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‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬
‫پور‬ ‫شفیع‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مهندس‬‫انواری‬ ‫احمد‬
‫پاییز‬1391
‫منابع‬
•1-‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬–‫الدین‬ ‫غیاث‬ ‫منصور‬ ‫دکتر‬(‫ترجمه‬)1957(‫محیط‬ ‫بهداشت‬ ‫مهندسین‬ ‫برای‬)
•2-‫محیطی‬ ‫زیست‬ ‫آلودگی‬–‫پور‬ ‫عباس‬ ‫مجید‬ ‫دکتر‬–2‫جلد‬
•3-‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬ ‫مهندسی‬–‫مطلق‬ ‫پور‬ ‫شفیع‬ ‫مجید‬ ‫دکتر‬ ‫نگارش‬
4- introduction to environmental engineering, M.L. Davis & D.A …. , Mc-Graw-Hill,
2nd,1991, ISBN:0-07-100828-4
5- Environmental science & Engineering, J.G.henry & G.W. Heinke, printe-Hell,1989,
ISBN:0-13-284159-2
6- The Atmosphere-An Introduction to meterology, 3rd, 1986, F.r.Lotgens &
E.J.Tarbuck, ISBN:0-13-049917-X-01
7- Introduction to Environmental Engineering & science, Gilbert.M. Masters,
Printice-Hall, 2nd,2004, ISBN:81-203-2600-8
‫هوا‬ ‫آلودی‬ ‫تعریف‬
‫جام‬ ‫از‬ ‫اعم‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫تغییر‬ ‫را‬ ‫خشک‬ ‫هوای‬ ‫یا‬ ‫اتمسفر‬ ‫طبیع‬ ‫ترکیب‬ ‫آنچه‬ ‫هر‬، ‫د‬
‫مولک‬ ‫یا‬ ‫عنصر‬ ‫و‬ ‫نامیده‬ ‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬ ‫را‬ ‫حاصله‬ ‫وضعیت‬ ‫گاز‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫مایع‬‫ول‬(‫کال‬
‫مواد‬)‫گوییم‬ ‫آالینده‬ ‫بعضا‬ ‫یا‬ ‫آالیه‬ ‫را‬ ‫دهنده‬ ‫تغییر‬( .‫خسارت‬ ‫از‬ ‫فارغ‬‫دارند‬ ‫که‬ ‫ی‬
‫خیر‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬)
‫ترکیب‬‫اتمسفر‬–‫ثابت‬ ‫های‬ ‫غلظت‬
‫غلظت‬(ppm) ‫شیمیایی‬ ‫فرمول‬ ‫عنصر‬
780 , 840 N2 ‫ازت‬
209 , 460 O2 ‫اکسیژن‬
9.34 Ar ‫آرگون‬
18.18 Ne ‫نئون‬
5.24 He ‫هلیوم‬
1.14 Kr ‫کریپتون‬
0.5 H2 ‫هیدروژن‬
0.09 Xe ‫زنون‬
‫ترکیب‬‫اتمسفر‬–‫متغیر‬ ‫های‬ ‫غلظت‬
‫غلظت‬(ppm) ‫شیمیایی‬ ‫فرمول‬ ‫عنصر‬
0.1 – 30000 H2O ‫آب‬ ‫بخار‬
350 CO2 ‫کربن‬ ‫اکسید‬ ‫دی‬
1.67 CH4 ‫متان‬
0.3 N2O ‫اکسید‬‫نیروس‬
0.19 CO ‫کربن‬ ‫منواکسید‬
0.004 O3 ‫ازن‬
0.001 NH3 ‫آمونیاک‬
‫جهان‬ ‫در‬ ‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫های‬ ‫رخداد‬ ‫و‬ ‫وقایع‬
‫میوز‬ ‫دره‬
(1-3 Oct 1930)
Meuse Valley
(26-31 Oct 1948)
Donora
Pensilvania
(2-9 Des 1952)
London
‫جمعیت‬ N/A 12300 - 14000 8000000
‫توپوگرافی‬ ‫رود‬-‫دره‬ ‫رود‬–‫دره‬ ‫رود‬–‫دشت‬
‫شرایط‬‫هوایی‬ ‫و‬ ‫آب‬
‫رخداد‬ ‫هنگام‬
Anticyclone +
Inversion + Fog
Anticyclone +
Inversion + Fog
Anticyclone +
Inversion + Fog
‫آالینده‬ ‫اصلی‬ ‫منبع‬ ‫صنایع‬(‫روی‬ ‫و‬ ‫فوالد‬) ‫صنایع‬(‫فوالد‬‫روی‬ ‫و‬) ‫خانگی‬(‫گرمایشی‬)
‫مصرفی‬ ‫سوخت‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫ذغال‬‫سنگ‬ ‫ذغال‬‫سنگ‬ ‫سنگ‬ ‫ذغال‬
‫مسئول‬ ‫آالینده‬ ‫نوع‬ SO2 + TSP SO2 + TSP SO2 + TSP
‫های‬ ‫بیماری‬ ‫ماهیت‬
‫شده‬ ‫حادث‬
‫شیمیایی‬–‫و‬ ‫چشم‬ ‫خارش‬
‫تشنج‬ ‫و‬ ‫بینی‬
‫شیمیایی‬–‫تشنج‬ ‫و‬ ‫خارش‬ ‫شیمیایی‬–‫و‬ ‫خارش‬‫تشنج‬
‫تعداد‬‫میر‬ ‫و‬ ‫مرگ‬ 63 17 – 20 4000
‫میر‬ ‫و‬ ‫مرگ‬ ‫شروع‬ ‫وقوع‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫ثانیه‬ ‫چند‬ ‫پس‬ ‫ثانیه‬ ‫چند‬‫شروع‬ ‫از‬
‫وقوع‬
‫واقعه‬ ‫اول‬ ‫روز‬ ‫از‬ ‫شروع‬
•، ‫گردید‬ ‫ذکر‬ ‫جدول‬ ‫در‬ ‫جهان‬ ‫در‬ ‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫واقعه‬ ‫سه‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫گرچه‬
‫سال‬ ‫از‬ ‫متفاوتی‬ ‫وقایع‬ ‫عمال‬ ‫لیکن‬852‫تا‬ ‫میالدی‬1963‫میالدی‬(1963
‫با‬ ‫لندن‬700‫میر‬ ‫و‬ ‫مرگ‬)‫از‬ ‫بیش‬ ‫که‬ ‫پیوسته‬ ‫وقوع‬ ‫به‬10‫ثبت‬ ‫به‬ ‫مورد‬
‫است‬ ‫رسیده‬.
•‫آنتروپوژن‬ ‫منابع‬ ‫گروه‬ ‫دو‬ ‫به‬ ‫اولیه‬ ‫بندی‬ ‫دسته‬ ‫منابع‬ ‫پیرامون‬
(Anthropogentic Sourced)‫ژئوپوژن‬ ‫منابع‬ ‫و‬
(Geopogenic Sources)‫گردند‬ ‫می‬ ‫بندی‬ ‫تقسیم‬.
‫جهان‬ ‫در‬ ‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫های‬ ‫رخداد‬ ‫و‬ ‫وقایع‬
•‫به‬ ‫نزدیک‬ ‫اتمسفر‬ ‫عمق‬ ‫که‬ ‫رسد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫به‬ ‫گرچه‬1000‫باشد‬ ‫کیلومتر‬
‫از‬ ‫بیش‬ ‫واقع‬ ‫در‬ ‫لیکن‬95%‫حداکثر‬ ‫عمق‬ ‫در‬ ‫هوا‬ ‫جرم‬ ‫از‬18km‫سطح‬
‫از‬ ‫بیش‬ ‫عبارتی‬ ‫به‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫زمین‬80%، ‫آب‬ ‫بخار‬ ‫تمام‬ ‫تقریبا‬ ‫و‬ ‫هوا‬ ‫جرم‬
‫اتم‬ ‫از‬ ‫زمین‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫جوار‬ ‫هم‬ ‫الیه‬ ‫ترین‬ ‫پایین‬ ‫در‬ ‫جوی‬ ‫های‬‫بارش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ابرها‬‫سفر‬
‫حدود‬ ‫ای‬ ‫فاصله‬ ‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫تروپسفر‬ ‫به‬ ‫موسوم‬12‫سطح‬ ‫از‬ ‫کیلومتری‬
‫است‬ ‫شده‬ ‫واقع‬ ‫زمین‬.
•‫د‬ ‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬ ‫بر‬ ‫شگفتی‬ ‫بسیار‬ ‫اثر‬ ‫و‬ ‫اهمیت‬ ‫هواشناسی‬ ‫علوم‬‫ارد‬.
1-‫آالینده‬ ‫منابع‬
2-‫کننده‬ ‫دریافت‬
3-‫آالینده‬ ‫حرکت‬
‫هو‬ ‫آلودگی‬‫ا‬
Vertical Temperatures and Zones
•Troposphere
– Lowest layer of atmosphere
– Temperature decreases with
height on average – 6.5 oC/km
– Depth varies from 8-18 km
– Characterized by vertical and
horizontal air motion; Location of
all "weather" phenomena
– Characterized by 2 regions
•Planetary boundary layer(~ 1 km
depth)
•Free troposphere
Vertical Temperatures and Zones
•Tropopause
– Layer of air immediately
above troposphere
– Temperature is isothermal
– Varies in depth
•Stratopause
– Isothermal conditions
– Forms boundary between
stratosphere & mesosphere
Vertical Temperatures and Zones
•Stratosphere
– Temperature increases with height to
altitude of 45-55 km
– Very stable region with little vertical
mixing of air
– Few clouds/no weather
– Warmer temperatures due to
absorption of UV radiation
– Complex chemistry involving NO, OH.,
NH3, O, O2, O3, Cl + other species.
– Chapman Reactions:
O+ O2 + M  O3 + M
O + O+ M  O2 + M
O3 + h  O2 + O + Heat
for h corresponding to 0.24   
0.30 m
Vertical Temperatures and Zones
•Mesosphere
– Temperature decreases with height up
to an altitude of 85 km
– Coldest region of atmosphere
– Rapid vertical mixing
– Photo dissociation of oxygen:
• O2 + h  2O + Heat
for h corresponding to 0.18    0.24
m
• Chapman Reactions:
O+ O2 + M  O3 + M
O + O+ M  O2 + M
O3 + h  O2 + O + Heat
for h corresponding to 0.24    0.30
~m
Vertical Temperatures and Zones
•Thermosphere
– Extends from 90-95 km to ~ 1000 km
– High thermodynamic temperatures
(~1200 oC)
– Solar energy absorbed by N2 & O2
•Results in photo-ionization
•Ionized layer called the ionosphere
–Reflects radio signals

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Air pollution # session 1

  • 1. ‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬ ‫پور‬ ‫شفیع‬ ‫دکتر‬ ‫مهندس‬‫انواری‬ ‫احمد‬ ‫پاییز‬1391
  • 2. ‫منابع‬ •1-‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬–‫الدین‬ ‫غیاث‬ ‫منصور‬ ‫دکتر‬(‫ترجمه‬)1957(‫محیط‬ ‫بهداشت‬ ‫مهندسین‬ ‫برای‬) •2-‫محیطی‬ ‫زیست‬ ‫آلودگی‬–‫پور‬ ‫عباس‬ ‫مجید‬ ‫دکتر‬–2‫جلد‬ •3-‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬ ‫مهندسی‬–‫مطلق‬ ‫پور‬ ‫شفیع‬ ‫مجید‬ ‫دکتر‬ ‫نگارش‬ 4- introduction to environmental engineering, M.L. Davis & D.A …. , Mc-Graw-Hill, 2nd,1991, ISBN:0-07-100828-4 5- Environmental science & Engineering, J.G.henry & G.W. Heinke, printe-Hell,1989, ISBN:0-13-284159-2 6- The Atmosphere-An Introduction to meterology, 3rd, 1986, F.r.Lotgens & E.J.Tarbuck, ISBN:0-13-049917-X-01 7- Introduction to Environmental Engineering & science, Gilbert.M. Masters, Printice-Hall, 2nd,2004, ISBN:81-203-2600-8
  • 3. ‫هوا‬ ‫آلودی‬ ‫تعریف‬ ‫جام‬ ‫از‬ ‫اعم‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫تغییر‬ ‫را‬ ‫خشک‬ ‫هوای‬ ‫یا‬ ‫اتمسفر‬ ‫طبیع‬ ‫ترکیب‬ ‫آنچه‬ ‫هر‬، ‫د‬ ‫مولک‬ ‫یا‬ ‫عنصر‬ ‫و‬ ‫نامیده‬ ‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬ ‫را‬ ‫حاصله‬ ‫وضعیت‬ ‫گاز‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫مایع‬‫ول‬(‫کال‬ ‫مواد‬)‫گوییم‬ ‫آالینده‬ ‫بعضا‬ ‫یا‬ ‫آالیه‬ ‫را‬ ‫دهنده‬ ‫تغییر‬( .‫خسارت‬ ‫از‬ ‫فارغ‬‫دارند‬ ‫که‬ ‫ی‬ ‫خیر‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬)
  • 4. ‫ترکیب‬‫اتمسفر‬–‫ثابت‬ ‫های‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫غلظت‬(ppm) ‫شیمیایی‬ ‫فرمول‬ ‫عنصر‬ 780 , 840 N2 ‫ازت‬ 209 , 460 O2 ‫اکسیژن‬ 9.34 Ar ‫آرگون‬ 18.18 Ne ‫نئون‬ 5.24 He ‫هلیوم‬ 1.14 Kr ‫کریپتون‬ 0.5 H2 ‫هیدروژن‬ 0.09 Xe ‫زنون‬
  • 5. ‫ترکیب‬‫اتمسفر‬–‫متغیر‬ ‫های‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫غلظت‬(ppm) ‫شیمیایی‬ ‫فرمول‬ ‫عنصر‬ 0.1 – 30000 H2O ‫آب‬ ‫بخار‬ 350 CO2 ‫کربن‬ ‫اکسید‬ ‫دی‬ 1.67 CH4 ‫متان‬ 0.3 N2O ‫اکسید‬‫نیروس‬ 0.19 CO ‫کربن‬ ‫منواکسید‬ 0.004 O3 ‫ازن‬ 0.001 NH3 ‫آمونیاک‬
  • 6. ‫جهان‬ ‫در‬ ‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫های‬ ‫رخداد‬ ‫و‬ ‫وقایع‬ ‫میوز‬ ‫دره‬ (1-3 Oct 1930) Meuse Valley (26-31 Oct 1948) Donora Pensilvania (2-9 Des 1952) London ‫جمعیت‬ N/A 12300 - 14000 8000000 ‫توپوگرافی‬ ‫رود‬-‫دره‬ ‫رود‬–‫دره‬ ‫رود‬–‫دشت‬ ‫شرایط‬‫هوایی‬ ‫و‬ ‫آب‬ ‫رخداد‬ ‫هنگام‬ Anticyclone + Inversion + Fog Anticyclone + Inversion + Fog Anticyclone + Inversion + Fog ‫آالینده‬ ‫اصلی‬ ‫منبع‬ ‫صنایع‬(‫روی‬ ‫و‬ ‫فوالد‬) ‫صنایع‬(‫فوالد‬‫روی‬ ‫و‬) ‫خانگی‬(‫گرمایشی‬) ‫مصرفی‬ ‫سوخت‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫ذغال‬‫سنگ‬ ‫ذغال‬‫سنگ‬ ‫سنگ‬ ‫ذغال‬ ‫مسئول‬ ‫آالینده‬ ‫نوع‬ SO2 + TSP SO2 + TSP SO2 + TSP ‫های‬ ‫بیماری‬ ‫ماهیت‬ ‫شده‬ ‫حادث‬ ‫شیمیایی‬–‫و‬ ‫چشم‬ ‫خارش‬ ‫تشنج‬ ‫و‬ ‫بینی‬ ‫شیمیایی‬–‫تشنج‬ ‫و‬ ‫خارش‬ ‫شیمیایی‬–‫و‬ ‫خارش‬‫تشنج‬ ‫تعداد‬‫میر‬ ‫و‬ ‫مرگ‬ 63 17 – 20 4000 ‫میر‬ ‫و‬ ‫مرگ‬ ‫شروع‬ ‫وقوع‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫ثانیه‬ ‫چند‬ ‫پس‬ ‫ثانیه‬ ‫چند‬‫شروع‬ ‫از‬ ‫وقوع‬ ‫واقعه‬ ‫اول‬ ‫روز‬ ‫از‬ ‫شروع‬
  • 7. •، ‫گردید‬ ‫ذکر‬ ‫جدول‬ ‫در‬ ‫جهان‬ ‫در‬ ‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫واقعه‬ ‫سه‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫گرچه‬ ‫سال‬ ‫از‬ ‫متفاوتی‬ ‫وقایع‬ ‫عمال‬ ‫لیکن‬852‫تا‬ ‫میالدی‬1963‫میالدی‬(1963 ‫با‬ ‫لندن‬700‫میر‬ ‫و‬ ‫مرگ‬)‫از‬ ‫بیش‬ ‫که‬ ‫پیوسته‬ ‫وقوع‬ ‫به‬10‫ثبت‬ ‫به‬ ‫مورد‬ ‫است‬ ‫رسیده‬. •‫آنتروپوژن‬ ‫منابع‬ ‫گروه‬ ‫دو‬ ‫به‬ ‫اولیه‬ ‫بندی‬ ‫دسته‬ ‫منابع‬ ‫پیرامون‬ (Anthropogentic Sourced)‫ژئوپوژن‬ ‫منابع‬ ‫و‬ (Geopogenic Sources)‫گردند‬ ‫می‬ ‫بندی‬ ‫تقسیم‬. ‫جهان‬ ‫در‬ ‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫های‬ ‫رخداد‬ ‫و‬ ‫وقایع‬
  • 8. •‫به‬ ‫نزدیک‬ ‫اتمسفر‬ ‫عمق‬ ‫که‬ ‫رسد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫به‬ ‫گرچه‬1000‫باشد‬ ‫کیلومتر‬ ‫از‬ ‫بیش‬ ‫واقع‬ ‫در‬ ‫لیکن‬95%‫حداکثر‬ ‫عمق‬ ‫در‬ ‫هوا‬ ‫جرم‬ ‫از‬18km‫سطح‬ ‫از‬ ‫بیش‬ ‫عبارتی‬ ‫به‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫زمین‬80%، ‫آب‬ ‫بخار‬ ‫تمام‬ ‫تقریبا‬ ‫و‬ ‫هوا‬ ‫جرم‬ ‫اتم‬ ‫از‬ ‫زمین‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫جوار‬ ‫هم‬ ‫الیه‬ ‫ترین‬ ‫پایین‬ ‫در‬ ‫جوی‬ ‫های‬‫بارش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ابرها‬‫سفر‬ ‫حدود‬ ‫ای‬ ‫فاصله‬ ‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫تروپسفر‬ ‫به‬ ‫موسوم‬12‫سطح‬ ‫از‬ ‫کیلومتری‬ ‫است‬ ‫شده‬ ‫واقع‬ ‫زمین‬. •‫د‬ ‫هوا‬ ‫آلودگی‬ ‫بر‬ ‫شگفتی‬ ‫بسیار‬ ‫اثر‬ ‫و‬ ‫اهمیت‬ ‫هواشناسی‬ ‫علوم‬‫ارد‬. 1-‫آالینده‬ ‫منابع‬ 2-‫کننده‬ ‫دریافت‬ 3-‫آالینده‬ ‫حرکت‬ ‫هو‬ ‫آلودگی‬‫ا‬
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. Vertical Temperatures and Zones •Troposphere – Lowest layer of atmosphere – Temperature decreases with height on average – 6.5 oC/km – Depth varies from 8-18 km – Characterized by vertical and horizontal air motion; Location of all "weather" phenomena – Characterized by 2 regions •Planetary boundary layer(~ 1 km depth) •Free troposphere
  • 12. Vertical Temperatures and Zones •Tropopause – Layer of air immediately above troposphere – Temperature is isothermal – Varies in depth •Stratopause – Isothermal conditions – Forms boundary between stratosphere & mesosphere
  • 13. Vertical Temperatures and Zones •Stratosphere – Temperature increases with height to altitude of 45-55 km – Very stable region with little vertical mixing of air – Few clouds/no weather – Warmer temperatures due to absorption of UV radiation – Complex chemistry involving NO, OH., NH3, O, O2, O3, Cl + other species. – Chapman Reactions: O+ O2 + M  O3 + M O + O+ M  O2 + M O3 + h  O2 + O + Heat for h corresponding to 0.24    0.30 m
  • 14. Vertical Temperatures and Zones •Mesosphere – Temperature decreases with height up to an altitude of 85 km – Coldest region of atmosphere – Rapid vertical mixing – Photo dissociation of oxygen: • O2 + h  2O + Heat for h corresponding to 0.18    0.24 m • Chapman Reactions: O+ O2 + M  O3 + M O + O+ M  O2 + M O3 + h  O2 + O + Heat for h corresponding to 0.24    0.30 ~m
  • 15. Vertical Temperatures and Zones •Thermosphere – Extends from 90-95 km to ~ 1000 km – High thermodynamic temperatures (~1200 oC) – Solar energy absorbed by N2 & O2 •Results in photo-ionization •Ionized layer called the ionosphere –Reflects radio signals