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﻃﻠﺒﺎ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ .‬ ‫ﻭﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳑﻨﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ .‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ :‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ، ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ، ﻭﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 1002 ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰎ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀ 1211 ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ، ﻣﻨﻬﺎ 633 ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭ391 ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻭ88 ﰲ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ، ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫)1( -ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺃﺧﻀﺮ، " ﺩﺍﺭﺳﺔ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ "‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﲜﺪﺓ ، 5991 ، ﺹ 8-3 .‬ ‫0421‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 4%. ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ 001%، ﻭﺃﺛﺒﺘـﺖ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ، ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠـﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﳝﺎﺭﺳﻮﻥ ﺿﻐﻮﻃﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣـﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺻﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ .‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﳏﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋـﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴـﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ، ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ، ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺮﻭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺴﻔﻴﺔ، ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﻭﻝ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻓـﻮﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ، ﻭﰎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 3% ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ، ﻭﺗﺘﻮﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳏﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻔـﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ.‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﰲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ، ﻭﺭﻏـﻢ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﲬﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ، ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎ ﻟﻠـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﺮﺩ ﺷﻌﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ.‬ ‫1421‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ : ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻇﻠﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺬﺓ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ، ﲤﺜﻞ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻣﻨـﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﺕ.‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ :‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﲣﺬ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻸﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣـﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﻴﺴﺮﺓ .‬ ‫* ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻘﺔ ﳍﺎ‬ ‫* ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺑﺴﻌﺮ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫* ﺇﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ :‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗـﻮﺍﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ، ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ، ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺍﺣﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺎﻳﺪﺓ .‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ :‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫2421‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻢ ﳏﻈﻮﺭ ‪ Prohibited Subsidies‬ﺃﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﱪﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ، ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺅﻩ ﻓﻮﺭﺍ ، ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﻏﻀﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ، ﻳﺼﺮﺡ ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻮ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻯ ﺍﲣـﺎﺫ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ) ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﺪﻳﺮ ،‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭﺷﺤﻦ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ، ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻮﻣـﺔ ،‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ (.‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ، ﻭﻫﻰ ) ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ( ، ﻟﻦ ﻳـﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴـﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﳕﻮﺍ ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘـﺮﺓ ﲦـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ، ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﺍ ، ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ) ﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺣﺼﺘﻪ 52.3 % ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﳌﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﲔ(.‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ‪ Actionable Subsidies‬ﻭﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﺘـﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﲟﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﲟﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ، ﲝﻴﺚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ، ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟـﺬﻯ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺅﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ، ﺃﻭ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻑ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻰ .‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ‪ Non Actionable Subsidies‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﲝﻮﺙ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﱂ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ، ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﲟﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ، ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫3421‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ، ﻭﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺃﺧﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺳﺘﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ، ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ .‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﻟـﺪﻋﻢ ﰱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﰱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻄﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ، ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﺜﲎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﳕﻮﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﻳﻘـﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱃ ﻋﻦ 0001 ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺗـﺴﺘﺜﲎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ، ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ، ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺅﻩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ 7 ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ .‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ، ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺣﻈﺮ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟـﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ 8 ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ، ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻧـﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻠﻬﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ .‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣﺮﻛـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ، ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴـﺔ ﰱ ﺩﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪ OECD‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ 053 ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘـﺮﺓ‬ ‫6991 – 8991 ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﲨﺎﱃ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫071 ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ، ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﰉ ﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﺒـﺎﻥ 04 – 001 %‬ ‫4421‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﰉ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻻﲢـﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﰉ‬ ‫) 1(‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ 05 % ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﺖ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻥ ﺷـﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﻣﲑﻛﻴـﺔ ﺭﺋﻴـﺴﻴﺔ -ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺑـﻮﻳﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﺳﻮﻓﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﳜﻔﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺐﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﱯ، ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳـﻀﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﲢـﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‬ ‫ﲟﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺑﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺢ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﻣـﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺎﻓـﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﻳﻨﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﻀﺖ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ ﻟـﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻻﲢـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﺧﻠﺺ ﺧﱪﺍﺀ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﻔـﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺩﻋﻤﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ، ﻭﻫﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻴـﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ.‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ :‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺣﻮﻝ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﻟﻠﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﳜﻞ ﺑﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﺘﻀﺮﺭ‬ ‫)1( - ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ، ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ، ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻰ : ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰱ ﻋﺎﱂ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ – ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ،ﺍﺑﺮﻳﻞ 1002 ، ﺹ 22‬ ‫5421‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ، ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﰊ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺍ ﺻﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳـﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﻠﻴـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫1% ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻓﺘﻔﻮﻕ 82 ﻣﻠﻴـﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫6% ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ)1(.‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﺍﺭﻋﲔ ، ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ، ﳑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺩﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﱃ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﲔ ، ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﻀﻰ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺃﺩﱏ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ .‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲢـﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻭﺃﻣﲑﻛـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺡ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ 623 ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ 0002 ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ 21 ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ 8991.‬ ‫)1( - ﺩ. ﺻﺒﺎﺡ ﻧﻌﻨﻮﺵ ، ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ، ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ .‬ ‫6421‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻔﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ .‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻴﻼ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ، ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴـﻀﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ 63 % ، ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ 4.23% ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ، ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺏ 7.5 %‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻌـﺪﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﲨﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﺁﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺪﻻ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣـﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻭﻗﺘﻬﺎ ، ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳـﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒـﻎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ 001 % )1( .‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ‪ Alex Ran‬ﺧﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ ﳌـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﲑﺓ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﻒ ﻛﻌﺎﺋﻖ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ‪ OECD‬ﺗﻨﻔﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ 003 ﻣﻠﻴـﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻟـﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻰ ﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ، ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱃ ﻻ ﻣﻌـﲎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫)1( - ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ، ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻯ ، ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺹ 14‬ ‫7421‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﻓﻤﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﺎﻫﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻭﺳﻴﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ .‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ : ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ :‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ﻣﻦ 1% ﺍﱃ 2 % ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺳﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﱃ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺘﻬﺎ ، ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ 7ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪﺩ ﺍﱃ 03 ﻣﻠﻴـﻮﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺩﺧﻠﻨـﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺮﻫﻢ)1(.‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﳋﺎﺳﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ ، ﻭﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺷﻚ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰱ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ، ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣـﺔ ﻣﺜﻠﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻔﻘﺖ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 2 % ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠـﻰ‬ ‫) 2(‬ ‫ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ، ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻦ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ : ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ، ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺧﻔﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﻳـﺮﻯ‬ ‫)1(‬ ‫‪- Graham Dunkley , The Free Trade Adventure – The WTO , the Uruguay Round‬‬ ‫. 451 ‪and Globalism—A Critique ,Zed Book – London , 1997 , P‬‬ ‫)2(‬ ‫. 651 , ‪- Ibid‬‬ ‫8421‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ، ﻭﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺩﻟﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺗﱪﻫﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴـﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻣﺖ ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻗﻬﺎ ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜـﺎﻝ ﻟـﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺘﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰱ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﲡﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻰ ﰱ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻴﺼﺔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ، ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣـﻦ 8891‬ ‫ﻭﺣﱴ 8991 ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ 2.0 % ﺳـﻨﻮﻳﺎ ،‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻋﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺃﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ، ﻓﻔﻰ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﺜﻞ 41%‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺗﺴﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 57 % ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺿـﻊ‬ ‫ﰱ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ)1( ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ، ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ ﳚﻌـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫5102 ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫.‬ ‫)1( - ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ ، ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ 8891 – 8991 .‬ ‫9421‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺳﺘﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﻀﻞ ﺣﺎﻻ ﻭﻳﺪﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﳛﺴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺩﺧﻮﳍﻢ ، ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊـﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻳﻨﺒﺌﻨﺎ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﺆﻛـﺪ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘـﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎﺕ ﻫﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣـﻀﻠﻠﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﲣﻔـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ .‬ ‫ﻭﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺆﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﲔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﲟﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ، ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﻘﺮ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻭﺍ ﺷﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﻮﺍ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗـﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ، ﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺗﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺼﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻋـﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ، ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﲟﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫، ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﺌﻴﻼ ، ﻓﻔﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺘـﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ 51 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ 7891 ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻄﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﲟﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ .‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﺳﺎ : ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺳﺘﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﳑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻰ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ، ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﲔ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫0521‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ، ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﲨﺎﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ ، ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ، ﻓﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ 57.0 ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﱃ ﺃﻏﲎ ﺩﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﲢﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 30.0 ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ، ﻭﻣﺎﱂ ﲢﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ)1( .‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻌﺎ :ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳔﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﳌﻲ، ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻـﺒﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻪ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ، ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﺎﺟﻪ ، ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻧﺎﺷـﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﻴﻪ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ )ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﺢ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ( ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ، ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ )ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ( ﺗﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ )ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ( ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﲡﺎﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ.‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﱪ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ، ﻓﻔﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺗﺘﻮﻻﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ، ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ ﻣـﻦ ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫)1( - ﻛﻴﻔﲔ ﻭﺍﺗﻜﱰ ، ﺣﱴ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﰱ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ، ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ، ﻣﺎﺭﺱ 1002 ﻥ ﺹ 42‬ ‫1521‬
Dr.mohammed safwat qabel
Dr.mohammed safwat qabel
Dr.mohammed safwat qabel
Dr.mohammed safwat qabel
Dr.mohammed safwat qabel
Dr.mohammed safwat qabel
Dr.mohammed safwat qabel
Dr.mohammed safwat qabel
Dr.mohammed safwat qabel

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Dr.mohammed safwat qabel

  • 1. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺩ . ﳏﻤﺪ ﺻﻔﻮﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ ـ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ـ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ، ﻫﻰ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﲎ ﰱ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﳊـﻮﺍﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ،‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ‪‬ﺞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﱃ .‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌـﺔ ﺗـﺴﺎﺭﻋﺖ ﺍﳋﻄـﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻴﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﻻﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ.‬ ‫ﻭﱂ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺩﻋﺎﻭﻯ ﻭﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺪﺭﺟﺔ ، ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﴰﻮﻻ ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺣﻠﺖ ﳏﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ‪‬ﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ، ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﳍﺎ ﺳـﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ ﻭﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ .‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫـﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﺗـﺸﻐﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﲔ، ﺑﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺜﻘﻔﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﲣﺼﺼﺎ‪‬ﻢ ، ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﳏﻞ‬ ‫5221‬
  • 2. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ، ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟـﻮﺟﻰ ﻭﺧﺎﺻـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻰ ﺍﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ، ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ .‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻄﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ، ﻓﺎﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﱃ ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﻳﻐﻠﻖ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺑﻪ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ، ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﰱ ﻣﱰﻟﻪ ﻭﺑﻠﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﺣـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﺭﺍﺭ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﰱ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ، ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ، ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﺸﻴﻮﻉ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ " ﳕـﻂ ﳏﺎﻛـﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻐـﺮﺏ "‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ، ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺣـﱴ ﰱ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ ، ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ .‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ، ﺇﻻ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺯﻣـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﻋﺼﻔﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ، ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺑﺄﻥ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺷﺮﻛﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺍﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻻ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﲟﺎ ﳜﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ، ﺑﻞ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ، ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫6221‬
  • 3. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ، ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ .‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻨﻌﺮﺽ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻶﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ :‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ : ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫1- ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻯ‬ ‫2- ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫3- ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ ) ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ (‬ ‫4- ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫5- ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ : ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ : ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ : ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ : ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ : ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ : ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﺳﺎ : ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻌﺎ : ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻣﻨﺎ : ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺳﻌﺎ : ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ .‬ ‫7221‬
  • 4. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻯ :‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﺣﺠﺞ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﳔـﺮﺍﻁ ﰱ ﺗﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌـﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ،ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮ ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ.‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ، ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘـﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ، ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﱪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊـﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻔﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻃﻤﺌﻨﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲎ .‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﲑ :‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﳌﺔ ،‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜـﺒﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﰱ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﺘﺄﺗﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﲣﻔـﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﲨﺮﻛﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﰱ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ : ﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ 3191 ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ ﲤﺜﻞ 7.8 % ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌـﺖ ﺇﱃ 1.21 % ﰱ ﻋـﺎﻡ 3791 ﰒ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫8221‬
  • 5. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫6.32 % ﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ 6991 ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫0002 05 % ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ)1( .‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺟﻌـﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻼﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺰﺯﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻛﻔﺄ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻭﻓﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ،‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﻳﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻏـﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺮﺩ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﻬﻬﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ، ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺎﻓﺰ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘـﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ ﻭﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﺎﳋﱪﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ، ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺝ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﳏﻠﻴـﺔ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻻﺩﺧﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ، ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨـﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﻲ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱮ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻦ.‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ، ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫)1(‬ ‫, ‪John D. Sullivan , Prospering in the Global Economy , Economic Reform Today‬‬ ‫0002 ,1 ‪Number‬‬ ‫9221‬
  • 6. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﲎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻇﻔـﺮﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺼﻼﺕ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ – ﺷﻬﺪﺕ – ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﺃﺳـﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﲟﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻇﻠﺖ ﺗﺴﲑ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳـﺔ ،‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷـﺮﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﰱ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻗﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ)1(.‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻰ ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻭﺍﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪‬ﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﳕﻮﻫﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿـﺖ ﻟﻌـﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺯﻣﺎﺕ ) ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ( .‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻊ ،‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱮ ﻭﺭﺍﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ، ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱃ ﳚـﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻻﺩﺧﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱮ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺇﺣـﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺃﺟﻨﱮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ، ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻌﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﲤﺜﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﲨـﺎﱃ ،‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻭﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱃ ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿـﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﰱ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﲨﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺳـﻰ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ،‬ ‫)1( , ‪- Barro, Robert and Xaviar Sala- Martin , Economic Growth‬‬ ‫. 5991, ‪Cambridge , MIT Press‬‬ ‫0321‬
  • 7. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﺆﻛﺪﺓ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻫﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻰ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻰ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ : ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ :‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺟﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﺟﻮﺍﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺇﻧـﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔـﺎﺕ ‪GATT‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻘﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﺳﻔﺮﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻮﻟﺔ.‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻰ ﻟﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﰱ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ‪‬ﺎ .‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ، ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﰱ ﻭﺿـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨـﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ .‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ :‬ ‫‪‬ﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﺘﺪﻯ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ، ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻔﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ، ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ‪‬ﺎ ، ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ 57% ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ‬ ‫1321‬
  • 8. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ، ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺮ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ. ﻭﲤﻨﺢ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ، ﻓﺘﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﲰﺎﺡ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻨﺤﻬـﺎ ﻟﻠـﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ، ﻭﲤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﺸﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ.‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻟﻼﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺟﻮﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺟﻮﺍﻯ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ، ﻭﰱ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ 5991 ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﺪﻳﻼ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ.‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :‬ ‫1 -ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻊ .‬ ‫2 -ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ.‬ ‫3 -ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ.‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ :‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳉﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﺟﻮﺍﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﰎ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ 711 ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ، ﻭﺗﻀﻢ 11 ﺇﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ : ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ، ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ، ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋـﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴـﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ ،‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ، ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ، ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ،‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ، ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ، ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ، ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ .‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ :‬ ‫ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺜﺎﺭ ﻫﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣـﺎ ﰎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻭﻥ ، ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﰱ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫2321‬
  • 9. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ، ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﰱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺑﲔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﰱ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﺗـﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺎﳊﻬﺎ .‬ ‫ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ :‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﻔﺖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ، ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺧـﺘﻼﻑ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺴﲑﺍﺕ ،‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻼ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺠـﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﺟـﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌـﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻏﺮﺍﻕ ، ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﺇﺣﻜﺎﻣـﺎ ﻟﺘـﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺿﲔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ .‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ :‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ، ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻳـﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ، ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ :‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ : ﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ 7991 ﰎ ﺇﺑﻼﻍ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ 932 ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻏﺮﺍﻕ ، ﻛﺎﻧﺖ 341 ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ، ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﰱ ﻗﻄﺎﻋـﺎﺕ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬ ‫3321‬
  • 10. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﺎ، ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ، ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻭﻣﻨﺠﺎﺗﻪ ، ﺍﳌﻼﺑـﺲ ﻭﺍﳌﻨـﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ،‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻠﻊ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ)1( .‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺘـﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ : ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﻀﻰ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ، ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲡﺮﻯ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺑﻼﻏﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ، ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻮ ﰱ ﺣﻘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﳋﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ .‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ : ﺗـﻀﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﻭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ، ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﻪ ﰱ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﺻـﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧـﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ، ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ .‬ ‫ﺿﺂﻟﺔ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ :‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻛـﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ، ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﻌـﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋـﻦ 003‬ ‫)1( - ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ، ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ، ﺍﺑﺮﻳﻞ 1002 ، ﺹ 12 .‬ ‫4321‬
  • 11. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﺣﻮﺍﱃ ﲬﺲ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫) 1(‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ 001 ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐـﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ‪‬ﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ .‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻗﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻯ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﺖ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺜﲎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﻊ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ، ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻔـﺾ ﺍﻟﺮﺳـﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ، ﻭﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﺃﻯ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻔﻰ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ.‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﺓ، ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ :‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰱ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﲪﺎﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﺓ ، ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ‪‬ﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳـﺘﲑﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻬﺪﺩ ﺑﺈﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ، ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ) ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﺼﺺ ( ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟـﻼﺯﻡ ﳌﻨـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ، ﻭﳚﺐ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ .‬ ‫ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﰱ :‬ ‫)1( - ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ، ﺹ 42‬ ‫5321‬
  • 12. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫- ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺿﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ .‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻓﻬﻰ ﺗﺒﻴﺢ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻـﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻌﲔ ، ﻭﻻ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔـﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫- ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪‬ﺘﻢ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤـﺔ ﺍﻹﻏـﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ‪‬ﺘﻢ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻠﻰ .‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ، ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﳌﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺪ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﲦﺎﱏ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ، ﻭﳛـﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﲤﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺴﻨﺘﲔ ، ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﳌﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ، ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠـﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳚﻮﺯ ﳍﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺷـﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ .‬ ‫6321‬
  • 13. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻻﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺁﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ، ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ، ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺗﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻗﺪ ﺁﺛﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﺕ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻧﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ :‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ : ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻼﺷﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺇﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﲝﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣـﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ، ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱴ ‪‬ﺠﺖ ‪‬ﺞ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﱂ ﺗـﻨﺠﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﲤﺘﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﲟﻴﺰﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ)1( .‬ ‫)1( - ﺟﻮﻥ ﻫﺪﺳﻮﻥ ، ﻣﺎﺭﻙ ﻫﺮﻧﺪﺭ ، ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ، ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺩ. ﻃﻪ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ ، ﺩ. ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻮﺭ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺦ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ - ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ ، ﺹ 474‬ ‫7321‬
  • 14. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﰱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﱪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﰱ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﺟﻮﻥ ﺳﺘﻴﻮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻭﺻـﻒ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ " ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻰ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ " ، ﺃﻣﺎ ﲪﺎﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﰱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﰱ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ .‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺩﻯ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺷﺮﺳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﱴ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﲨﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺳﻴﻄﻠﺒﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﻌﺮﻫﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺛـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ .‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﻓـﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ، ﻛـﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ، ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺤﻤﺴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ.‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ : ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻼﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ، ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ، ﻻﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ، ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻫﻰ :‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ: ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ. ﻭﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻌﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ، ﺣﻴـﺚ ﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫8321‬
  • 15. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ، ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻧﺘـﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ، ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺆﻗﺘـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪﺭ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ، ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺑـﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ.‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ: ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ، ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﱘ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ، ﻭﻳﱪﺭ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺿﺪﻩ. ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ .‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ: ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﳏﻞ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﺳﻌﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﺎﺯﺓ، ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳـﻠﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ.‬ ‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺬ ﺿﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ.‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺿﺎﺭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﻗﺔ 3 %‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﲨﺎﱃ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ، ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ 2 % ﻣﻦ ﺳﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﳚﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ، ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﳉﻨﺔ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏـﺮﺍﻕ ﲡﺘﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﲡﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﲟﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ، ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬ ‫9321‬
  • 16. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺎﻃﺐ ﺃﻯ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻯ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺫﻥ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ، ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ )1(.‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻟـﻀﺮﺭ ‪‬ـﺎ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ ، ﺑﺎﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﲪﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﰱ ﺻـﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﲨﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﰱ ﺳﻌﺮﻫﺎ، ﻭﰱ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘـﻖ ﻣـﻦ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻣﻪ – ﳝﻜﻦ – ﻓﺮﺽ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﻗﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺰﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ .‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﺎﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ 52 % ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨـﺘﺠﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻠﲔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﻃﻠﺒﺎ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ .‬ ‫ﻭﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳑﻨﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ .‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ :‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ، ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ، ﻭﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 1002 ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰎ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀ 1211 ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ، ﻣﻨﻬﺎ 633 ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭ391 ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻭ88 ﰲ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ، ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫)1( -ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺃﺧﻀﺮ، " ﺩﺍﺭﺳﺔ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ "‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﲜﺪﺓ ، 5991 ، ﺹ 8-3 .‬ ‫0421‬
  • 17. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 4%. ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ 001%، ﻭﺃﺛﺒﺘـﺖ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ، ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠـﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﳝﺎﺭﺳﻮﻥ ﺿﻐﻮﻃﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣـﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺻﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ .‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﳏﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋـﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴـﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ، ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ، ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺮﻭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺴﻔﻴﺔ، ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﻭﻝ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻓـﻮﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ، ﻭﰎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 3% ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ، ﻭﺗﺘﻮﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳏﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻔـﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ.‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﰲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ، ﻭﺭﻏـﻢ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﲬﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ، ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎ ﻟﻠـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﺮﺩ ﺷﻌﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ.‬ ‫1421‬
  • 18. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ : ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻇﻠﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺬﺓ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ، ﲤﺜﻞ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻣﻨـﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﺕ.‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ :‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﲣﺬ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻸﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣـﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﻴﺴﺮﺓ .‬ ‫* ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻘﺔ ﳍﺎ‬ ‫* ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺑﺴﻌﺮ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫* ﺇﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ :‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗـﻮﺍﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ، ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ، ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺍﺣﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺎﻳﺪﺓ .‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ :‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫2421‬
  • 19. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻢ ﳏﻈﻮﺭ ‪ Prohibited Subsidies‬ﺃﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﱪﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ، ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺅﻩ ﻓﻮﺭﺍ ، ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﻏﻀﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ، ﻳﺼﺮﺡ ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻮ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻯ ﺍﲣـﺎﺫ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ) ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﺪﻳﺮ ،‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭﺷﺤﻦ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ، ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻮﻣـﺔ ،‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ (.‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ، ﻭﻫﻰ ) ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ( ، ﻟﻦ ﻳـﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴـﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﳕﻮﺍ ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘـﺮﺓ ﲦـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ، ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﺍ ، ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ) ﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺣﺼﺘﻪ 52.3 % ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﳌﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﲔ(.‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ‪ Actionable Subsidies‬ﻭﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﺘـﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﲟﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﲟﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ، ﲝﻴﺚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ، ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟـﺬﻯ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺅﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ، ﺃﻭ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻑ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻰ .‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ‪ Non Actionable Subsidies‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﲝﻮﺙ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﱂ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ، ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﲟﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ، ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫3421‬
  • 20. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ، ﻭﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺃﺧﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺳﺘﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ، ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ .‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﻟـﺪﻋﻢ ﰱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﰱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻄﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ، ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﺜﲎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﳕﻮﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﻳﻘـﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱃ ﻋﻦ 0001 ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺗـﺴﺘﺜﲎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ، ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ، ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺅﻩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ 7 ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ .‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ، ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺣﻈﺮ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟـﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ 8 ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ، ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻧـﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻠﻬﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ .‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣﺮﻛـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ، ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴـﺔ ﰱ ﺩﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪ OECD‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ 053 ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘـﺮﺓ‬ ‫6991 – 8991 ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﲨﺎﱃ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫071 ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ، ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﰉ ﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﺒـﺎﻥ 04 – 001 %‬ ‫4421‬
  • 21. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﰉ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻻﲢـﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﰉ‬ ‫) 1(‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ 05 % ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﺖ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻥ ﺷـﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﻣﲑﻛﻴـﺔ ﺭﺋﻴـﺴﻴﺔ -ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺑـﻮﻳﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﺳﻮﻓﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﳜﻔﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺐﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﱯ، ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳـﻀﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﲢـﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‬ ‫ﲟﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺑﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺢ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﻣـﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺎﻓـﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﻳﻨﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﻀﺖ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ ﻟـﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻻﲢـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﺧﻠﺺ ﺧﱪﺍﺀ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﻔـﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺩﻋﻤﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ، ﻭﻫﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻴـﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ.‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ :‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺣﻮﻝ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﻟﻠﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﳜﻞ ﺑﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﺘﻀﺮﺭ‬ ‫)1( - ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ، ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ، ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻰ : ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰱ ﻋﺎﱂ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ – ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ،ﺍﺑﺮﻳﻞ 1002 ، ﺹ 22‬ ‫5421‬
  • 22. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ، ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﰊ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺍ ﺻﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳـﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﻠﻴـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫1% ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻓﺘﻔﻮﻕ 82 ﻣﻠﻴـﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫6% ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ)1(.‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﺍﺭﻋﲔ ، ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ، ﳑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺩﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﱃ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﲔ ، ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﻀﻰ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺃﺩﱏ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ .‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲢـﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻭﺃﻣﲑﻛـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺡ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ 623 ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ 0002 ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ 21 ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ 8991.‬ ‫)1( - ﺩ. ﺻﺒﺎﺡ ﻧﻌﻨﻮﺵ ، ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ، ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ .‬ ‫6421‬
  • 23. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻔﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ .‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻴﻼ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ، ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴـﻀﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ 63 % ، ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ 4.23% ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ، ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺏ 7.5 %‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻌـﺪﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﲨﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﺁﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺪﻻ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣـﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻭﻗﺘﻬﺎ ، ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳـﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒـﻎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ 001 % )1( .‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ‪ Alex Ran‬ﺧﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ ﳌـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﲑﺓ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﻒ ﻛﻌﺎﺋﻖ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ‪ OECD‬ﺗﻨﻔﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ 003 ﻣﻠﻴـﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻟـﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻰ ﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ، ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱃ ﻻ ﻣﻌـﲎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫)1( - ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ، ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻯ ، ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺹ 14‬ ‫7421‬
  • 24. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﻓﻤﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﺎﻫﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻭﺳﻴﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ .‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ : ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ :‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ﻣﻦ 1% ﺍﱃ 2 % ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺳﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﱃ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺘﻬﺎ ، ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ 7ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪﺩ ﺍﱃ 03 ﻣﻠﻴـﻮﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺩﺧﻠﻨـﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺮﻫﻢ)1(.‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﳋﺎﺳﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ ، ﻭﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺷﻚ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰱ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ، ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣـﺔ ﻣﺜﻠﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻔﻘﺖ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 2 % ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠـﻰ‬ ‫) 2(‬ ‫ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ، ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻦ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ : ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ، ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺧﻔﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﻳـﺮﻯ‬ ‫)1(‬ ‫‪- Graham Dunkley , The Free Trade Adventure – The WTO , the Uruguay Round‬‬ ‫. 451 ‪and Globalism—A Critique ,Zed Book – London , 1997 , P‬‬ ‫)2(‬ ‫. 651 , ‪- Ibid‬‬ ‫8421‬
  • 25. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ، ﻭﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺩﻟﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺗﱪﻫﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴـﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻣﺖ ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻗﻬﺎ ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜـﺎﻝ ﻟـﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺘﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰱ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﲡﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻰ ﰱ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻴﺼﺔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ، ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣـﻦ 8891‬ ‫ﻭﺣﱴ 8991 ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ 2.0 % ﺳـﻨﻮﻳﺎ ،‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻋﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺃﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ، ﻓﻔﻰ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﺜﻞ 41%‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺗﺴﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 57 % ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺿـﻊ‬ ‫ﰱ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ)1( ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ، ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ ﳚﻌـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫5102 ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫.‬ ‫)1( - ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ ، ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ 8891 – 8991 .‬ ‫9421‬
  • 26. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺳﺘﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﻀﻞ ﺣﺎﻻ ﻭﻳﺪﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﳛﺴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺩﺧﻮﳍﻢ ، ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊـﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻳﻨﺒﺌﻨﺎ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﺆﻛـﺪ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘـﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎﺕ ﻫﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣـﻀﻠﻠﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﲣﻔـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ .‬ ‫ﻭﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺆﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﲔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﲟﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ، ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﻘﺮ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻭﺍ ﺷﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﻮﺍ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗـﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ، ﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺗﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺼﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻋـﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ، ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﲟﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫، ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﺌﻴﻼ ، ﻓﻔﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺘـﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ 51 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ 7891 ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻄﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﲟﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ .‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﺳﺎ : ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺳﺘﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﳑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻰ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ، ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﲔ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫0521‬
  • 27. ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ، ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﲨﺎﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻰ ، ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ، ﻓﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ 57.0 ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﱃ ﺃﻏﲎ ﺩﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﲢﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 30.0 ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ، ﻭﻣﺎﱂ ﲢﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ)1( .‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻌﺎ :ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳔﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﳌﻲ، ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻـﺒﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻪ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ، ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﺎﺟﻪ ، ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻧﺎﺷـﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﻴﻪ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ )ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﺢ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ( ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ، ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ )ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ( ﺗﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ )ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ( ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﲡﺎﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ.‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﱪ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ، ﻓﻔﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺗﺘﻮﻻﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ، ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ ﻣـﻦ ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫)1( - ﻛﻴﻔﲔ ﻭﺍﺗﻜﱰ ، ﺣﱴ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﰱ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ، ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ، ﻣﺎﺭﺱ 1002 ﻥ ﺹ 42‬ ‫1521‬