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Poisonous Science: the Dark
Side of Academic Copyright in
the Digital Age
Roberto Caso
University of Trento
Faculty of Law
LawTech Group
Work in progress
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 2
A previous work
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 3
?
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 4
??
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 5
Monsters University: be competitive!
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 6
View your Ranking!
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 7
Science as Market
• Commdification of academic research
• Academic capitalism
• Commercialization of university
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 8
Max Weber: “Science as Vocation”,
1918
• “Of late we can observe distinctly that the German
universities in the broad fields of science develop in
the direction of the American system. The large
institutes of medicine or natural science are 'state
capitalist' enterprises” […]
• “Thus the assistant's position is often as precarious
as is that of any 'quasi-proletarian' existence and
just as precarious as the position of the assistant in
the American university”
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 9
Academic copyright
• Papers, articles, essays, books, etc.
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 10
Copyright: two souls
• Right of paternity (attribution)
• “Economic rights”: right of reproduction, right
of distribution etc.
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 11
Taking seriously the “scope of
copyright”
Progress of science,
progress of knowledge?
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 12
Outline
1. The way we were
2. Poisonous science (part I): corrupting right of
paternity
3. Poisonous science (part II): corrupting
economic rights
4. Conclusions
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 13
1
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 14
The Way We Were
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 15
Three factors
• Technology
• Social norms
• Formal law (copyright law)
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 16
E.g.: Newton vs. Leibniz
17Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017
Printing press and priority: 1665
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 18
Freedom, authonomy, reputation
and responsability
• A connection between a name and a text
• Reputation (scientific reward)
• Responsability (e.g., in terms of scientific
misconduct, fraud, plagiarism etc.)
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 19
Robert King Merton
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 20
Robert King Merton
• 1938, 1942, CUDOS, authonomy, democracy
• 1957, 1968, 1988, originality, priority,
symbolism of “intellectual property”
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 21
Merton: 1988 “Mattew effect II”
• “it is only a seeming paradox that, in science, one's
private property is established by giving its
substance away […]”
• “That crucial element of free and open
communication is what I have described as the norm
of "communism" in the social institution of science”
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 22
Merton: 1988 “Mattew effect II”
• “Since positive recognition by peers is the
basic form of extrinsic reward in science, all
other extrinsic rewards, such as monetary
income from science-connected activities,
advancement in the hierarchy of scientists,
and enlarged access to human and material
scientific capital, derive from it”.
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 23
Merton: 1988 “Mattew effect II”
• “This system of open publication that makes for the
advancement of scientific knowledge requires normatively
guided reciprocities. It can operate effectively only if the
practice of making one's work communally accessible is
supported by the correlative practice in which scientists who
make use of that work acknowl-edge having done so. In
effect, they thus reaffirm the property rights of the scientist
to whom they are then and there indebted. This amounts to
a pattern of legitimate appropriation as opposed to the
pattern of illegitimate expropriation (plagiary)”.
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 24
Standing on the shoulders of giants
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 25
Tension: norms of science vs
copyright
• Attribution of ideas (recognition by peers) vs
idea/expression dichotomy in copyright law
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 26
2
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 27
Big science era: scientists
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 28
Poisonous science (part I)
Corrupting right of paternity
(attribution)
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 29
The rise of “Impact factor” logic
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 30
Sintoms: e.g., plagiarism
• Gaming metrics
• Plagiarism: stealing ideas through peer
reviewing; CV - Mario Biagioli: “impact or
perish!”
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 31
3
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 32
The empire strikes back
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 33
Poisonous science (part II)
Corrupting economic rights
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 34
Open Access 2001: a new hope?
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 35
Oligopoly (EPRIST)
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 36
Open Access???
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 37
New intermediaries
• Google Scholar & Google Books
• Academia.edu, ResearchGate
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 38
Publishing, indexing and evaluation
power
• E.g. Scopus (Elesevier)
• SSRN
• Google Scholar
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 39
Side effects
• Serial crisis
• Risks in terms of preservation
• The death of libraries
• Commercial control of science
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 40
4
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 41
The last line of defense: Openness
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 42
Openness: what does it mean?
• Right to access
• Right to use (copy, modify, distribute, etc.)
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 43
Open Access on the legal forefront
• OA mandates
• More exceptions and limitations (fair use)
• Abuse of copyright (copyright misuse)
• Right to republish
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 44
Useless strategy
• Withouth a radical change of the system it is
impossible to have real openness
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 45
Opennes: what does it mean?
• Democracy, pluralism, transparency
• Science authonomy
• Academic freedom
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 46
Rethinking the evaluation
system
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 47
Aaron Swartz
“Legacy” 2006
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 48
Legacy, 2006
“So what jobs do leave a real legacy? […]
But one good source of them is trying to do things that change
the system instead of following it. For example, the university
system encourages people to become professors who do
research in certain areas (and thus many people do this); it
discourages people from trying to change the nature of the
university itself.
Naturally, doing things like changing the university are much
harder than simply becoming yet another professor. But for
those who genuinely care about their legacies, it doesn’t seem
like there’s much choice”.
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 49
References
• Biagioli M. et al., Gaming Metrics: Innovation & Surveillance in Academic
Misconduct, Conference at UC Davis, February 4-5, 2016,
https://video.ucdavis.edu/media/Gaming+Metrics+-+Mario-Biagioli+%2802-04-2
0_0wcg4w9l
• Biagioli M., Recycling Texts or Stealing Time?: Plagiarism, Authorship, and
Credit in Science (2012). International Journal of Cultural Property, 19:
453-476, 2012. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2427955
• Guédon J.C., Open Access: Toward the Internet of the Mind, Budapest
Open Access Initiative, 2017,
http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/open-access-toward-the-
internet-of-the-mind
• Guédon J.C., In Oldenburg's Long Shadow: Librarians, Research Scientists,
Publishers, and the Control of Scientific Publishing, Association of
Research Libraries, Washinghton D.C., 2001, ISBN 0-918006-81-3,
http://www.arl.org/storage/documents/publications/in-oldenburgs-long-
shadow.pdf
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 50
References
• Merton R. K., The Matthew Effect in Science, II: Cumulative Advantage
and the Symbolism of Intellectual Property, Isis, Vol. 79, No. 4 (Dec.,
1988), 606
• Merton R. K., The Matthew Effect in Science, Science, New Series, Vol.
159, No. 3810. (Jan. 5, 1968), 56
• Merton R. K., Priorities in Scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology
of Science, American Sociological Review, Vol. 22, No. 6 (Dec., 1957), 635
• Merton R. K., Science and Technology in a Democratic Order, Journal of
Legal and Politcal Sociology, 1 (1942), 115
• Merton R. K., Science and Social Order, Philosophy of Science, 5 (1938),
321
• Moscon V., Academic Freedom, Copyright, and Accessto Scholarly Works:
A Comparative Perspective, in Caso R., Giovanella F., Balancing copyright
law in the digital age: some comparative perspectives, Springer, 2015, 99
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 51
References
• Reichman J. H., Okediji R., When Copyright Law and Science Collide:
Empowering Digitally Integrated Research Methods on a Global Scale
(September 19, 2012). Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 96, No. 4, 2012;
Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper 12-54. Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=2149218
• Shavell S., Should Copyright of Academic Works be Abolished?. The
Journal of Legal Analysis, Forthcoming; Harvard Law and Economics
Discussion Paper No. 655; Harvard Public Law Working Paper No. 10-10.
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1525667
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 52
E-mail:
roberto.caso@unitn.it
presidente@aisascienzaperta.org
Web:
http://www.lawtech.jus.unitn.it/index.php/people/rob
erto-caso
53Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017
LawTech Trento
54Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017
Copyright
Copyright by Roberto Caso
Licenza Creative Commons
Quest'opera è distribuita con Licenza Creative
Commons Attribuzione - Condividi allo stesso
modo 4.0 Internazionale
Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 55

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Poisonous science trento_04_06_2017

  • 1. Poisonous Science: the Dark Side of Academic Copyright in the Digital Age Roberto Caso University of Trento Faculty of Law LawTech Group
  • 2. Work in progress Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 2
  • 3. A previous work Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 3
  • 4. ? Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 4
  • 5. ?? Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 5
  • 6. Monsters University: be competitive! Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 6
  • 7. View your Ranking! Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 7
  • 8. Science as Market • Commdification of academic research • Academic capitalism • Commercialization of university Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 8
  • 9. Max Weber: “Science as Vocation”, 1918 • “Of late we can observe distinctly that the German universities in the broad fields of science develop in the direction of the American system. The large institutes of medicine or natural science are 'state capitalist' enterprises” […] • “Thus the assistant's position is often as precarious as is that of any 'quasi-proletarian' existence and just as precarious as the position of the assistant in the American university” Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 9
  • 10. Academic copyright • Papers, articles, essays, books, etc. Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 10
  • 11. Copyright: two souls • Right of paternity (attribution) • “Economic rights”: right of reproduction, right of distribution etc. Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 11
  • 12. Taking seriously the “scope of copyright” Progress of science, progress of knowledge? Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 12
  • 13. Outline 1. The way we were 2. Poisonous science (part I): corrupting right of paternity 3. Poisonous science (part II): corrupting economic rights 4. Conclusions Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 13
  • 14. 1 Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 14
  • 15. The Way We Were Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 15
  • 16. Three factors • Technology • Social norms • Formal law (copyright law) Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 16
  • 17. E.g.: Newton vs. Leibniz 17Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017
  • 18. Printing press and priority: 1665 Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 18
  • 19. Freedom, authonomy, reputation and responsability • A connection between a name and a text • Reputation (scientific reward) • Responsability (e.g., in terms of scientific misconduct, fraud, plagiarism etc.) Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 19
  • 20. Robert King Merton Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 20
  • 21. Robert King Merton • 1938, 1942, CUDOS, authonomy, democracy • 1957, 1968, 1988, originality, priority, symbolism of “intellectual property” Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 21
  • 22. Merton: 1988 “Mattew effect II” • “it is only a seeming paradox that, in science, one's private property is established by giving its substance away […]” • “That crucial element of free and open communication is what I have described as the norm of "communism" in the social institution of science” Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 22
  • 23. Merton: 1988 “Mattew effect II” • “Since positive recognition by peers is the basic form of extrinsic reward in science, all other extrinsic rewards, such as monetary income from science-connected activities, advancement in the hierarchy of scientists, and enlarged access to human and material scientific capital, derive from it”. Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 23
  • 24. Merton: 1988 “Mattew effect II” • “This system of open publication that makes for the advancement of scientific knowledge requires normatively guided reciprocities. It can operate effectively only if the practice of making one's work communally accessible is supported by the correlative practice in which scientists who make use of that work acknowl-edge having done so. In effect, they thus reaffirm the property rights of the scientist to whom they are then and there indebted. This amounts to a pattern of legitimate appropriation as opposed to the pattern of illegitimate expropriation (plagiary)”. Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 24
  • 25. Standing on the shoulders of giants Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 25
  • 26. Tension: norms of science vs copyright • Attribution of ideas (recognition by peers) vs idea/expression dichotomy in copyright law Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 26
  • 27. 2 Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 27
  • 28. Big science era: scientists Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 28
  • 29. Poisonous science (part I) Corrupting right of paternity (attribution) Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 29
  • 30. The rise of “Impact factor” logic Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 30
  • 31. Sintoms: e.g., plagiarism • Gaming metrics • Plagiarism: stealing ideas through peer reviewing; CV - Mario Biagioli: “impact or perish!” Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 31
  • 32. 3 Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 32
  • 33. The empire strikes back Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 33
  • 34. Poisonous science (part II) Corrupting economic rights Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 34
  • 35. Open Access 2001: a new hope? Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 35
  • 36. Oligopoly (EPRIST) Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 36
  • 37. Open Access??? Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 37
  • 38. New intermediaries • Google Scholar & Google Books • Academia.edu, ResearchGate Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 38
  • 39. Publishing, indexing and evaluation power • E.g. Scopus (Elesevier) • SSRN • Google Scholar Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 39
  • 40. Side effects • Serial crisis • Risks in terms of preservation • The death of libraries • Commercial control of science Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 40
  • 41. 4 Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 41
  • 42. The last line of defense: Openness Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 42
  • 43. Openness: what does it mean? • Right to access • Right to use (copy, modify, distribute, etc.) Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 43
  • 44. Open Access on the legal forefront • OA mandates • More exceptions and limitations (fair use) • Abuse of copyright (copyright misuse) • Right to republish Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 44
  • 45. Useless strategy • Withouth a radical change of the system it is impossible to have real openness Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 45
  • 46. Opennes: what does it mean? • Democracy, pluralism, transparency • Science authonomy • Academic freedom Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 46
  • 47. Rethinking the evaluation system Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 47
  • 48. Aaron Swartz “Legacy” 2006 Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 48
  • 49. Legacy, 2006 “So what jobs do leave a real legacy? […] But one good source of them is trying to do things that change the system instead of following it. For example, the university system encourages people to become professors who do research in certain areas (and thus many people do this); it discourages people from trying to change the nature of the university itself. Naturally, doing things like changing the university are much harder than simply becoming yet another professor. But for those who genuinely care about their legacies, it doesn’t seem like there’s much choice”. Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 49
  • 50. References • Biagioli M. et al., Gaming Metrics: Innovation & Surveillance in Academic Misconduct, Conference at UC Davis, February 4-5, 2016, https://video.ucdavis.edu/media/Gaming+Metrics+-+Mario-Biagioli+%2802-04-2 0_0wcg4w9l • Biagioli M., Recycling Texts or Stealing Time?: Plagiarism, Authorship, and Credit in Science (2012). International Journal of Cultural Property, 19: 453-476, 2012. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2427955 • Guédon J.C., Open Access: Toward the Internet of the Mind, Budapest Open Access Initiative, 2017, http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/open-access-toward-the- internet-of-the-mind • Guédon J.C., In Oldenburg's Long Shadow: Librarians, Research Scientists, Publishers, and the Control of Scientific Publishing, Association of Research Libraries, Washinghton D.C., 2001, ISBN 0-918006-81-3, http://www.arl.org/storage/documents/publications/in-oldenburgs-long- shadow.pdf Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 50
  • 51. References • Merton R. K., The Matthew Effect in Science, II: Cumulative Advantage and the Symbolism of Intellectual Property, Isis, Vol. 79, No. 4 (Dec., 1988), 606 • Merton R. K., The Matthew Effect in Science, Science, New Series, Vol. 159, No. 3810. (Jan. 5, 1968), 56 • Merton R. K., Priorities in Scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology of Science, American Sociological Review, Vol. 22, No. 6 (Dec., 1957), 635 • Merton R. K., Science and Technology in a Democratic Order, Journal of Legal and Politcal Sociology, 1 (1942), 115 • Merton R. K., Science and Social Order, Philosophy of Science, 5 (1938), 321 • Moscon V., Academic Freedom, Copyright, and Accessto Scholarly Works: A Comparative Perspective, in Caso R., Giovanella F., Balancing copyright law in the digital age: some comparative perspectives, Springer, 2015, 99 Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 51
  • 52. References • Reichman J. H., Okediji R., When Copyright Law and Science Collide: Empowering Digitally Integrated Research Methods on a Global Scale (September 19, 2012). Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 96, No. 4, 2012; Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper 12-54. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2149218 • Shavell S., Should Copyright of Academic Works be Abolished?. The Journal of Legal Analysis, Forthcoming; Harvard Law and Economics Discussion Paper No. 655; Harvard Public Law Working Paper No. 10-10. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1525667 Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 52
  • 54. LawTech Trento 54Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017
  • 55. Copyright Copyright by Roberto Caso Licenza Creative Commons Quest'opera è distribuita con Licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Condividi allo stesso modo 4.0 Internazionale Caso - Poisonpus Science - Trento - 2017 55