The Ring programming language version 1.5.3 book - Part 36 of 184

Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3
four
43.4 Stack Class
Parent Class : List Class
Methods:
Method Description/Output
Init(String|Number|List)
Push(Value) Push item to the stack
Pop() Pop item from the stack
Print() Print the stack items
example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
oStack = new Stack
oStack.push(1)
oStack.push(2)
oStack.push(3)
see oStack.pop() + nl
oStack.push(4)
oStack { push("one") push("two") push("three") }
oStack.print()
output:
3
2
1
4
three
two
one
43.5 Queue Class
Methods:
Init(String|Number|List)
Remove() Remove item from the Queue.
example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
oQueue = new Queue
oQueue.add(1)
43.4. Stack Class 325

oQueue.add(2)
oQueue.add(3)
see oQueue.remove() + nl
oQueue.add(4)
oQueue { add("one") add("two") add("three") }
oQueue.print()
output:
1
2
3
4
one
two
three
43.6 HashTable Class
Methods:
Init(List)
Add(cKey,Value) Add item to the HashTable
Set(cKey,Value) Set item value using the Key
GetValue(cKey) Get item value using the Key
Contains(cKey) Check if the HashTable contains item using the Key
Index(cKey) Get the item index using the Key
example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
ohashtable = new hashtable
See "Test the hashtable Class Methods" + nl
ohashtable {
Add("Egypt","Cairo")
Add("KSA","Riyadh")
see self["Egypt"] + nl
see self["KSA"] + nl
see contains("Egypt") + nl
see contains("USA") + nl
see index("KSA") + NL
print()
delete(index("KSA"))
see copy("*",60) + nl
print()
}
output:
43.6. HashTable Class 326

Test the hashtable Class Methods
Cairo
Riyadh
1
0
2
Egypt
Cairo
KSA
Riyadh
************************************************************
Egypt
Cairo
43.7 Tree Class
Data:
Attribute Description
Data Node Value
Children Children List
Methods:
set(value) Set the node value.
value() Get the node value.
Add(value) Add new child.
parent() Get the parent node.
print() Print the tree nodes.
example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
otree = new tree
See "Test the tree Class Methods" + nl
otree {
set("The first step") # set the root node value
see value() + nl
Add("one")
Add("two")
Add("three") {
Add("3.1")
Add("3.2")
Add("3.3")
see children
}
see children
oTree.children[2] {
Add("2.1") Add("2.2") Add("2.3") {
Add("2.3.1") Add("2.3.2") Add("test")
}
}
oTree.children[2].children[3].children[3].set("2.3.3")
}
43.7. Tree Class 327

see copy("*",60) + nl
oTree.print()
output:
Test the tree Class Methods
The first step
data: 3.1
parent: List...
children: List...
data: 3.2
parent: List...
children: List...
data: 3.3
parent: List...
children: List...
data: one
parent: List...
children: List...
data: two
parent: List...
children: List...
data: three
parent: List...
children: List...
************************************************************
one
two
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
three
3.1
3.2
3.3
43.8 Math Class
Methods:
43.8. Math Class 328

Method Description
sin(x) Returns the sine of an angle of x radians
cos(x) Returns the cosine of an angle of x radians
tan(x) Returns the tangent of an angle of x radians
asin(x) Returns the principal value of the arc sine of x, expressed in radians
acos(x) Returns the principal value of the arc cosine of x, expressed in radians
atan(x) Returns the principal value of the arc tangent of x, expressed in radians
atan2(y,x) Returns the principal arc tangent of y/x, in the interval [-pi,+pi] radians
sinh(x) Returns the hyperbolic sine of x radians
cosh(x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x radians
tanh(x) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x radians
exp(x) Returns the value of e raised to the xth power
log(x) Returns the natural logarithm of x
log10(x) Returns the common logarithm (base-10 logarithm) of x
ceil(x) Returns the smallest integer value greater than or equal to x
ﬂoor(x) Returns the largest integer value less than or equal to x
fabs(x) Returns the absolute value of x.
pow(x,y) Returns x raised to the power of y
sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x
random(x) Returns a random number in the range [0,x]
unsigned(n,n,c) Perform operation using unsigned numbers
decimals(n) Determine the decimals digits after the point in ﬂoat/double numbers
example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
oMath = new Math
See "Test the Math Class Methods" + nl
See "Sin(0) = " + oMath.sin(0) + nl
See "Sin(90) radians = " + oMath.sin(90) + nl
See "Sin(90) degree = " + oMath.sin(90*3.14/180) + nl
See "Cos(0) = " + oMath.cos(0) + nl
See "Cos(90) radians = " + oMath.cos(90) + nl
See "Cos(90) degree = " +oMath. cos(90*3.14/180) + nl
See "Tan(0) = " + oMath.tan(0) + nl
See "Tan(90) radians = " + oMath.tan(90) + nl
See "Tan(90) degree = " + oMath.tan(90*3.14/180) + nl
See "asin(0) = " + oMath.asin(0) + nl
See "acos(0) = " + oMath.acos(0) + nl
See "atan(0) = " + oMath.atan(0) + nl
See "atan2(1,1) = " +oMath. atan2(1,1) + nl
See "sinh(0) = " + oMath.sinh(0) + nl
See "sinh(1) = " + oMath.sinh(1) + nl
See "cosh(0) = " + oMath.cosh(0) + nl
See "cosh(1) = " + oMath.cosh(1) + nl
See "tanh(0) = " + oMath.tanh(0) + nl
See "tanh(1) = " + oMath.tanh(1) + nl
See "exp(0) = " + oMath.exp(0) + nl
See "exp(1) = " + oMath.exp(1) + nl
See "log(1) = " + oMath.log(1) + nl

See "log(2) = " + oMath.log(2) + nl
See "log10(1) = " + oMath.log10(1) + nl
See "Ceil(1.12) = " + oMath.Ceil(1.12) + nl
See "Ceil(1.72) = " + oMath.Ceil(1.72) + nl
See "Floor(1.12) = " + oMath.floor(1.12) + nl
See "Floor(1.72) = " + oMath.floor(1.72) + nl
See "fabs(1.12) = " + oMath.fabs(1.12) + nl
See "fabs(1.72) = " + oMath.fabs(1.72) + nl
See "pow(2,3) = " + oMath.pow(2,3) + nl
see "sqrt(16) = " + oMath.sqrt(16) + nl
for x = 1 to 20
see "Random number Max (100) : " + oMath.random(100) + nl
next
x = 1.1234567890123
for d = 0 to 14
oMath.decimals(d)
see x + nl
next
cKey = "hello"
h = 0
for x in cKey
h = oMath.unsigned(h,ascii(x),"+")
h = oMath.unsigned(h,oMath.unsigned(h,10,"<<"),"+")
r = oMath.unsigned(h,6,">>")
h = oMath.unsigned(h, r,"^")
next
h = oMath.unsigned(h,oMath.unsigned(h,11,">>"),"^")
see "Hash : " + h
output:
Test the Math Class Methods
Sin(0) = 0
Sin(90) radians = 0.89
Sin(90) degree = 1.00
Cos(0) = 1
Cos(90) radians = -0.45
Cos(90) degree = 0.00
Tan(0) = 0
Tan(90) radians = -2.00
Tan(90) degree = 1255.77
asin(0) = 0
acos(0) = 1.57
atan(0) = 0
atan2(1,1) = 0.79

sinh(0) = 0
sinh(1) = 1.18
cosh(0) = 1
cosh(1) = 1.54
tanh(0) = 0
tanh(1) = 0.76
exp(0) = 1
exp(1) = 2.72
log(1) = 0
log(2) = 0.69
log10(1) = 0
log10(2) = 0.30
log10(10) = 1
Ceil(1.12) = 2
Ceil(1.72) = 2
Floor(1.12) = 1
Floor(1.72) = 1
fabs(1.12) = 1.12
fabs(1.72) = 1.72
pow(2,3) = 8
sqrt(16) = 4
Random number Max (100) : 87
1
1.1
1.12
1.123
1.1235
1.12346
1.123457
1.1234568
1.12345679
1.123456789
1.1234567890
1.12345678901
1.123456789012
1.1234567890123
1.12345678901230
Hash : 3372029979.00000000000000

43.9 DateTime Class
Methods:
clock() The number of clock ticks from program start.
time() Get the system time.
date() Get the date.
timelist() List contains the date and the time information.
adddays(cDate,nDays) Return Date from cDate and after nDays
diffdays(cDate1,cDate2) Return the Number of days (cDate1 - cDate2)
example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
oDateTime = new datetime
See "Test the datetime Class Methods" + nl
See "Calculate performance" + nl
t1 = oDateTime.clock()
for x = 1 to 1000000 next
see oDateTime.clock() - t1 + nl
See "Time : " + oDateTime.time() + nl
See "Date : " + oDateTime.date() + nl
See oDateTime.TimeList()
See "Month Name : " + oDateTime.TimeList()[4]
cDate = oDateTime.date()
see cDate + nl
cDate = oDateTime.adddays(cDate,10)
see cDate + nl
cDate1 = oDateTime.date()
see cDate1 + nl
cDate2 = oDateTime.adddays(cDate1,10)
see cDate2 + nl
see "DiffDays = " + oDateTime.diffdays(cDate1,cDate2) + nl
see "DiffDays = " + oDateTime.diffdays(cDate2,cDate1) + nl
output:
Test the datetime Class Methods
Calculate performance
85
Time : 02:53:35
Date : 31/08/2016
Wed
Wednesday
Aug
August
08/31/16 02:53:35
31
43.9. DateTime Class 332

02
02
244
08
53
AM
35
35
3
08/31/16
02:53:35
16
2016
Arab Standard Time
%
Month Name : August31/08/2016
10/09/2016
31/08/2016
10/09/2016
DiffDays = -10
DiffDays = 10
43.10 File Class
Methods:
43.10. File Class 333

read(cFileName) Read the file content
write(cFileName,cStr) Write string to file
dir(cFolderPath) Get the folder contents (files & sub folders)
rename(cOld,cNew) Rename files using the Rename() function
remove(cFileName) Delete a file using the Remove() function
open(cFileName,cMode) Open a file using the Fopen() function
close() Close file
flush() Flushes the output buffer of a stream
reopen(cFileName,cMode) Open another file using the same file handle
tempfile() Creates a temp. file (binary).
seek(noffset,nwhence) Set the file position of the stream
tell() Know the current file position of a stream
rewind() Set the file position to the beginning of the file
getpos() Get handle to the current file position
setpos(poshandle) Set the current file position
clearerr() Clear the EOF error and the error indicators of a stream
eof() Test the end-of-file indicator
error() Test the error indicator
perror(cErrorMessage) Print error message to the stderr
getc() Get the next character from the stream
gets(nsize) Read new line from the stream
putc(cchar) Write a character to the stream
puts(cStr) Write a string to the stream
ungetc(cchar) Push a character to the stream
fread(nsize) Read data from a stream
fwrite(cString) Write data to a stream
exists(cFileName) Check if a file exists
example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
ofile = new file
See "Test the file Class Methods" + nl
see ofile.read(filename())
see nl
ofile.open(filename(),"r")
see ofile.gets(100) + nl
ofile.close()
43.11 System Class
Methods:
43.11. System Class 334

The Ring programming language version 1.5.3 book - Part 36 of 184

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The Ring programming language version 1.5.3 book - Part 36 of 184