Матеріали проекту «Аналітична підтримка економічних реформ у регіонах України в умовах європейської інтеграції»

1. Polish DecentralizationPolish Decentralization
Administrative ReformsAdministrative Reforms
EconomicEconomic contextcontext

3. Second Polish Republic –Second Polish Republic –
administrative divisionadministrative division

4. Second Polish RepublicSecond Polish Republic
►The lower level of administration, belowThe lower level of administration, below
voivodeships, were voivodeships, were powiatspowiats (counties). They (counties). They
were subject to several reforms, particularlywere subject to several reforms, particularly
in early and late 1930s. Below them were in early and late 1930s. Below them were
gminasgminas and and gromadasgromadas..
►Shortly before the Shortly before the Second World WarSecond World War, in, in
April 1939, Poland had 264 powiats, 611April 1939, Poland had 264 powiats, 611
urban and 3195 rural gminas and 40533urban and 3195 rural gminas and 40533
gromads.gromads.

6. Polish People’s Republic -administrativePolish People’s Republic -administrative
division 1945-1975division 1945-1975
14+2 voivodeships, then 17+5

7. Polish administrative division 1945-1975
Car plates
(since 1956)
Voivodeship Capital
Area
km² (1965)
Population
(1965)
A białostockie Białystok 23 136 1 160 400
B bydgoskie Bydgoszcz 20 794 1 837 100
G gdańskie Gdańsk 10 984 1 352 800
S katowickie Katowice 9 518 3 524 300
C kieleckie Kielce 19 498 1 899 100
E koszalińskie ¹ Koszalin 17 974 755 100
K krakowskie Kraków 15 350 2 127 600
F Łódzkie Łódź 17 064 1 665 200
L lubelskie Lublin 24 829 1 900 500
O olsztyńskie Olsztyn 20 994 956 600
H opolskie ¹ Opole 9 506 1 009 200
P poznańskie Poznań 26 723 2 126 300
R rzeszowskie Rzeszów 18 658 1 692 800
M szczecińskie Szczecin 12 677 847 600
T warszawskie Warsaw 29 369 2 453 000
X wrocławskie Wrocław 18 827 1 967 000
Z zielonogórskie ¹ Zielona Góra 14 514 847 200

8. Polish People’s Republic -administrativePolish People’s Republic -administrative
divisiondivision 1975-981975-98
49 voivodeships49 voivodeships

9. WHY?WHY?
►In place of the three-level administrativeIn place of the three-level administrative
division (voivodeship, county, commune), adivision (voivodeship, county, commune), a
new two-level administrative division wasnew two-level administrative division was
introduced (49 small voivodeships, andintroduced (49 small voivodeships, and
communes). communes).

10. Polish Revolution of DignityPolish Revolution of Dignity

11. Round Table TalksRound Table Talks

12. Third Polish Republic – administrativeThird Polish Republic – administrative
divisiondivision

13. Voivodeship Capital city (cities)
Greater Poland Voivodeship(wielkopolskie) Poznań
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship(kujawsko-pomorskie) Bydgoszcz and Toruń
Lesser Poland Voivodeship(małopolskie) Kraków
Łódź Voivodeship (łódzkie) Łódź
Lower Silesian Voivodeship(dolnośląskie) Wrocław
Lublin Voivodeship (lubelskie) Lublin
Lubusz Voivodeship (lubuskie) Gorzów Wielkopolskiand Zielona Góra
Masovian Voivodeship(mazowieckie) Warsaw
Opole Voivodeship (opolskie) Opole
Podlaskie Voivodeship (podlaskie) Białystok
Pomeranian Voivodeship(pomorskie) Gdańsk
Silesian Voivodeship (śląskie) Katowice
Subcarpathian Voivodeship(podkarpackie) Rzeszów
Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship(świętokrzyskie) Kielce
Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship(warmińsko-mazurskie) Olsztyn
West Pomeranian Voivodeship(zachodniopomorskie) Szczecin
Third Polish Republic – administrativeThird Polish Republic – administrative
divisiondivision

14. VoivodeshipVoivodeship
► Poland is currently divided into 16 provincesPoland is currently divided into 16 provinces
known asknown as voivodeshipsvoivodeships ( (PolishPolish: : województwawojewództwa,,
singular singular województwowojewództwo).).
► Administrative authority at voivodeship level isAdministrative authority at voivodeship level is
shared between a government-appointedshared between a government-appointed
governor, called the governor, called the voivodevoivode (usually a political (usually a political
appointee), an elected assembly called the sejmik,appointee), an elected assembly called the sejmik,
and an executive chosen by that assembly. Theand an executive chosen by that assembly. The
leader of that executive is called the leader of that executive is called the marszałekmarszałek..

15. PowiatPowiat
► Each voivodeship is divided into a number of smallerEach voivodeship is divided into a number of smaller
entities known as powiats (counties). The number ofentities known as powiats (counties). The number of
powiats per voivodeship ranges from 12 (Opolepowiats per voivodeship ranges from 12 (Opole
Voivodeship) to 42 (Masovian Voivodeship). This includesVoivodeship) to 42 (Masovian Voivodeship). This includes
both powiats proper (known as both powiats proper (known as land countiesland counties,,
Polish Polish powiaty ziemskiepowiaty ziemskie), and cities with powiat status (), and cities with powiat status (citycity
countiescounties, Polish , Polish powiaty grodzkiepowiaty grodzkie or more formally or more formally miastamiasta
na prawach powiatuna prawach powiatu). Land counties have an elected). Land counties have an elected
council (council (rada powiaturada powiatu), which elects an executive headed), which elects an executive headed
by the by the starostastarosta. In city counties the functions of these. In city counties the functions of these
institutions are performed by the city's own council andinstitutions are performed by the city's own council and
executive.executive.

16. GminaGmina
► The third level of administrative division is the gmina (alsoThe third level of administrative division is the gmina (also
called commune or municipality). A powiat is typicallycalled commune or municipality). A powiat is typically
divided into a number of gminas (between 3 and 19),divided into a number of gminas (between 3 and 19),
although the city counties constitute single gminas. Aalthough the city counties constitute single gminas. A
gmina may be classed as urban (consisting of a town orgmina may be classed as urban (consisting of a town or
city), urban-rural (consisting of a town together with itscity), urban-rural (consisting of a town together with its
surrounding villages and countryside), or rural (notsurrounding villages and countryside), or rural (not
containing a town). A gmina has an elected council as wellcontaining a town). A gmina has an elected council as well
as a directly elected mayor (known as as a directly elected mayor (known as presidentpresident in large in large
towns, towns, burmistrzburmistrz in most urban and urban-rural gminas, in most urban and urban-rural gminas,
and and wójtwójt in rural gminas). in rural gminas).

17. Smaller administrativeSmaller administrative
unitesunites
►Gminas are generally sub-divided intoGminas are generally sub-divided into
smaller units, called osiedle or dzielnica insmaller units, called osiedle or dzielnica in
towns, and sołectwo in rural areas. Howevertowns, and sołectwo in rural areas. However
these units are of lesser importance and arethese units are of lesser importance and are
subordinate in status to the gmina.subordinate in status to the gmina.

18. The Polish Growth Miracle: Outcome of Persistent ReformThe Polish Growth Miracle: Outcome of Persistent Reform
EffortsEfforts
► Three blocks of reforms were particularly important in the persistent reformThree blocks of reforms were particularly important in the persistent reform
effort of Polish government. First, the reforms of the Mazowiecki governmenteffort of Polish government. First, the reforms of the Mazowiecki government
that brought Poland back from the brink of disaster by macroeconomicthat brought Poland back from the brink of disaster by macroeconomic
stabilization, price liberalization and import liberalization policies, which also setstabilization, price liberalization and import liberalization policies, which also set
the Polish economy on the transformational path from a centrally planned to athe Polish economy on the transformational path from a centrally planned to a
market economy.market economy.
► The second large block of reforms was implemented in 1999, when reforms ofThe second large block of reforms was implemented in 1999, when reforms of
health, education, pensions and of regional administration were enacted.health, education, pensions and of regional administration were enacted.
These reforms can be considered modernizing reforms as they tackledThese reforms can be considered modernizing reforms as they tackled
institutions, which were developed under communism and which were in theirinstitutions, which were developed under communism and which were in their
existing shape not conducive to improve the competitiveness of the Polishexisting shape not conducive to improve the competitiveness of the Polish
economy and to ensure sustainable government finances.economy and to ensure sustainable government finances.
► The third block of reforms are those of the first Tusk government towards theThe third block of reforms are those of the first Tusk government towards the
end of the analyzed period; they can be considered of the “fine-tuning” nature.end of the analyzed period; they can be considered of the “fine-tuning” nature.
Hartmut Lehmann University of Bologna and IZA Policy Paper No. 40 April 2012Hartmut Lehmann University of Bologna and IZA Policy Paper No. 40 April 2012

19. The Polish Growth Miracle:The Polish Growth Miracle:
Outcome of Persistent Reform EffortsOutcome of Persistent Reform Efforts
► In a democratic context reforms can only be undertaken in a sustainedIn a democratic context reforms can only be undertaken in a sustained
way if a majority of voters favors such reform efforts. Even whenway if a majority of voters favors such reform efforts. Even when
reform-friendly governments were voted out of office, the newreform-friendly governments were voted out of office, the new
governments in Poland never reversed reforms undertaken by thegovernments in Poland never reversed reforms undertaken by the
previous government.previous government.
► This continuous reform stance over two decades is theThis continuous reform stance over two decades is the
main cause of the Polish growth miracle.main cause of the Polish growth miracle.
► The reasons for the ability of Polish policy makers to pursue economicThe reasons for the ability of Polish policy makers to pursue economic
and administrative reforms in spite of short-run costs to large sectionsand administrative reforms in spite of short-run costs to large sections
of society will be discussed extensively.of society will be discussed extensively.
Hartmut Lehmann University of Bologna and IZA Policy Paper No. 40Hartmut Lehmann University of Bologna and IZA Policy Paper No. 40
April 2012April 2012

21. ФУНДАЦІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКО-ФУНДАЦІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКО-
ПОЛЬСКОЇ СПІВПРАЦІ ПОЛЬСКОЇ СПІВПРАЦІ
►DiakujuDiakuju
Thank youThank you
DziękujęDziękuję