Satellite Communication for IoT Networks – Emerging Trends

Satellite
Communication
for IoT Networks
Overview of the Emerging Trends

Contents
Introduction
Need for Satellite Communication in the IoT Ecosystem
IoT Applications Using Satellite Communication
Trends in Satellite IoT Communication
Exploration of New Orbits for IoT Applications
Table of Comparison
How GEO Satellites are Enabling IoT Applications?
How LEO Satellites are Addressing the Requirements
of the IoT market?
Integration of Satellite and 5G Networks for
Connected Environments
Blockchain and Quantum Communication Providing
Secure Satellite IoT Operations
Machine Learning Building Intelligent Satellite Networks
Evolutionary Antenna Technologies Enabling Satellite-IoT
Device Communication
Mining
Maritime
Asset Tracking
Other Applications
Impact of Emerging Technologies on the Satellite IoT Ecosystem
4
5
7
7
8
8
9
Transformation in the Satellite Industry for IoT Market 10
11
12
13
13
14
15
15
16
16
17

Satellite Companies Targeting IoT Market
Traditional Satellite Providers
Inmarsat
Iridium Communications
Intelsat
Globalstar
Orbcomm
Other Key Companies
Satellite IoT Startups
Funding Graph
Emerging Companies Providing LEO Nanosatellites
Other Innovative Startups in the Domain
Amazon Entering the Satellite Industry
Insights & Recommendations
Key Deductions
Opportunities for Other Non-Space Companies
Automotive Industry: Utilizing LEO Satellite Solutions
Mobile Operators and Telecom Companies:
Expanding IoT Portfolios
Cloud Providers and IT Companies: Delivering
Innovative Infrastructure
18
19
19
19
19
20
20
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21
21
23
27
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31
31
32
32
32
References 33

Introduction
The IoT landscape is continuously evolving.
With both individual consumers and organizations
recognizing the value of Machine to Machine (M2M)
communications and the need for interconnectivity
across levels, there is a rising demand for increased
connectivity. Terrestrial networks are currently
addressing these infrastructure requirements.
Growing demand for IoT solutions calls for satellite
connectivity to reach the areas underserved by the
terrestrial-based IoT systems. While satellite
communication has been attempting to replace
terrestrial networks for use cases involving
broadcasting, voice, and data at a commercial level,
earlier attempts from companies such as Iridium,
Globalstar, and Teledisc have been unsuccessful,
leading to bankruptcies.
Bulky handsets, weak signals, and omnidirectional
solutions have restricted the adoption of satellite
communication on a large scale. However, its
adoption in IoT is transforming the scenario.
Globalstar and Iridium have managed to become
profitable with their LEO constellations, and are now
trying to address the demands of the IoT applications
market. Other companies are also launching their
satellites (mostly, in non-synchronous orbits) to
improve global internet connectivity, several of which
are specifically designated for IoT.1
The future of IoT lies in the state of innovations and
developments that are happening in the satellite
industry, with the advantages of space-based IoT
looking set to define the nature of
interconnectedness for next generation societies.

Need for Satellite Communication in the
IoT Ecosystem
Global coverage
High Throughput
High Range
Bi- Directional
Communication
Real-time
Communication
Low Cost
Connectivity
Low Power
Consumption
Secure
Communication
High Mobility
Requirements in
Connectivity for
IoT Network
The IoT market is exploring different
wireless connectivity solutions to tap the
full potential of interconnected devices,
with global connectivity being the primary
driver for a successful network.
Different IoT use cases and solutions have
different connectivity requirements. How
weleverage satellite and terrestrial networks
for IoT applications, therefore, depends on
the technical advantages and limitations of
these communication systems. For
instance, latency is a major source of
difference between satellite and cellular
connectivity.
Currently, terrestrial services (cellular,
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LoRA or Sigfox) are
driving IoT deployments. Cellular
networks have emerged as being
especially suitable for applications
where real time connection and speed
is important. The wider coverage of
satellite solutions, however, has been a
key enabler for the extension of IoT
services in remote areas where cellular
connectivity is unavailable. This is
critical for applications such as smart
farming, deep-water applications,
mission critical services, oil and gas,
mining, and transportation – where
round the clock network coverage is
crucial.
Connectivity Requirement for IoT Network
5

Cellular networks cover only 10% of the
world at present, while the remaining
90% are facing connectivity gaps.
Satellites can help bridge this gap by
providing coverage for even the most
remote areas.
The pervasive nature of satellite
communications, combined with other
advantages including wide coverage
and high availability, is garnering
interest in the IoT segment.
In the near term, satellite will become a
key technology for IoT providers to
deliver and advance improved IoT
application.
Satellites are the only solution for com-
plementing terrestrial capabilities for
the future IoT market. The
complementarities of satellite and
terrestrial communication is therefore
driving the exploration of hybrid
conﬁgurations for enabling IoT
applications.
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
ZigBee
Satellite
Cellular 4G
Cellular 2G/3G
Cat-M1 (LTE-M)
Cat-NB1 (LNB IoT)
Cellular 5G
Range and Throughput of Wireless Technologies (Source: Hewlett Packard Enterprise (2016) 2)
6
10 m 100 m 1 Km 10 Km 100 Km 1,000 Km
Range
10 Gbps
1 Gbps
100 Mbps
10 Mbps
1 Mbp
100 Kbps
10 Kbps
Throughput

7
Trends in Satellite IoT
Communication

Exploration of New Orbits for IoT Applications
MEO
200 - 34000 Km
GEO
~36000 Km
LEO
160 - 2000 Km
Lower Launch Cost Path Loss > LEO Constant View
The three primary orbits available for
satellites are low earth orbit (LEO),
medium earth orbit (MEO), and
geostationary earth orbit (GEO). These
orbits are deﬁned on their distance
from the surface of the earth. Satellites
are grouped according to either their
application, or the orbit that they
follow. Satellites in higher orbits move
at a slower speed than the ones in the
lower orbits. Also, the GEO satellites are
larger, heavier and costlier than the
smaller counterparts.
Types of Satellite Orbits
8

Table of Comparison
Parameters LEO Satellites GEO Satellites
Weight
Size
Distance from Earth
Orbital Period
Satellite Life
Number of handoffs
Path Loss
Cost
Coverage
Latency
<10 kg < 10,000 kg
Nanosatellites Traditional satellites
500-1500 km ~36,000 km
10-40 minutes (orbit the earth multiple times in a day) 24 hours
Short Long
High Low
Low High
Low
Low
Low Latency High
High
High
The selection of satellite orbit depends
on the requirements of the IoT
application. GEO satellites appear to be
stationary when seen from a ﬁxed point
on earth. These satellites are placed
approximately 36,000 kilometers from
the earth’s surface. They are mostly used
for imagery, direct to home broadcasts,
and internet connectivity.
Several companies are ................. all
through conventional GEO satellites.4
IoT applications require low cost, low
power, and small size terminals that can
effectively perform the task of signal
transfer with minimum loss. The
path loss between GEO satellites and
Earth, however, limits their use for most
of the IoT applications. To avoid this, ..........
...................................................................................................
number of satellites can be operated in
the GEO orbit.
Owing to these limitations of GEO
satellites, most of the emerging entities,
as well the core companies are planning
to develop LEO satellite constellations to
better meet the IoT demands.5
Applications that do ..................... as as they
provide more coverage in such situations
when
How GEO Satellites are Enabling IoT Applications?
99

LEO satellites are deployed closer to the
earth’s surface and are much smaller than
the GEO satellites. Communication
enabled by LEO ..............................................................
.........................................................................................................
.................................. antennas with designs
optimized for specific use cases.
LEO satellites put forward a
significant case for IoT connectivity
requirements, however, .............................................
............... of both for providing seamless
connectivity.
Apart from the advantages of low
manufacturing cost of the LEO IoT
satellites, there are few other
complexities associated with these
satellites. There is a need for
developing techniques to manage
...................
...........................................................................................
of LEO satellites in orbit. Antenna
technologies and increased number
of ground gateways will be required
for the LEO ecosystem, adding to the
overall cost.
compared to LEO satellites that are
continuously moving. Another way of using
GEO satellites is to follow the hybrid
approach, where terrestrial networks can do
data collection andsatellites serve as the
backhaul. Multi-orbit configurations are also
being the earth’s surface. They are mostly
deployed to .....................................................
.......................................................................... the
constellations (LEO/GEO satellites)
would still need to be addressed.
How LEO Satellites are Addressing the Requirements of
the IoT market?
10

Impact of Emerging Technologies on the
Satellite IoT Ecosystem
Integration of Satellite and 5G Networks for Connected
Environments
The use of 5G network in the implementation of a hybrid configuration (5G/satellite) can
provide access in underserved areas. Telecom companies are working in collaboration
with satellite companies, standard development organizations like 3GPP, and
government bodies like ESA to implement necessary adaptations in a 5G hybrid network
including modulation techniques, forward error correction, multi access schemes, and
interference management techniques.6
3GPP’s Release 16 Technical Specification Group
TR 22.822 defines a study for satellite access in 5G and IoT environments. The Shared
Access Terrestrial-Satellite Backhaul Enabled by Smart Antenna (SANSA) project (2015 to
2018) by the European Commission aimed at boosting mobile wireless backhaul to
overcome the potential problems 5G traffic will pose.7
Overall, the integration of satellite and terrestrial serves two purposes for a telecom
company, viz.
They can use satellite backhaul services for 5G solutions: Although, satellite
communication cannot replace the existing terrestrial and mobile communication
infrastructure, it can act as a redundancy. Many MNOs are starting to see the
importance of dual-mode connectivity where satellite comes into play in locations
with shaky or no terrestrial connectivity. Some MNOs are also testing efficient
satellite backhaul services for 5G solutions. Vodafone, Telesat, and the University of
Surrey have successfully demonstrated LEO satellite backhaul for 5G applications like
video chatting, web browsing, and streaming of 8K video with latency of around
18-40 milliseconds.8
Furthermore, satellite companies such as Gilat and LeoSat have
also launched a 5G-ready satellite backhaul.
IoT connectivity technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LoRaWan, LPWAN, and others
offer low-power operation but are not seamless and interoperable. This
fragmentation of communication technologies hinders the growth of always-on
connectivity – the cornerstone of IoT applications. 5G network is an upgrade that
addresses this gap, and looks capable of facilitating seamless M2M communications
in addition to traditional person-to-person connectivity. These networks can also
potentially overcome various other challenges in the interconnected world of
tomorrow. MNOs are exploring IoT use cases based on 5G connectivity with LEO
satellites for enhancing the reliability of communication and increasing their
network reach.
11

Blockchain and Quantum Communication Providing Secure
Satellite IoT Operations
12
HeliosWire, a Canadian ............................................................................................... system is built on a satel-
lite connectivity infrastructure that offers ............................. using S-band spectrum (30 MHz).
The company’s LEO satellite constellation works in combination with the existing terres-
trial networks including LPWAN and LoRa, allowing actionable insights as a service.
Industry focus includes transportation, consumer, logistics, security/public safety, energy,
mining, industrial/construction, agriculture, and animal management.10
................................................................................ on the existing satellite and terrestrial-based solutions.12
The company plans to reduce latency that is currently in the range of 1-5 hours to as low
as 15 minutes. This will also allow the company to expand its services into new verticals.
Furthermore, as an early adopter of blockchain in space-IoT applications, ......................................
will add value to business use cases.
Another startup, QSAT™ or QubitSat™, a division of Stealth Grid Ltd., is providing
blockchain satellite technology integrated ................... . The QSAT™ ecosystem includes
proprietary ................................................................................ The application areas of focus include smart
cities, autonomous cars, and M2M/IoT. The company is also setting a stage for next
generation 5G backhaul technologies.14
The incorporation of intelligent solutions in the satellite market is an advancement for
meeting the dynamic requirements of IoT applications. Such techniques can address
the challenges of the satellite industry especially in multi-satellite environment.
Exploration of artiﬁcial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms for the
satellite industry can bring maximized efﬁciency. Apart from the use of ML models on
the ground level related to analytics-based insight for the end applications, these
models are critical for improving the functions in the deep space environment as well.
Some of these use cases include:
Neural networks can be applied to determine ...................... provide higher reliability and
improve the quality of service.15
Deep learning techniques for ........................
................................. can be leveraged for ensuring the exact position of any satellite.17
Machine Learning Building Intelligent Satellite Networks
Fault prediction technologies leveraging ML techniques are useful in dealing with
uncertainties and optimizing the operation next time.18
AI algorithms for ....................... bring automation in the control operations in the orbit.19
Deep reinforcement learning techniques for .................................................................... and improve
performance in the long term.20

13
Evolutionary Antenna Technologies Enabling
Satellite-IoT Device Communication
The user terminal or the user end of the satellite ecosystem needs antennas that can
support both satellite as well as terrestrial communication. Electronically steerable
antennas (ESAs) including phased array antennas and metamaterial-based antennas
are gaining importance owing to their fast dynamic speed, low cost, modular designs,
ﬁne steering resolution, and more importantly the ability to repoint almost
instantaneously for tracking moving LEO satellites. Additionally, .........................................................
.............................................................................. mmwave spectrums are already preparing for the
future of interconnected world of tomorrow. Currently, the price of these antennas is
........................................................................... accelerated adoption in diverse IoT use cases.
Satellite operators can collaborate with companies that are ....................................................................
With such partnerships, they can expand into ......................................................................................................
with a better visibility on the lifecycle of a product or service. Furthermore, chemical
companies or the material suppliers can offer the antenna companies their expertise in
............................................ challenges associated with steering range of the hybrid antennas.
Companies Providing Technologies for Seamless Switching Between Terrestrial and Satellite Networks

14
Satellite Companies
Targeting IoT Market

Traditional Satellite Providers
Inmarsat
Inmarsat is a leading satellite communication company that operates a series of GEO
satellites in the L-, Ka- and S- bands for IoT services. The company is set to launch the
next generation Inmarsat 6 (I-6) and Global Xpress satellites in 2020 and 2023,
respectively. The I-6 fleet features Ka-band payloads and can support 5G applications. The
Global Xpress satellites are software-defined satellites with dynamic beamforming
capabilities for the creation of thousands of independent beams for boosting
performance. This series is going to be backward compatible with Inmarsat’s existing
fleet that ensures redundancy. Inmarsat’s satellites are manufactured by Airbus and the
company is working with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for the satellite launchers.21
Although, Inmarsat operates GEO satellites, it has collaborated with Orbcomm that
provide LEO constellation for M2M solutions.22 23
Additionally, Inmarsat’s agreement with
satellite terminal provider Addvalue is focused on the development of constellation of
Inter-Satellite Data Relay System (IDRS™) for continuous LEO satellite connectivity.24
Microsoft is also a key partner of Inmarsat for delivering cloud services via satellite
communication for industrial IoT solutions.
Iridium Communications is using its constellation of 66 cross-linked LEO satellite for
building an IoT network. In partnership with Amazon Web Services, Iridium is offering
CloudConnect solutions, where IoT devices connected with Iridium network can
communicate with Amazon’s cloud server natively. The company’s Iridium Edge®,
satellite IoT communications device allows easy IoT deployment and complements
terrestrial-based solutions for global connectivity. Iridium Edge® is a cost-effective
satellite IoT communications device that can be rapidly deployed and complements
terrestrial-based solutions to create worldwide connectivity.25
Iridium is also partnering
with startups such as Hiber to complement its IoT services.
Intelsat
Intelsat’s Global EPICNG
Network is a constellation of six high throughput satellites (HTS)
that enables interconnectivity between C-, Ku- and Ka-bands. The EPICNG
platform
provides features such as wide beam, spot beams, frequency reuse for efficient use if
spectrum, interoperability and open architecture.26
The application areas of focus include
maritime, aerospace, aquaculture, etc.27
The platform offers backward compatibility with
the company’s existing space fleets and global IntelsatOne® terrestrial network. The
company has collaborated with OneWeb for hybrid LEO/GEO services and is also focusing
on Ku-band ecosystem for low-latency, hybrid services. Furthermore, Intelsat has
partnered with electronically steerable antenna (ESA) makers such as Phasor and
Kymeta for various IoT applications. The company has launched Mobile Reach Manage
for helping MNOs with fully managed cellular backhaul for 2G/3G/4G. The next-
generation of Intelsat’s EPICNG
platform is expected to be software-defined to provide
reduced time to market that will also be an important driving factor of 5G deployments.28
Iridium Communications
15

Satellite IoT Startups
Vector
Commsat
Kepler Communications
Accion Systems
Myriota
Hiber
SAS
Open Cosmos
HeliosWire
Astrocast
Analytical Space
Fleet Space
0 120100
102.8
30.4
21.1
15.5
15
14.5
12
7
6
4.17
4
3.4
20 40 60 80
Total Funding (USD Mn)
Funding Graph
Innovators in the Newspace domain are attracting investors for driving growth in
....................................................................................................................................................................................................
demand for small satellites is growing with a considerable need for reducing the time to
space (within weeks). As a result, launching platform providers such as
........................................................................................................................................................................................................... to
build a sustainable roadmap. Furthermore, the frontrunner in Chinese Newspace
market, Commsat is second on the list of highly funded companies. Other innovators
that are planning to build massive LEO constellations (Kepler Communications, Myriota,
and SAS), developing disruptive turn-key services ...............................................................................................
companies with maximum funding raised.
16

Nanosatellite
Startups
Antenna
Developers
Other Innovative
Companies
17

18
Company Overview Future Focus
Currently, Myriota’s solutions typically
take between one and two hours for the
overall process from collection of
messages to transfer to the cloud and
distribution.37
As a step towards this goal, Myriota has
plans to launch around 50 nanosatellites
in the next five years in partnership with
Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, a company
that designs and builds custom
nanosatellite solutions.38
Leveraging its global network of
LEO satellite constellation, modules,
and developer tools, Myriota caters to several
IoT use cases.34
Agriculture is the primary focus, followed
by utilities metering, asset tracking,
environmental monitoring, defense, and
logistics.35
Myriota’s modules are based on a
patented low-power, low-cost technology
that allows bidirectional data transfer
directly from and to the cloud via
nanosatellites. This means IoT devices can
directly communicate with the LEO satellites,
eliminating the need for an aggregator or
base stations on the ground.
Myriota has a portfolio of more than
20 patents covering aspects ranging from core
signal processing algorithms to system
components and top-level architectures.36
Founded:
2015
HQ:
Adelaide,
Australia
Aistech is a space big data company
that is aiming to democratize space
technologies leveraging its nanosatellite
constellation.
The areas of focus include remote asset
management, earth observation,
aviation tracking, surveillance, etc.39
Aistech plans to develop a constellation
of around 150 nanosatellites till 2022.
Its DANU constellation is mainly focused
on providing connectivity to M2M/IoT
applications.
The first 10 nanosatellites of the DANU
constellation are expected to be
launched in the third quarter of 2019.40
The company has partnered with
Gomscope for realizing this goal.41
SAS offers affordable communication
using innovative nanosatellite designs
and proprietary software solutions that
enable autonomous deployment, orbit
control, and communication between
satellites.
The company has already launched three
satellites as a proof of concept and claims
to be one of the first movers in the B2B
telecom networks that use nanosatellites.
SAS is primarily focused on providing
reliable and affordable connectivity to
underserved equatorial and tropical
regions.
It can provide narrowband connectivity
services for applications ranging from
telecom, M2M/IoT, and asset tracking.42
SAS has a 2020 vision to develop
The Pearls Constellation with
approximately 200 satellites providing
narrowband connectivity initially in the
equatorial/tropical regions and later
scaling it up to the global level.
The company has plans to launch the
initial batch of 16 satellites in mid-2019.
It has partnered with Gomscope for the
construction of nanosatellites, and with
Virgin Orbits to launch them.
SAS plans to make IoT services available
around the clock every 15 minutes,
making them a reliable IoT service
provider with optimum reduction in
latency.
Founded:
2015
HQ:
London,
UK
Emerging Companies Providing LEO Nanosatellites
Founded:
2015
HQ:
Barcelona,
Spain

20
Automotive Industry: Utilizing LEO Satellite Solutions
Opportunities for Other Non-Space Companies
Always available connectivity is a central requirement for the autonomous vehicles
market and a hybrid satellite and terrestrial network can help meet this. Further, with
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. for autonomous vehicle
applications.
Automakers could consider ..............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................
The company has developed intelligent antenna modules, ..................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................. software solutions to
detect and prevent cyberattacks, a major concern in hybrid networks. The company is
working in .................................................................................................................................... between satellite
and terrestrial networks and address a growing demand for over the air updates. 63 64
The automotive manufacturers also have the option to collaborate with .............................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................
electronically steered antenna solution that can communicate ................................................... the
automotive sector. The company’s multiple demonstrations with Toyota highlight an
accelerated interest among automakers for adopting new satellite technologies.
Rolls Royce Marine and ..........................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................65

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18
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