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1. 1
Practical no.1
Aim:
To capture ICMPv4 packets generated by utility programs and tabulate all the captured parameters using
Wireshark.
Theory:
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is a network layer protocol used to report errors and provide
diagnostic information in IP networks. In this practical exercise, we will use utility programs to generate
ICMPv4 packets and capture them using Wireshark, a network packet analyzer.
1. Selecting Utility Programs: Choose utility programs that generate ICMPv4 packets. Common tools
include ping and traceroute. These programs send ICMP echo request (ping) and time exceeded
(traceroute) packets.
2. Setting Up Wireshark: Install Wireshark if not already installed on your system. Launch Wireshark
and choose the network interface you want to monitor.
3. Capturing Packets: Start capturing packets in Wireshark by clicking on the "Start" or "Capture"
button.
4. Generate ICMPv4 Packets: Execute the selected utility programs in separate terminal/command
prompt windows. For example, in a terminal, run ping with the desired parameters, such as ping
8.8.8.8 to send ICMP echo requests to Google's DNS server.
5. Capture Parameters: Wireshark will capture the ICMPv4 packets generated by the utility programs.
Analyze the captured packets to identify and record parameters such as source IP, destination IP,
ICMP message type, sequence number, and time to live (TTL).
6. Tabulating Parameters: Create a table to tabulate the captured parameters. Organize the data in
columns with headings for each parameter, and fill in the values from the captured packets.
7. Analyzing Results: Analyze the captured data to identify patterns or variations in the ICMPv4
packets.

2. 2
Conclusion:
In this practical exercise, we successfully captured ICMPv4 packets generated by utility programs using
Wireshark. By analyzing the captured parameters, we gained insights into the characteristics of ICMPv4
traffic on the network, including source and destination information, ICMP message types, and packet
details.

3. 3
Practical no.2
Aim:
To configure an IPv6 network using Cisco Packet Tracer.
Theory:
Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation tool that allows you to create and configure network topologies.
In this practical exercise, we’ll create a simple Ipv6 network using Packet Tracer.
Steps:
1. Launch Cisco Packet Tracer: Start by opening Cisco Packet Tracer on your computer.
2. Create a Network Topology: Build a network topology by selecting routers, switches, and end
devices from the Packet Tracer library and connecting them as needed. Ensure that you have at
least two routers for this exercise.
3. Configure Router Interfaces: Access the CLI (Command Line Interface) of each router by clicking on
them. Configure the interfaces for Ipv6 as follows:
4. Enable Ipv6 Routing: On one of the routers, enable Ipv6 routing by entering the following command:
5. Configure Routing Protocols: If you want to use routing protocols like OSPFv3 or RIPng, configure
them on the routers.
6. Assign Ipv6 Addresses to End Devices: Configure Ipv6 addresses on the end devices (PCs or laptops)
connected to the routers.
7. Test Connectivity: Use commands like ping or traceroute to test Ipv6 connectivity between the end
devices. Ensure that the routers are forwarding Ipv6 packets correctly.

4. 4
8. Capture and Analyze Ipv6 Packets (Optional): If desired, use Packet Tracer’s built-in packet capture
and analysis tools to observe Ipv6 packet flows.
9. Document Your Configuration: Create documentation that includes the network topology, Ipv6
addresses, routing protocols used, and any other relevant information.
Conclusion:
In this practical exercise, we configured an Ipv6 network using Cisco Packet Tracer. We established Ipv6
addresses on router interfaces, enabled Ipv6 routing, and tested connectivity between end devices. This
exercise demonstrates the basic steps to set up an Ipv6 network within a network simulator.

5. 5
Practical no.3
Aim:
To configure IP routing with RIP using Cisco Packet Tracer.
Theory:
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a dynamic routing protocol used to exchange routing information
within a network. In this practical exercise, we’ll configure IP routing using RIP on Cisco Packet Tracer.
Steps:
1. Launch Cisco Packet Tracer: Start by opening Cisco Packet Tracer on your computer.
2. Create a Network Topology: Build a network topology by selecting routers, switches, and end
devices from the Packet Tracer library and connecting them as needed. Ensure that you have at
least two routers for this exercise.
3. Configure Router Interfaces: Access the CLI (Command Line Interface) of each router by clicking on
them. Configure the interfaces with IP addresses as follows:
4. Enable RIP Routing Protocol: Configure RIP on each router using the following commands:
5. Repeat Steps 3 and 4 for Other Routers: If you have more than two routers in your topology, repeat
steps 3 and 4 for the additional routers.
6. Test Connectivity: Use the ping command from the command prompt of PCs or laptops connected
to the routers to test connectivity between devices. Ensure that RIP is propagating routing
information correctly.
7. Capture and Analyze RIP Packets (Optional): If desired, you can use Packet Tracer’s built-in packet
capture and analysis tools to observe RIP packet exchanges.

6. 6
8. Document Your Configuration: Create documentation that includes the network topology, IP
addresses, and RIP configuration details.
Conclusion:
In this practical exercise, we configured IP routing using RIP on Cisco Packet Tracer. We established IP
addresses on router interfaces, enabled RIP routing, and tested connectivity between devices. This exercise
demonstrates the basic steps to set up IP routing with RIP within a network simulator.

7. 7
Practical no.4
Aim:
To configure IP routing with OSPF using Cisco Packet Tracer.
Theory:
OSPF is a dynamic routing protocol used to exchange routing information within a network. In this practical
exercise, we’ll configure IP routing using OSPF on Cisco Packet Tracer.
Steps:
1. Launch Cisco Packet Tracer: Start by opening Cisco Packet Tracer on your computer.
2. Create a Network Topology: Build a network topology by selecting routers, switches, and end
devices from the Packet Tracer library and connecting them as needed. Ensure that you have at
least two routers for this exercise.
3. Configure Router Interfaces: Access the CLI (Command Line Interface) of each router by clicking on
them. Configure the interfaces with IP addresses as follows:
4. Enable OSPF Routing Protocol: Configure OSPF on each router using the following commands:
5. Repeat Steps 3 and 4 for Other Routers: If you have more than two routers in your topology, repeat
steps 3 and 4 for the additional routers.
6. Test Connectivity: Use the ping command from the command prompt of PCs or laptops connected
to the routers to test connectivity between devices. OSPF should establish routing tables and
provide connectivity.
7. Capture and Analyze OSPF Packets (Optional): If desired, you can use Packet Tracer’s built-in packet
capture and analysis tools to observe OSPF packet exchanges.

8. 8
8. Document Your Configuration: Create documentation that includes the network topology, IP
addresses, and OSPF configuration details.
Conclusion:
In this practical exercise, we configured IP routing using OSPF on Cisco Packet Tracer. We established IP
addresses on router interfaces, enabled OSPF routing, and tested connectivity between devices. This
exercise demonstrates the basic steps to set up IP routing with OSPF within a network simulator.

9. 9
Practical no.5
Aim:
To configure User Datagram Protocol (UDP) using relevant software.
Theory:
UDP is a connectionless transport layer protocol that allows data to be exchanged between devices without
the overhead of establishing a connection. In this practical exercise, we’ll configure UDP communication
between two devices.
Steps (Using Python as an Example):
1. Install Python (if not already installed): Python is a widely-used programming language that includes
built-in support for UDP.
2. Create UDP Server and Client Scripts:
3. Server Script: Create a Python script that acts as a UDP server. Here’s a basic example:
python
import socket
# Create a UDP socket
server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
# Bind the socket to a specific address and port
server_address = (‘0.0.0.0’, 12345)
server_socket.bind(server_address)
print(‘UDP server is waiting for incoming messages…’)

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while True:
data, client_address = server_socket.recvfrom(1024)
print(f’Received message from {client_address}: {data.decode()}’)
4. Client Script: Create another Python script that acts as a UDP client to send messages to the server.
Here’s a basic example:
python
import socket
# Create a UDP socket
client_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
# Server address and port
server_address = (‘127.0.0.1’, 12345)
message = ‘Hello, UDP Server!’
client_socket.sendto(message.encode(), server_address)
client_socket.close()
5. Run the Server and Client Scripts:
6. Run the UDP server script in one terminal or command prompt window.
7. Run the UDP client script in another terminal or command prompt window.
8. Observe Communication: The client script will send a message to the server, and the server will
receive and print the message along with the client’s address.
9. Experiment and Document: You can experiment with different messages, ports, and addresses to
see how UDP communication works. Document your findings and any observations.
Conclusion:

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In this part of the practical exercise, we configured UDP communication using Python scripts as an example.
UDP is a simple and lightweight protocol often used for tasks that require low overhead and minimal
latency. The principles of UDP communication remain the same across different programming languages
and platforms.
Practical no.6
Aim:
To configure a UDP server that handles multiple clients, allowing them to send and receive messages
simultaneously using Python.
Theory:
In this part of the exercise, we’ll enhance the UDP server we previously configured to handle multiple
clients. This simulates a scenario where a server interacts with multiple clients concurrently.
Steps:
1. Enhance the Server Script:
Modify the UDP server script to handle multiple clients concurrently. We’ll use Python’s multiprocessing
module to achieve this.
Here’s an example of an enhanced server script:
python
import socket
import multiprocessing
def handle_client(client_socket, client_address):
print(f’Accepted connection from {client_address}’)
while True:
data = client_socket.recv(1024)

12. 12
if not data:
break
print(f’Received message from {client_address}: {data.decode()}’)
client_socket.send(data) # Echo the message back to the client
client_socket.close()
# Create a UDP socket
server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
# Bind the socket to a specific address and port
server_address = (‘0.0.0.0’, 12345)
server_socket.bind(server_address)
print(‘UDP server is waiting for incoming messages…’)
while True:
data, client_address = server_socket.recvfrom(1024)
# Handle each client in a separate process
client_process = multiprocessing.Process(target=handle_client, args=(server_socket, client_address))
client_process.start()
2. Run the Enhanced Server Script:
Run the enhanced UDP server script in a terminal or command prompt window.
3. Modify the Client Script:
Modify the UDP client script to send messages to the server continuously.
Here’s an example of an enhanced client script:
python
import socket

13. 13
# Create a UDP socket
client_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
# Server address and port
server_address = (‘127.0.0.1’, 12345)
while True:
message = input(‘Enter a message to send to the server: ‘)
client_socket.sendto(message.encode(), server_address)
data, server_address = client_socket.recvfrom(1024)
print(f’Received response from server: {data.decode()}’)
client_socket.close()
4. Run Multiple Client Instances:
Run multiple instances of the enhanced UDP client script in separate terminal or command prompt
windows.
5. Observe Multiple Client Communication:
As multiple clients send messages to the server, observe how the server handles them concurrently and
echoes the messages back to the respective clients.
6. Experimentation and Documentation:
Experiment with different messages, client instances, and server behavior. Document your findings and
any observations.
Conclusion:
In this Part II of the practical exercise, we enhanced the UDP server to handle multiple clients concurrently
using Python’s multiprocessing module. This allowed us to simulate a scenario where a single server
interacts with multiple clients. The exercise demonstrates the scalability of UDP for handling multiple
simultaneous connections.

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Practical no. 7
Aim:
To configure a TCP server and client for establishing a reliable connection and exchanging messages using
Python.
Theory:
TCP is a connection-oriented transport protocol that ensures reliable and ordered delivery of data between
two devices. In this practical exercise, we’ll configure a TCP server and client using Python.
Steps:
1. Create a TCP Server:
Develop a Python script that acts as a TCP server. The server listens for incoming client connections and
handles data transmission.
2. Create a TCP Client:
Develop a Python script that acts as a TCP client. The client connects to the server and sends a
message.
3. Run the Server and Client:
Run the TCP server script in one terminal or command prompt window.
Run the TCP client script in another terminal or command prompt window.
4. Observe Communication:
The client will send a message to the server, and the server will receive it, print the message, and send a
response back to the client.
5. Experimentation and Documentation:
Experiment with different messages, server behavior, and client behavior. Document your findings and
any observations.

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Conclusion:
In this practical exercise, we successfully configured a TCP server and client using Python. We demonstrated
how TCP establishes a reliable connection and ensures ordered data transmission between the two devices.
Understanding TCP is essential for building network applications that require guaranteed data delivery and
error handling.

16. 16
Practical no.8
Aim:
To configure a DHCP server on a Windows Server operating system to automatically assign IP addresses and
network configuration parameters to client devices.
Theory:
DHCP is a network protocol used to automate the assignment of IP addresses, subnet masks, default
gateways, DNS servers, and other configuration parameters to client devices in a network. A DHCP server is
responsible for managing and providing these parameters to clients.
Steps:
1. Install and Configure DHCP Server Role on Windows Server:
Log in to your Windows Server machine with administrative privileges.
Open the "Server Manager" application.
Click on "Add roles and features" and go through the wizard until you reach the "Select features"
section. In this section, select "DHCP Server" and click "Next."
Complete the installation by following the wizard's instructions.
2. Configure DHCP Server:
After installing the DHCP Server role, open the "Server Manager" again.
In the left navigation pane, expand "Roles" and click on "DHCP Server."
In the DHCP management console, right-click on the server name and select "Authorize." This step
authorizes the DHCP server to lease IP addresses on the network.

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Next, create a new DHCP scope:
Right-click on "IPv4" and select "New Scope."
Follow the wizard to define the IP address range, subnet mask, default gateway, DNS servers, and any
other configuration parameters.
Activate the scope once it's created.
3. Reservations and Exclusions (Optional):
You can create IP address reservations for specific devices based on their MAC addresses to ensure they
always receive the same IP address.
You can also configure address pool exclusions if you want to prevent certain IP addresses from being
assigned by DHCP.
4. Testing DHCP Configuration:
Connect a client device (e.g., a computer) to the network configured with DHCP.
Set the client to obtain an IP address automatically in its network settings.
When the client requests an IP address, the DHCP server will lease an available IP address from the
configured scope and provide other network configuration settings.
Verify that the client receives the correct IP address and other configuration parameters by checking
the client's network settings.
5. Documentation:
Document the DHCP configuration, including the scope settings, reserved IP addresses, and any
exclusions. This documentation will help in managing and troubleshooting the DHCP server in the
future.

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Conclusion:
In this practical exercise, we successfully configured a DHCP server on a Windows Server operating system.
The DHCP server automates the assignment of IP addresses and network configuration parameters to client
devices, simplifying network management. DHCP is a critical service in modern networks as it streamlines
the process of connecting devices to the network and ensures that they receive appropriate network
settings.

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Practical no.9
Aim:
To configure a DNS server using BIND on a Linux system to resolve domain names to IP addresses.
Theory:
DNS is a critical service that translates human-readable domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into IP
addresses (e.g., 192.168.1.1). This translation is necessary for locating websites and services on the
internet. A DNS server manages this translation process.
Steps:
1. Install BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain):
On a Linux system, open a terminal.
Use the package manager to install BIND.
2. Configure BIND:
Configure BIND by editing its configuration file, typically located at /etc/bind/named.conf.options. You
may also have additional configuration files in the /etc/bind directory.
Configure the DNS server options, including the forwarders (DNS servers to which unresolved queries
will be sent).
3. Create DNS Zones:
Define DNS zones for which your DNS server will be authoritative. This includes forward lookup zones
(resolving domain names to IP addresses) and reverse lookup zones (resolving IP addresses to domain
names).

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Create zone files for each zone. For example, create a zone file for example.com in
/etc/bind/db.example.com
4. Configure Zone Files:
Configure the zone files to include the necessary DNS records, such as A (Address) and MX (Mail
Exchanger) records. Customize the records according to your needs.
5. Restart BIND:
After configuring DNS zones and files, restart the BIND service to apply the changes:
sudo service bind9 restart
6. Test DNS Configuration:
Use the dig or nslookup command to test your DNS server. For example:
dig example.com
7. Ensure that the DNS queries return the expected results.
Conclusion:
In this practical exercise, we configured a DNS server using BIND on a Linux system. A DNS server is
essential for translating domain names into IP addresses, enabling users to access websites and services by
name rather than IP address. The configuration can be customized further to meet specific requirements,
such as hosting multiple domains or implementing advanced DNS features.

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Practical no.10
A.
→
Aim:
Configure an FTP server using vsftpd on a Linux system for file transfer.
Steps:
1. Install vsftpd software on the Linux system.
2. Customize vsftpd configuration in "/etc/vsftpd.conf" to define settings like user access, write
permissions, and passive mode ports.
3. Restart the vsftpd service to apply the configuration changes.
4. Create FTP users and specify their home directories.
5. Access the FTP server using an FTP client, providing the server's IP or domain, FTP username, and
password.
6. Use the FTP client to upload and download files.
Conclusion:
By setting up an FTP server, you enable file transfer capabilities, making it easier to share and manage files
across devices and networks. Customization of server settings and user access adds security and flexibility
to the FTP service.
B.
→
Aim:
Configure an HTTP server using Apache HTTP Server software for hosting websites and web applications.
Steps:
1. Install Apache HTTP Server software.
2. Create website content (HTML, CSS, JavaScript, etc.) and place it in the appropriate directory,
typically "/var/www/html" on Linux.
3. Configure Apache's virtual hosts to define website settings.
4. Start or restart the Apache service.
5. Access the hosted website by entering the server's IP or domain in a web browser.

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Conclusion:
Setting up an HTTP server using Apache allows you to host websites and web applications, making them
accessible to users over the internet or a local network. Customizing virtual host configurations enables you
to host multiple websites on a single server.

23. 23
Practical no.11
A.
→
Aim:
Use Telnet to remotely log in to a remote machine.
Steps:
1. Open a terminal or command prompt on your local machine.
2. Type the following command to initiate a Telnet session:
php
telnet <remote_machine_ip_or_domain>
Replace <remote_machine_ip_or_domain> with the IP address or domain name of the remote machine
you want to connect to.
3. Press Enter. You will be prompted for a username and password.
4. Enter the username and password for the remote machine when prompted.
5. Once authenticated, you will have a command-line interface to the remote machine and can
execute commands as if you were physically present.
Conclusion:
Using Telnet, you can remotely access and manage a remote machine's command line. It's essential to use
Telnet securely, and SSH is generally recommended for secure remote access due to Telnet's lack of
encryption.

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B.
→
Aim:
Connect to a remote machine securely using SSH (Secure Shell).
Steps:
1. Open a terminal or command prompt on your local machine.
2. Use the following command to initiate an SSH connection to the remote machine:
css
ssh username@remote_machine_ip_or_domain
Replace username with your remote machine's username and <remote_machine_ip_or_domain> with the
IP address or domain name of the remote machine.
3. Press Enter. You will be prompted to enter the password for the remote machine.
4. Enter the password, and upon successful authentication, you will have a secure command-line
connection to the remote machine.
Conclusion:
SSH provides a secure and encrypted way to connect to remote machines over a network. It's widely used
for remote administration, file transfer, and secure communication. Always prefer SSH over insecure
protocols like Telnet for remote access.

25. 25
Practical no. 12
Aim:
To configure SMTP (Postfix), POP3 (Dovecot), and IMAP (Dovecot) services to send and receive emails using
an email client.
Theory:
SMTP is used for sending email messages.
POP3 and IMAP are protocols for receiving email messages.
Steps:
1. Install Postfix (SMTP) and Dovecot (POP3/IMAP):
On a Linux system, open a terminal.
Install Postfix for SMTP:
swift
sudo apt-get install postfix
Install Dovecot for POP3 and IMAP:
arduino
sudo apt-get install dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d
2. Configure Postfix (SMTP):
During the installation, you'll be prompted to configure Postfix. Select "Internet Site" as the configuration
type and provide your domain name when prompted.
3. Configure Dovecot (POP3/IMAP):

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Edit Dovecot's configuration file, typically located at /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf or /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-
mail.conf.
Customize Dovecot's settings to define email storage locations and authentication methods.
4. Create User Mailboxes:
Use the useradd command to create user accounts and their associated mailboxes.
sudo useradd -m username
5. Restart Services:
Restart both Postfix and Dovecot to apply the configurations:
swift
sudo service postfix restart
sudo service dovecot restart
6. Configure Email Client (e.g., Thunderbird):
Open your email client (e.g., Thunderbird).
Add a new email account and enter your name, email address, SMTP (Outgoing) server settings (usually the
server's IP address), and POP3 or IMAP (Incoming) server settings.
Test the configuration by sending and receiving email messages.
Conclusion:
In this practical exercise, we configured SMTP (Postfix), POP3 (Dovecot), and IMAP (Dovecot) services to
enable sending and receiving email messages using an email client like Thunderbird. Email servers play a
crucial role in email communication, allowing users to send, receive, and manage their email messages.
Configuration settings can be customized further to meet specific requirements and security
considerations.