Lecture presented by MD Faruque as part of continuing medical education for clinical biochemistry staff at military hospital, kuwait.

1. B Y
M D F A R U Q U E A H M E D
L A B T E C H N O L O G I S T
J A B E R A L A H M E D A R M E D F O R C E S H O S P I T A L
K U W A I T
DIABETES

2. I would like to discuss about diabetes. I have arranged
my discussion as:
1. Definition of Diabetes
2. Classification of Diabetes
3. The main causes of Diabetes
4. Symptoms of Diabetes
5. Complications of Diabetes
6. Diagnosis
7. Prevention

3. Definition
 Diabetes is a disease in which out blood glucose or
blood sugar level is too high. Blood glucose is our
main source of energy and it is derived from the food
what we consume. Insulin is a hormone secreted by
the pancreas helps blood glucose to be metabolized
in to our cells to be used for energy. Sometimes our
body doesn’t produce enough insulin or doesn’t use
insulin well. Then glucose stays in our blood and
cannot reach into the cells for energy. This leads too
much of blood glucose accumulation which can cause
health problem. This situation is called diabetes

4. Classification
Diabetes can be classified into following categories
1. Type 1 Diabetes
Previously called as Insulin dependent or juvenile
diabetes. In this type pancreas doesn’t produce
enough Insulin or produces very little Insulin. It is
usually diagnosed in children, teens and young
adults but it can develop any ages.

5. Classification
 2. Type 2 Diabetes
It is called Non Insulin dependant diabetes (NIDM).
This type occurs when our body become resistant to
Insulin and is associated with genetics and lifestyle
choice.
3. Gestational Diabetes
This type occurs during pregnancy and usually
disappears after giving birth. It can occur at any
stage of pregnancy. It is common in second and third
trimester.

6. Causes of Type 1 Diabetes
 The exact cause is unknown. What is known? that is
our immune system (which normally fights against
harmful bacteria or viruses) attacks and destroys our
Insulin producing cells in Pancreas. So our pancreas
doesn’t make enough insulin. We know without
insulin blood sugar cannot get into the cells and
accumulates in blood stream. This is the main factor
of high blood sugar. It is also to be thought to cause
by a combination of Genetic susceptibilities and
environmental factors.

7. Causes of Type 2 Diabetes
 In type 2 Diabetes our cells become resistant to the
action of Insulin and our pancreas is unable to
secrete enough Insulin to overcome this resistance.
 Exactly why this happens is unknown, although it is
believed that Genetic and Environmental factors play
a role in the development of type 2 Diabetes

8. Causes of Gestational Diabetes
 During pregnancy placenta produces hormones to
sustain the pregnancy. These hormones make your
cells more resistant to Insulin. So ultimate result is
Gestational diabetes.

9. Common Symptoms of Diabetes
All kinds of diabetes have same common symptoms these
are:
1.Increased thirst
2.Frequent urination / urinate a lot often at night.
3.Increased hunger / you are hungry all the time
4.Unintended weight loss
5. Extreme fatigue / you feel tired all the time
6.Blurred vision / you can not see properly
7. Slow healing sores
8. Frequent infection
9.Dry Skin

10. Complications of Diabetes
 The complication of diabetes may lead to very serious health condition.
Higher blood sugar destroys organs and tissues throughout our body
Complications associated with diabetes are:
1. Heart Diseases ( Heart attack or Heart stroke)
2. Neuropathy (nerve cell damage)
3. Nephropathy (The deterioration of Kidneys)
4. Retinopathy (It is caused by damage to the blood vessel of light sensitive
tissue at the back of the eyes)
5. Hearing loss (you can not hear properly)
6. Foot damage such as infection and sores that don’t heal
7. Skin damage
8. Depression ( is a common and serious medical illness that negatively
affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act.
9. Uncontrolled Gestational diabetes can lead to problem both mother and
baby

11. How is Diabetes diagnosed
Diabetes is diagnosed by checking blood glucose level.
There are three tests that we can do in our
Laboratory. These are:
1.Fasting Plasma glucose: It is done after 8 – 10 hours
remaining fasting condition, basically it is done at
the morning. A fasting blood sugar level of 99mg/dL
or lower is normal.
100 -125mg/dL indicate you have pre diabetes and
126mg/dL or higher indicates you have diabetes

12.  2. Random plasma glucose test:
This test can be done without fasting. The normal
range of RBS is 200 mg/dl 11.1 mmol/L or less. If
you have diabetes your RBS 200 mg/dl or more

13.  3. A1C test: This test also called HbA1C or glycated
hemoglobin test. It provides your average blood
glucose level over the past two or three months. The
test measures the amount of glucose attached to
hemoglobin and protein in your red cells that carries
oxygen. You don’t need to fast before doing this test.
If you have diabetes your HbA1C value is 6.5 % or
more.

14. What are the prevention of diabetes
Prevention is specially important if you are currently at an increased
risk of diabetes. There are 5 tips for the prevention of diabetes
1.Lose extra weight: Losing weight reduces the risk of diabetes
2.Be more physically active: There are many benefits to regular
physical activity. Exercise can help you
a. lose weight
b. Lower your blood sugar
c. Boost your sensitivity to insulin
3. Eat healthy plant foods. Plants provide vitamins, minerals and
carbohydrates in your diet.
4. Eat healthy fats
5. Skip fat diet and make healthier choice
Consult your physician and take necessary action.

15. THANK YOU