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CO2 का सक्रियकरण तथा उपयोगी रसायनों मॆं उत्प्रेरकीय रूपाॆंतरण
(Activation of CO2 and catalytic conversion into useful chemicals )
डॉ.सुमन लता जैन
वैज्ञाननक
रसायन ववज्ञान प्रभाग
,
पररचय :
ए । औ
च च । ई च (ideas)
(Green House) औ च
। - ई- ;
, (Carbon capture and Storage), CCS
(Enhanced Oil Recovery) ।
ए (Gas to Liquid) (Coal to Liquid)
, (CO + H2 ) -
। (sabatier) , CO2
।
CO2 + 4H2 ---------------→ CH4 + 2H2O ΔH = -164.9 KJ/mol
(Fuel Cell) ए
। CO2 च । CO2
च च (substrate)
। CO2 च ( च )
-
। CO2 औ ख 115 ,
( 26 ) । ए CO2
ए ख । H2O
CO2 रकाशउत्प्रेरकीय अपचयन औ च
ए ।
: “ ए
।”
CO2 अपचयन :
CO2 CO2
.-
ए अपचयन (unfavourable) ,
CO2
.-
ई च अपचयन -1.90 V
। अपचयन ए 0.6V । ए
-2.50 V । औ
ए ए (multiple) औ
।
: CO2 च
CO2 रकाशउत्प्रेरकीय :
:
रकाशउत्प्रेरकीय
।
समाॆंगी रकाशउत्प्रेरक (Homogeneous or Molecular
catalyst): reaction
विषमाॆंगी रकाशउत्प्रेरक ।
CO2
, ख औ (Intended product) च
(Intermediate transition state) । CO2
(complex) ई , CO2 (conversion)
। (metal center)
(ligand) च (intended)
(CH3OH), (CO), ए (HCHO), ए
(HCOOH) (Tuned) ।
(performance) ख (terms) ।
(1) (Turn over number) : CO2
।
TON = /
ए (Turn over number) च
(Turn over number)
(Molecular catalyst) 1 500 ।
(2) (Quantum Yield) : ,
।
(ф) = ( / ) X
(3) (Catalytic selectivity) : च
(H2
) ।
च (C.S.) = / (
+ )
(H2) ए - (by- product)
। च CO2 च H2
।
।
1. (Type I) : ,
– (light sensitizer), ( ),
(donar) ए च । ए
।
(Ruthenium) (Bipyridyl) (complexes)
– (Rhenium)
(cyclam) । (Tertiary
amine) , ई (TEA), ई (Triethanolamine) औ 1- -
1,4- (BNAH) ,
, ख । ए । –
–
ढ , –
। Ru Re ।
:
: (Rhenium) -
: (Sacrificial donar)
: (Rhodium) -
।
(Mechanism of Action) :
(P) P*
( ) । P*
च च – (reduced sensitizer)P-
। च – ,
च । च CO2 च
। CO2 – च -
। CO2 C , CO । च
ख , CO, HCOOH H2 ए
।
:
2. (Type II) : ए –
। (porphyrin),
(phthalocyanine), (Rhenium) (carbonyl) ।
: CO2
(phthalocyanine)
(Mechanism of Action) :
औ
।
। Re1
(L)(CO)3X MLCT Re(I) Re(II)
, (ligands) । Re(II)
Re(I) च [Re1
(L•
)(CO)3X]-
।
(solvent molecule) S, X ( )
[Re1
(L•
)(CO)3S] । (reaction) –
। CO2 CO, HCOOH
(reaction) ।
:
विषमाॆंगी रकाशउत्प्रेरक(Heterogeneous Photocatalyst) :
औ 1972 TiO2 ,
ख । च
CO2 च (splitting) च ।
विषमाॆंगी :
। च , ,
च
।
( च = valance) (conduction) च ,
CO2 च ,
( ) , (H2O) (splitting) ।
च ई ,
ख च ।
च । च
(energy difference) , (band
gap) । च
। च (band gap) CO2 च
। च ।
- - (TiO2) , , ,
। (rutile form)
3.0 e V ए (anatase form) 3.2 e V , 413
388 ।
। 5%
।
: च
, (chemical species)
च च च
च । TiO2 CO2
0.02 / / ,
।
- : च अपचयन
: TiO2
(less robust)
(recovery) ।
ए TiO2, ZnO, MgO ए , (recovery)
(performance) ढ । TiO2
(Synergistically) । TiO2
ए (anchoring or attachment)
च , TiO2
। TiO2 ।
।
Ru(bpy)2+2
(SnP) 30 ,
TiO2 ।
। TiO2(n- च )
p- च : Si । p-
च च ख ।
: p- च Re ।
: p - च (anchored)
(Other Methods) :
औ CO2 (CO2 utilization)
। CO2 ।
च
। (Graphne) ए ,
।
, (Recombination) औ
।
: TiO2 ।
च CO2
ढ । –COOH
-OH ,
(functionalization)
। 0.172 / / 300
। Ru
, च ख , CO2 च
। (fullerene) Ru
।
: Ru (attachment)
भविष्य की चुनौततयााँ (future challenges):
CO2 च , 21
। CO2 - च
(Performance) , ई
औ ए । ई
,
, । IPCC
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) , CO2
400 ppm ख , 2-2.4 °C ,
2050ई० CO2 50% 80% । CO2
(capture and storage, CCS) CO2
, ए , ,
च , ।
CO2 CO ए , , -
(Fisher- Trops) , औ
च । च ख ।
1. (TON) ।
2. च C1(ए ) ,
(economic value) , च
च ।
3. ई ० ० , ० ० ए
च ।
4. (side reactons) च
ढ।
5. (illuminating period),
च ए, ।
(Conclusion) :
CO (formate)
। Re(bpy)(CO)3X CO (Quantum
Yield) 59% च च । ई च ,
। ई
, औ – (photosensitizer)
? ( ) ? च
च (redox) – ?
(sacrificial donar) ! ए
(renewable)
च – (photosensitizer)
च ।
सॆंदभभ:
1. ए. जे. मौररस, जी. एन. मेयर, ई. फु जजता, एकाउंट ऑव कै ममकल ररसर्च, 2009, 42 1983.
2. एन. एर्. सेवेररन, एल. एस. मेनडे, जे. के . स्टोलारमसक, एंगगव. कै म. इंट. एडड. 2013, 52,
7372 – 7408.
3. आर. रीथममयर, सी. ब्रूकममयर, बी. रीजर, कै टेमलस्ट, 2012, 2, 544-571.
4. एम. नी, एम. के . एर्, मलयुंग, के . सुमाथी, ररननवेबल एंड सस्टेनेबल एनजी ररवयू, 2007, 11
401–425.
5. जैड. झाओ, जे. फै न, एम. जी, जै. वांग, जनचल ऑव कै ममकल प्रॉडक्शन, 2009, 17, 1025–
1029
6. एर् सी शू, आई शोवन, इर् वाई वी, वाई सी र्ांग, इर् वाई डू, वाई जी मलन, सी ऐ सेंग, सी
इर् वांग, इल सी र्ेन, वाई सी मलंड, के इर् र्ेन, नैनोस्के ल, 2013, 5, 62.
7. आर. ममयाओ, पी. एर्. डी. थीमसस, वजजचननया पोलीटेकननक इंजस्टट्यूट इंड स्टेट युननवमसचटी,
2007.
8. वी. बालजानी, ए. जयूररस, एम. वैनट्यूरी, एस. कामपाना, एस. सेरोनी, कै ममकल ररवयू,
1996, 96, 759.
9. जी. ईडा, सी. माटेवी, एर्. यामागुर्ी, एर्. ककम, एम. र्ावला, जनचल ऑव कफजजकल
कै ममसट्री, 2009, 113, 15768–15771.
10. टी. ए. व्हाइट, जे. डी. नौल, एस. एम. अरागर्गै, के . जे. ब्रीवर, मैटेररयल्स, 2012, 5, 27-46

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Co2 का सक्रियकरण तथा उपयोगी रसायनों मॆं उत्प्रेरकीय रूपांतरण

  • 1. CO2 का सक्रियकरण तथा उपयोगी रसायनों मॆं उत्प्रेरकीय रूपाॆंतरण (Activation of CO2 and catalytic conversion into useful chemicals ) डॉ.सुमन लता जैन वैज्ञाननक रसायन ववज्ञान प्रभाग , पररचय : ए । औ च च । ई च (ideas) (Green House) औ च । - ई- ; , (Carbon capture and Storage), CCS (Enhanced Oil Recovery) । ए (Gas to Liquid) (Coal to Liquid) , (CO + H2 ) - । (sabatier) , CO2 । CO2 + 4H2 ---------------→ CH4 + 2H2O ΔH = -164.9 KJ/mol (Fuel Cell) ए । CO2 च । CO2 च च (substrate) । CO2 च ( च ) - । CO2 औ ख 115 , ( 26 ) । ए CO2 ए ख । H2O
  • 2. CO2 रकाशउत्प्रेरकीय अपचयन औ च ए । : “ ए ।” CO2 अपचयन : CO2 CO2 .- ए अपचयन (unfavourable) , CO2 .- ई च अपचयन -1.90 V । अपचयन ए 0.6V । ए -2.50 V । औ ए ए (multiple) औ । : CO2 च CO2 रकाशउत्प्रेरकीय : :
  • 3. रकाशउत्प्रेरकीय । समाॆंगी रकाशउत्प्रेरक (Homogeneous or Molecular catalyst): reaction विषमाॆंगी रकाशउत्प्रेरक । CO2 , ख औ (Intended product) च (Intermediate transition state) । CO2 (complex) ई , CO2 (conversion) । (metal center) (ligand) च (intended) (CH3OH), (CO), ए (HCHO), ए (HCOOH) (Tuned) । (performance) ख (terms) । (1) (Turn over number) : CO2 । TON = / ए (Turn over number) च (Turn over number) (Molecular catalyst) 1 500 । (2) (Quantum Yield) : , ।
  • 4. (ф) = ( / ) X (3) (Catalytic selectivity) : च (H2 ) । च (C.S.) = / ( + ) (H2) ए - (by- product) । च CO2 च H2 । । 1. (Type I) : , – (light sensitizer), ( ), (donar) ए च । ए । (Ruthenium) (Bipyridyl) (complexes) – (Rhenium) (cyclam) । (Tertiary amine) , ई (TEA), ई (Triethanolamine) औ 1- - 1,4- (BNAH) , , ख । ए । – – ढ , – । Ru Re ।
  • 5. : : (Rhenium) - : (Sacrificial donar)
  • 6. : (Rhodium) - । (Mechanism of Action) : (P) P* ( ) । P* च च – (reduced sensitizer)P- । च – , च । च CO2 च । CO2 – च - । CO2 C , CO । च ख , CO, HCOOH H2 ए ।
  • 7. : 2. (Type II) : ए – । (porphyrin), (phthalocyanine), (Rhenium) (carbonyl) । : CO2 (phthalocyanine)
  • 8. (Mechanism of Action) : औ । । Re1 (L)(CO)3X MLCT Re(I) Re(II) , (ligands) । Re(II) Re(I) च [Re1 (L• )(CO)3X]- । (solvent molecule) S, X ( ) [Re1 (L• )(CO)3S] । (reaction) – । CO2 CO, HCOOH (reaction) । :
  • 9. विषमाॆंगी रकाशउत्प्रेरक(Heterogeneous Photocatalyst) : औ 1972 TiO2 , ख । च CO2 च (splitting) च । विषमाॆंगी : । च , , च । ( च = valance) (conduction) च , CO2 च , ( ) , (H2O) (splitting) । च ई , ख च । च । च (energy difference) , (band gap) । च । च (band gap) CO2 च । च । - - (TiO2) , , , । (rutile form) 3.0 e V ए (anatase form) 3.2 e V , 413 388 । । 5% ।
  • 10. : च , (chemical species) च च च च । TiO2 CO2 0.02 / / , ।
  • 11. - : च अपचयन : TiO2 (less robust) (recovery) । ए TiO2, ZnO, MgO ए , (recovery) (performance) ढ । TiO2 (Synergistically) । TiO2 ए (anchoring or attachment) च , TiO2 । TiO2 । । Ru(bpy)2+2 (SnP) 30 , TiO2 । । TiO2(n- च ) p- च : Si । p-
  • 12. च च ख । : p- च Re । : p - च (anchored) (Other Methods) : औ CO2 (CO2 utilization) । CO2 । च । (Graphne) ए , । , (Recombination) औ ।
  • 13. : TiO2 । च CO2 ढ । –COOH -OH , (functionalization) । 0.172 / / 300 । Ru , च ख , CO2 च । (fullerene) Ru ।
  • 14. : Ru (attachment) भविष्य की चुनौततयााँ (future challenges): CO2 च , 21 । CO2 - च (Performance) , ई औ ए । ई , , । IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) , CO2 400 ppm ख , 2-2.4 °C , 2050ई० CO2 50% 80% । CO2 (capture and storage, CCS) CO2 , ए , , च , । CO2 CO ए , , - (Fisher- Trops) , औ च । च ख ।
  • 15. 1. (TON) । 2. च C1(ए ) , (economic value) , च च । 3. ई ० ० , ० ० ए च । 4. (side reactons) च ढ। 5. (illuminating period), च ए, । (Conclusion) : CO (formate) । Re(bpy)(CO)3X CO (Quantum Yield) 59% च च । ई च , । ई , औ – (photosensitizer) ? ( ) ? च च (redox) – ? (sacrificial donar) ! ए (renewable) च – (photosensitizer) च । सॆंदभभ: 1. ए. जे. मौररस, जी. एन. मेयर, ई. फु जजता, एकाउंट ऑव कै ममकल ररसर्च, 2009, 42 1983. 2. एन. एर्. सेवेररन, एल. एस. मेनडे, जे. के . स्टोलारमसक, एंगगव. कै म. इंट. एडड. 2013, 52, 7372 – 7408.
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