The narrow horizon vision which sees that oral surgery began with the beginning the eighteenth century is rejected by all the studies which believe that medicine is the most beautiful success in human history, began from the first man, worked hard to remove the pain of his man. By studying the history of mankind in pain relief can be seen the confluence of magical, religious with scientific practices in the construction of the history of the art of surgery. This holistic view can be argued that medicine began magically then became a scientific practice based on observation and experience, in other words, the modern surgery is not purely the result of the efforts of one civilisation, but is the cumulative product of all people at all stages of history. Muslims, like other peoples, have had their share in laying the foundations of this art to alleviate the suffering of man. Through this article, tooth extraction procedure described by Abulcasis, in his treatise “Al-Tasreef”, compared with recent procedures, based on the availability of ancient and modern references.

1. Lessons from Al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis)
‫واملسلمني‬ ‫العرب‬ ‫عند‬ ‫والطبية‬ ‫التطبيقية‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫لتاريخ‬ ‫األول‬ ‫العاملي‬ ‫املؤمتر‬6-8‫شعبان‬1438‫املوافق‬ ‫ـ‬‫ه‬2-4‫مايو‬2017‫م‬
‫هللا‬ ‫خير‬ ‫القادر‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫معتز‬,‫المشعلي‬ ‫قاسم‬ ‫حسان‬
ِ‫ين‬ِ‫د‬ْ‫ه‬َ‫ي‬ َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ن‬َ‫ق‬َ‫ل‬َ‫خ‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ال‬(78)ِ‫ين‬ِ‫ق‬ ْ‫س‬َ‫ي‬َ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ن‬ُ‫م‬ِ‫ع‬ْ‫ط‬ُ‫ي‬ َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ال‬َ‫و‬(79)ِ‫ين‬ِ‫ف‬ ْ‫ش‬َ‫ي‬ َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫ف‬ ُ‫ت‬ ْ‫ض‬ِ‫ر‬َ‫م‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬ِ‫إ‬َ‫و‬(80)‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ال‬َ‫و‬
ِ‫ين‬ِ‫ي‬ْ‫ح‬ُ‫ي‬ َّ‫م‬ُ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ن‬ُ‫يت‬ِ‫م‬ُ‫ي‬(81)ِ‫ين‬ِ‫الد‬ َ‫م‬ْ‫و‬َ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ت‬َ‫يئ‬ِ‫ط‬َ‫خ‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ل‬ َ‫ر‬ِ‫ف‬ْ‫غ‬َ‫ي‬ ْ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ ُ‫ع‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ط‬َ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ال‬َ‫و‬(82)

2. -‫عشر‬ ‫الثامن‬ ‫القرن‬
-‫تقو‬ ‫علمية‬ ‫ممارسة‬ ‫أصبح‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫والشعوذة‬ ‫بالسحر‬ ‫بدأ‬ ‫الطب‬‫التجربة‬ ‫على‬ ‫م‬
‫واملالحظة‬
-‫مجيع‬ ‫انتاجه‬ ‫يف‬ ‫ساهمت‬ ‫تراكمي‬ ‫نتاج‬ ‫هي‬ ‫احلديثة‬ ‫اجلراحة‬‫مجيع‬ ‫ويف‬ ‫األمم‬
‫التاريخ‬ ‫مراحل‬
- Eighteenth century,
- Medicine began magical then became a scientific practice based on
observation and experience,
- The modern surgery is cumulative product of all people at all stages of history,

3. -‫الفم‬ ‫جراحة‬
-‫وا‬ ‫لليونان‬ ‫ونقلوها‬ ‫الفم‬ ‫جبراحة‬ ‫اهتمت‬ ‫أمة‬ ‫أول‬ ‫املصريون‬ ‫كان‬‫لرومان‬
-‫الشام‬ ‫بالد‬ ‫يف‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫طب‬ ‫الفينيقيون‬ ‫مارس‬
-‫سبقتهم‬ ‫اليت‬ ‫للحضارات‬ ‫العلمي‬ ‫الرتاث‬ ‫العرب‬ ‫املسلمون‬ ‫درس‬‫معارفهم‬ ‫إليه‬ ‫وأضافوا‬
‫والتجربة‬ ‫بالبحث‬ ‫إليها‬ ‫توصلوا‬ ‫اليت‬ ‫اجلديدة‬
- Oral Surgery
- The Egyptians were the first nation focused on oral surgery and passed to
Greece and Rome
- Phoenicians practiced Oral Surgery
- Arab Muslims studied the scientific heritage of civilizations before them,
and they added new knowledge that they found through research and
experiment

4. -‫اهلجري‬ ‫الرابع‬ ‫القرن‬ ‫يف‬ ‫ـرت‬‫ه‬‫وازد‬ ،‫اهلجري‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫القرن‬ ‫بدايات‬
-‫ـقي‬‫ش‬‫الدم‬ ‫حكم‬ ‫بن‬ ‫ـى‬‫س‬‫عي‬(225‫ـ‬‫ه‬/840‫م‬" )‫الطب‬ ‫يف‬ ‫الكبري‬ ‫ـاش‬‫ن‬‫الك‬"،(ُ‫ة‬َ‫ش‬‫َّا‬‫ُن‬‫ك‬‫ال‬:ُ‫ق‬‫األورا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفروع‬ ‫منه‬ ‫َّب‬‫َع‬‫ش‬َ‫ت‬َ‫ت‬ ُ‫ل‬ْ‫ص‬‫األ‬ُ‫د‬‫الفوائ‬ ‫فيها‬ ُ‫د‬َّ‫ُقي‬‫ت‬ ‫َر‬‫ت‬ْ‫ف‬َّ‫كالد‬ ُ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ْ‫ج‬ُ‫ت‬
‫والشوارد‬)
-‫الكشكري‬ ‫يعقوب‬ ‫خصص‬(‫بعد‬ ‫تويف‬940‫م‬)‫كتابه‬ ‫يف‬"‫الطب‬ ‫كناش‬"‫الفم‬ ‫ألمراض‬ ‫أبواب‬ ‫ثالثة‬
-"‫التأليف‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عجز‬ ‫ملن‬ ‫التصريف‬"‫ملدة‬ ‫بقي‬ ‫للزهراوي‬500‫لألوروبيني‬ ‫مرجعا‬ ‫عام‬
-‫وقلعها‬ ‫وعالجها‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫جراحة‬ ‫يف‬ ‫الثالثني‬ ‫املقالة‬ ،‫واألسنان‬ ‫الفم‬ ‫ألمراض‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫مقالته‬
-‫الفم‬ ‫وسرطان‬ ‫الضفدعية‬ ‫بني‬ ‫التفريقي‬ ‫التشخيص‬.
-‫م‬ ‫كل‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫من‬ ‫واحلكمة‬ ‫وجذورها‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫عن‬ ‫السادسة‬ ‫مقالته‬ ‫يف‬ ‫الطربي‬ ‫احلسن‬ ‫ألبو‬ ‫البقراطية‬ ‫املعاجلات‬‫واألسنان‬ ‫الفم‬ ‫أمراض‬ ‫وعن‬ ‫نها‬
-The beginning of the third century and flourished in the fourth century AH
- Isa bin Hakam Damascene (225 AH / 840 AD) "Big Alkunnash in medicine",
- Jacob Akashkari (died 940 AD) Customize in his book "Kunnash of Medicine" Three chapters for oral
diseases
- "Al-Tasrif" for Zahrawi stayed for 500 years, a reference to the Europeans
- The second Chapter for oral diseases, the chapter 30 for oral surgery,
- Differential diagnosis between ranula and oral cancer
- Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari in his book “Hippocratic Treatments” discussed dental morphology and oral
diseases

5. ‫الزهراوي‬AL- Zahrawi /Abulcasis (936-1013)
- Al-Zahrawi was born in Al-Zahra city which is suburb of Cordoba in southern Spain, his name. Al-Zahrawi is related
to the name of this city. Moreover, his first name Abu Al-Qasim may have changed to be Abulcasis.
- He lived most of his life in Cordoba where he studied, and practiced medicine and surgery, Al-Zahrawi based his
published work upon Greek authorities. Nevertheless, Al-Zahrawi added his several personal experiences along with
almost 200 illustrations of instruments designs.
-‫أبو‬‫القاسم‬‫خلف‬‫بن‬‫عباس‬‫ي‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫الزه‬‫ي‬ ‫األندلس‬‫املع‬‫ف‬‫و‬‫ر‬
‫في‬‫وبا‬‫ر‬‫أو‬‫ـ‬‫ب‬Abulcasis.
-‫التحق‬‫بالعمل‬‫في‬‫مستشفى‬‫قرطبة‬‫بزمن‬‫الخليف‬‫ة‬‫عبد‬
‫الرحمن‬‫الناصر‬,
-‫تكونت‬‫شخصيته‬‫العلمية‬‫باملتابعة‬‫الجادة‬‫حتى‬‫أصبح‬
‫علما‬‫من‬‫أعالم‬‫الطب‬‫وباتت‬‫ه‬‫ر‬‫أفكا‬‫حدثا‬‫تحوليا‬‫في‬‫ط‬‫ق‬‫ر‬
‫العالجات‬‫الطبية‬‫جة‬‫ر‬‫لد‬‫أنه‬‫ل‬‫يكاد‬‫يذكر‬‫اسمه‬‫ال‬‫م‬‫قترنا‬
‫بالطب‬‫الجراحي‬.
-‫لم‬‫تطمس‬‫األيام‬‫ه‬‫ر‬‫آثا‬‫وبشكل‬‫خاص‬‫موسوعته‬‫الت‬‫صريف‬
‫ملن‬‫عجز‬‫عن‬‫التأليف‬‫والتي‬‫كانت‬‫املصدر‬‫ي‬ ‫األساس‬‫ل‬‫جراحي‬
‫الغرب‬‫حتى‬‫ن‬‫القر‬‫السابع‬‫عشر‬.

6. ‫التصريف‬‫ملن‬‫عن‬‫عجز‬‫التأليف‬ Treatise Al-Tasreef
It includes 30 volumes, the most known one is volume XXX, devoted to surgery, which is composed of three books,
the first represents the use of cauterization, the second is on incisions and the third is on fractures. Although all issues
related to the mouth and teeth were relegated to barbers, Abulcasis covers everything related to oral-dental pathology
and oral surgery, in seven chapters, from the 28th to the 35th
-‫املقالة‬‫أهمها‬‫مقاال‬‫ثالثون‬‫الطبية‬‫املوسوعة‬‫هذه‬‫تشمل‬30‫للجراحة‬‫املخصصة‬.
-‫اجل‬‫والبضع‬‫الشق‬‫عن‬‫والثاني‬،‫والدواء‬‫بالنار‬‫الكي‬‫استخدام‬‫عن‬‫األول‬،‫أبواب‬‫ثالثة‬‫من‬‫تتألف‬‫الكسور‬‫عالج‬‫عن‬‫والثالث‬‫راحي‬.
-،‫فصول‬‫سبعة‬‫يف‬‫كرس‬(‫من‬28‫إىل‬35)‫الفم‬‫جراحة‬‫و‬‫األسنان‬‫بطب‬‫املتعلقة‬‫اجلوانب‬‫ملختلف‬،.

7. ‫كتابه‬‫يف‬‫الزهراوي‬‫لدى‬‫األسنان‬‫قلع‬‫عملية‬‫البحث‬‫هذا‬‫خالل‬‫من‬‫سنستعرض‬"‫التص‬‫التأليف‬‫عن‬‫عجز‬‫ملن‬‫ريف‬"‫مقارنة‬
‫احلديثة‬‫بالطرق‬
We will review, through this presentation, tooth extraction
procedure described by Abulcasis, in his book “Al-Tasref”,
compared with recent procedures.

8. ‫األسنان‬‫بقلع‬‫املرتبطة‬‫البنود‬‫جند‬‫أن‬‫أوال‬‫حاولنا‬.‫ت‬‫اليت‬‫البنود‬‫اختيار‬‫كان‬‫االختيار‬‫يف‬‫ومعيارنا‬‫األسنان‬‫قلع‬‫لعملية‬‫واضحا‬‫وصفا‬‫ضمنت‬.
‫الفصول‬‫من‬‫البنود‬‫بعض‬‫اخرتنا‬30-31-32‫الثاني‬‫املبحث‬‫من‬.‫بالعربية‬‫الناطقني‬‫لغري‬‫البنود‬‫تلك‬‫فهم‬‫ولتسهيل‬‫النصوص‬‫تلك‬‫برتمجة‬‫قمنا‬
‫األس‬‫الدالالت‬‫لفهم‬،‫بكلمة‬‫كلمة‬‫ترمجناها‬‫أي‬‫األصلي‬‫الشكل‬‫على‬‫احملافظة‬‫مع‬‫االنكليزية‬‫اللغة‬‫اىل‬‫العل‬‫احلقائق‬‫مع‬‫وملقارنتها‬،‫هلا‬‫اسية‬‫مية‬
‫احلديث‬‫الطب‬‫يف‬‫بها‬‫املعمول‬.
We tried firstly to find chapters that are related to Exodontia in the original copy of Al-Tasreef which included
evident descriptions of tooth extraction procedures. In this presentation, we have selected some clauses from
chapters (30-31-32), of Part II of Treatise Al-Tasreef. This treatise was written more than one thousand year
ago, consequently terminology used in that period differ from medical terminology currently used. All clauses
included were analyzed and discussed with specialists of legacy Arabic language. To preserve the genuine form
of those clauses, the content was translated “word for word”. In the discussion, we have clarified the
significations to compare them with modern oral surgical conceptions.
‫املنهج‬ Methods

9. ‫ف‬‫قلعه‬‫قرار‬‫اختاذ‬‫قبل‬‫السن‬‫على‬‫للمحافظة‬‫املمكنة‬‫الوسائل‬‫مجيع‬‫استنفاذ‬‫خليفة‬‫له‬‫ليس‬‫هو‬
-‫الزهراوي‬‫يقول‬"‫ا‬،‫قلعه‬‫عن‬‫نى‬‫ا‬‫يتو‬‫و‬‫حيلة‬‫بكل‬‫رجعه‬‫من‬‫لضرس‬‫ا‬‫تعاجل‬‫أن‬‫ينبغي‬‫نه‬‫أل‬‫قلع‬‫إذا‬‫خلف‬‫منه‬‫ليس‬‫ذ‬
‫يف‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫جوهر‬."
“Tooth should be treated using each trick to safe, tooth has not successor
because it is essence of noble origin”.
‫األول‬‫البند‬
‫ح‬ ‫الزهراوي‬ ‫دونه‬ ‫فيما‬ ‫يالحظ‬‫رصه‬
‫مجيع‬ ‫واختاذ‬ ‫السن‬ ‫عالج‬ ‫على‬
‫ع‬ ‫للمحافظة‬ ‫املمكنة‬ ‫االجراءات‬‫ليه‬
‫إىل‬ ‫الطبيب‬ ‫يبادر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫قبل‬‫قلعه‬.
Al-Zahrawi advised
to take all possible
measures to save
American Dental Association
principles of ethics and code of
professional conduct, with official
advisory opinions revised to April
2012. Available at:
http://www.ada.org/sections/
about/pdfs/code_of_ethics_2012.pd
f. Accessed October 27, 2014.

10. ‫لزهراوي‬‫ا‬‫يقول‬:"‫امل‬‫لعليل‬‫ا‬‫خيدع‬‫ما‬ً‫ا‬‫فكثري‬،‫لوجع‬‫ا‬‫لضرس‬‫ا‬‫عند‬‫يصح‬‫حتى‬‫يلتبس‬ ‫أن‬‫قلعه‬‫على‬‫لعليل‬‫ا‬‫عزم‬‫إذا‬‫فينبغي‬،‫بد‬‫قلعه‬‫من‬ ‫يكن‬‫مل‬‫إذا‬‫حتى‬‫يظن‬‫و‬‫رض‬
‫مرارا‬‫احلجامني‬‫فعل‬‫من‬ ‫لك‬‫ذ‬‫ينا‬‫أ‬‫ر‬‫فقد‬،‫يض‬‫ر‬‫امل‬‫ضرس‬ ‫يقلع‬‫حتى‬‫لوجع‬‫ا‬‫يذهب‬‫ال‬‫ثم‬‫فيقلعها‬‫لصحيح‬‫ا‬‫لضرس‬‫ا‬‫يف‬‫نه‬‫أ‬"
”Even if the patient want to remove it, you should prove to be sure that this tooth cause the
pain, the patient pain often deceives and thinks that it is in the healthy tooth then the pain
does not take off until the sick tooth to be removed, we have seen that repeatedly”.
‫الثاني‬‫البند‬
‫فقط‬ ‫لألمل‬ ‫املريض‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫على‬ ‫االعتماد‬ ‫وعدم‬ ‫التشخيص‬ ‫من‬ ‫التثبت‬
‫ل‬ ‫يبادر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫الطبيب‬ ‫الزهراوي‬ ‫ينصح‬‫السن‬ ‫قلع‬
‫و‬ ‫لألمل‬ ‫املسببة‬ ‫السن‬ ‫من‬ ‫التأكد‬ ‫بضرورة‬‫االلتفات‬ ‫عدم‬
‫ك‬ ‫ففي‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫األمل‬ ‫ملكان‬ ‫املريض‬ ‫لوصف‬‫من‬ ‫ثري‬
‫غ‬ ‫آخر‬ ‫مصدر‬ ‫من‬ ‫منتشرا‬ ‫األمل‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫احلاالت‬‫الذي‬ ‫ري‬
‫ا‬ ‫من‬ ‫حيذر‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫على‬ ‫عالوة‬ ،‫املريض‬ ‫حيدده‬‫يف‬ ‫لتسرع‬
‫ب‬ ‫السليمة‬ ‫السن‬ ‫تقلع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫السن‬ ‫قلع‬‫املريضة‬ ‫دل‬.
‫املختصني‬ ‫غري‬ ‫يفعله‬ ‫مما‬ ‫حيذر‬ ‫كما‬.
Zahrawi advised before tooth extraction
to be sure which tooth cause the pain and
not to pay attention to the patient's
description of the place of pain only. In
many cases, the pain spread from another
source is determined by the patient.
Conclusions: Errors during
treatment and poor
communication among
clinicians led to extraction of
the wrong teeth. This can be
avoided by greater caution on
the part of the extracting
clinician when following the
treatment plan.
“Wrong Tooth Extraction: Root
Cause Analysis,” Oren Peleg,
Navot Givot, Tali Halamish-
Shani, and Shlomo Taicher,
Quintessence International,
vol. 41, no. 10, November–
December 2010, pp. 869–72.

11. ‫و‬،‫العظم‬‫مع‬‫يربطه‬‫الذي‬‫الرباط‬‫بقطع‬‫تبدأ‬‫فهي‬‫مراحل‬‫بعدة‬‫السن‬‫قلع‬‫عملية‬‫متر‬‫الرباط‬‫قاطع‬‫باستخدام‬‫ذلك‬‫يتم‬
‫ح‬‫بقوة‬‫ضغطه‬‫ويتم‬‫بينهما‬‫يوضع‬‫حيث‬‫السن‬‫عن‬‫اللثة‬‫فصل‬‫بواسطته‬‫يتم‬‫الذي‬‫اجلهات‬‫مجيع‬‫من‬‫السن‬‫ول‬
‫السن‬‫قلع‬‫عملية‬‫مراحل‬
‫األوىل‬‫املرحلة‬:‫السن‬‫رباط‬‫قطع‬
There are several stages of tooth
extraction, it starts to cut off the
ligament which connect the tooth with
the bone, and this is done by using the
periotome which separates the gums
from the tooth.
Clinical Use of Periotomes: By severing the PDL
prior to extraction, the surrounding tissue is
subjected to less trauma, and in many cases,
allows for immediate placement of an
implant...
http://www.premusa.com/enews/2005_05_Pe
riotomes.asp

12. ‫فيقول‬‫السن‬‫قلع‬‫عملية‬‫الزهراوي‬‫يصف‬:"‫تش‬‫أن‬‫ينبغي‬‫فحينئذ‬‫بعينه‬‫الوجع‬‫الضرس‬‫عندك‬‫صح‬‫فإذا‬‫حتى‬‫القوة‬‫بعض‬‫فيه‬‫مببضع‬‫السن‬‫حول‬‫رط‬
‫جهة‬‫كل‬‫من‬‫اللثة‬‫حتل‬
“if you determined the ache tooth, then you should slashed around the tooth by a force bistoury until the gum is
retracted in all sides”
‫ا‬‫الثالث‬‫لبند‬
‫الرباط‬‫قطع‬
Clinical Use of Periotomes: By severing the PDL prior to extraction, the surrounding tissue is subjected to less trauma,
and in many cases, allows for immediate placement of an implant...
http://www.premusa.com/enews/2005_05_Periotomes.asp

13. ‫ق‬‫عملية‬‫تبدأ‬‫ثم‬‫جيد‬‫بشكل‬‫له‬‫املخصصة‬‫الكالبة‬‫باستخدام‬‫السن‬‫مسك‬‫يتم‬‫السن‬‫رباط‬‫قطع‬‫بعد‬‫قليال‬‫اخلارج‬‫جلهة‬‫بالتحريك‬‫السن‬‫لقلة‬
(‫الفم‬‫دهليز‬‫باجتاه‬)‫قيال‬‫الداخل‬‫جلهة‬‫ثم‬(‫احلنك‬‫أو‬‫اللسان‬‫باجتاه‬.)
‫ولالجت‬،‫السفلي‬‫الفك‬‫يف‬‫كان‬‫إذا‬‫واخلارجي‬‫العلوي‬‫االجتاه‬‫يف‬‫جره‬‫يتم‬‫السن‬‫قلقلة‬‫تتم‬‫أن‬‫بعد‬‫العلو‬‫الفك‬‫يف‬‫كان‬‫إذا‬‫واخلارجي‬‫السفلي‬‫اه‬‫ي‬.‫ومن‬
‫القلع‬‫عملية‬‫خالل‬‫ثابتا‬‫املريض‬‫رأس‬‫يكون‬‫أن‬‫الضروري‬.‫ال‬‫سنخ‬‫على‬‫الضغط‬‫يتم‬‫السن‬‫قلع‬‫وبعد‬‫من‬‫القلع‬‫عملية‬‫بسبب‬‫أطرافه‬‫تباعدت‬‫الذي‬‫سن‬
‫والداخلية‬‫اخلارجية‬‫اجلهتني‬.
‫السن‬‫قلع‬‫عملية‬‫مراحل‬
‫الثانية‬‫املرحلة‬:‫تدرجييا‬‫بقلقلته‬‫البدء‬‫ثم‬‫الكالبة‬‫بواسطة‬‫السن‬‫مسك‬
If the beaks of the forceps are forced into the periodontal ligament space. The major movement applied by
forceps is the buccal force. Buccal pressures result in expansion of the buccal plate. Lingual pressure is similar to
the concept of buccal pressure but is aimed at expanding the linguocrestal bone and, at the same time, avoiding
excessive pressures on the buccal apical bone. Principles of Exodontia Larry j. Peterson, chapter 7, 2012

14. ‫ا‬‫الرابع‬‫لبند‬
‫فيقول‬‫السن‬‫قلع‬‫عملية‬‫الزهراوي‬‫يصف‬:‫ق‬ ‫قليال‬َ‫ال‬‫أو‬‫اللطاف‬‫بالكالليب‬‫أو‬‫بإصبعك‬‫حتركه‬‫ثم‬‫فيه‬ ‫حينئذ‬‫متكن‬‫ثم‬‫تزعزعه‬ ‫حتى‬‫ليال‬
‫الضرس‬‫جتذب‬‫ثم‬‫يتحرك‬‫ال‬‫تعقبه‬‫قد‬ ‫ركبتيك‬‫بني‬‫العليل‬‫ورأس‬‫جيدا‬‫متكينا‬‫الكبار‬‫الكلبتني‬‫تكسره‬‫لئال‬‫استقامة‬‫على‬
“then move it by fingers or genial forceps, firstly a little bit until be shaken, then force the
major forceps well, the patient head between your knees and may inform him so as not to
move, and then extract a tooth straightly, lest it broke, if it did not come out take one of those
machines, enter them underneath of each side gently and then move it as did the first”
‫على‬‫الزهراوي‬‫يؤكد‬:
-‫قلقلة‬‫ضرورة‬(‫زعزعة‬)‫الس‬‫ن‬
-‫املريض‬‫رأس‬‫تثبيت‬
-‫جيد‬‫بشكل‬‫السن‬‫مسك‬
-‫ك‬‫مستقيم‬‫بشكل‬‫السن‬‫اخراج‬‫ينكسر‬‫ال‬‫ي‬

15. ‫ق‬‫االجواف‬‫تلك‬‫حشي‬‫فينبغي‬‫كبرية‬‫أجواف‬‫وله‬‫كبري‬‫بشكل‬‫منخورا‬‫السن‬‫يكون‬‫عندما‬‫السن‬‫حيمي‬‫فذلك‬‫بالكالبة‬‫مسكه‬‫بل‬
‫القلع‬‫عملية‬‫خالل‬‫التفتت‬‫أو‬‫الكسر‬‫من‬.
‫ا‬‫اخلامس‬‫لبند‬
‫فيقول‬‫السن‬‫قلع‬‫عملية‬‫الزهراوي‬‫يصف‬:‫ا‬‫ذلك‬‫متأل‬‫أن‬‫فينبغي‬‫متآكال‬‫أو‬‫مثقوبا‬‫الضرس‬‫كان‬‫فان‬‫مرود‬‫بطرف‬‫جيدا‬‫شدا‬‫وتشدها‬‫خبرقة‬‫لثقب‬
‫بالكالليب‬‫له‬‫شدك‬‫حني‬‫يف‬‫ينشقت‬‫لئال‬‫رقيق‬.
“if the tooth is holes or eroded; it should be filled by a thin dam with good stylet tip so as
not to disintegrate while squeeze on it by forceps”
The presence of extensive caries
weakens the tooth and often
results in crown fracture during
forceps extractions.
[Manual of Minor Oral Surgery
for the General Dentist Edited
by Karl R. Koerner Blackwell
Wissenschafts Verlag, 2006]

16. ‫جم‬‫لكل‬‫حمددة‬‫مبواصفات‬‫تتمتع‬‫اليت‬‫الكالبات‬‫استخدام‬‫على‬‫االسنان‬‫قلع‬‫يف‬‫احلديث‬‫األسنان‬‫طب‬‫يعتمد‬‫األسنان‬‫من‬‫موعة‬.‫من‬‫تتألف‬‫كالبة‬‫وكل‬
‫ط‬‫ذات‬‫الكالبة‬‫قبضة‬‫تكون‬‫أن‬‫وينبغي‬‫للصدأ‬‫قابلة‬‫غري‬‫معادن‬‫من‬‫الكالبات‬‫تصنع‬،‫ورأس‬‫ومفصل‬‫مقبض‬‫يد‬‫من‬‫انزالقها‬‫ملنع‬‫السطح‬‫وخشنة‬‫كاف‬‫ول‬
‫بالق‬‫للسماح‬‫الداخلي‬‫سطحه‬‫يف‬‫مسننا‬‫يكون‬‫أن‬‫فكني‬‫من‬‫املكون‬‫الكالبة‬‫لرأس‬‫ينبغي‬‫كما‬،‫الطبيب‬‫ع‬‫الرأس‬‫انزالق‬‫وملنع‬‫جيد‬‫بشكل‬‫السن‬‫على‬‫بض‬‫ن‬
‫القلع‬‫عملية‬‫خالل‬‫السن‬.
‫السن‬‫قلع‬‫يف‬‫املستخدمة‬‫الكالبة‬‫مواصفات‬
Forceps for tooth extraction consists of handle, hinge and beaks. The handle with sufficient
length and serrated surface to prevent slipping from the hands. The internal surface of the
beaks should also be serrated to grip the tooth and to prevent slippage during the extraction
process.

17. ‫فقال‬‫األسنان‬‫لقلع‬‫املخصصة‬‫الكالبة‬‫مواصفات‬‫الزهراوي‬‫شرح‬":‫تك‬ً‫ال‬‫أو‬‫الضرس‬‫بها‬‫حترك‬‫اليت‬‫اللطاف‬‫الكالليب‬‫صورة‬‫تنثين‬‫لئال‬‫غليظة‬‫املقبض‬‫قصرية‬‫األطراف‬‫طويلة‬‫ون‬
‫يف‬‫بعضها‬‫يدخل‬‫أضراس‬‫أطرافها‬‫ويف‬،‫األطراف‬‫مستقيمة‬‫حمكمة‬‫هندي‬‫حديد‬‫من‬‫ولتكن‬،‫ترى‬‫كما‬‫الضرس‬‫على‬‫بها‬‫قبضك‬‫عند‬ً‫ا‬‫حمكم‬ً‫ا‬‫قبض‬‫لتقبض‬‫بعض‬‫تصنع‬‫وقد‬
‫القبض‬‫قوية‬ً‫ا‬‫أيض‬‫فتكون‬‫املربد‬‫هيئة‬‫على‬‫األطراف‬."
“the compliant forceps which catches the tooth are demonstrated a long and thick handle so as not to bend
during catching the tooth, the forceps should be from Indian iron, have straight beaks to facilitate tight
catching of the tooth, also the beaks can be like chilled for tightly grasping”.
‫ا‬‫السادس‬‫لبند‬
‫الزهراوي‬‫عند‬‫السن‬‫قلع‬‫يف‬‫املستخدمة‬‫الكالبة‬‫مواصفات‬
The handles have a serrated surface to allow a positive grip and
prevent slippage.
Armamentarium for Basic Oral Surgery. Larry j. Peterson 2003

18. ‫األسنان‬‫جذور‬‫قلع‬
Several options are available:
First option is to grasp a bit of buccal bone under the buccal beak of the forceps to obtain a better mechanical
advantage and grasp of the tooth root.
The second option is to use the straight elevator as a shoehorn elevator by forcing it down the periodontal
ligament space of the tooth.
The third is to proceed with bone removal over the area of the tooth. A heavy elevator, such as a Crane pick, can be
used to elevate or lever the tooth from its socket
Principles of Exodontia: Larry j. Peterson 2003
‫خيارات‬‫عدة‬‫تتوفر‬:
‫األول‬‫اخليار‬:‫الكالبة‬‫مبنقار‬‫باجلذر‬‫احمليط‬‫العظم‬‫من‬‫القليل‬‫مسك‬‫هو‬
‫الثاني‬‫اخليار‬:‫السن‬‫جذر‬‫رباط‬‫يف‬‫بإدخاهلا‬‫املستقيمة‬‫الرافعة‬‫استخدام‬‫هو‬
‫الثالث‬‫اخليار‬:‫السن‬‫منطقة‬‫فوق‬‫العظم‬‫إلزالة‬‫اجلذر‬‫كشف‬‫هو‬.‫أو‬‫املستقيمة‬‫الرافعة‬‫استخدام‬‫ثم‬‫اجلذر‬‫إلخراج‬‫املعوجة‬

19. “If the roots have broken and remain during extraction, you should place
cotton swabs with ghee on the position for one or two days even the roots
rise, then enter elevator (Jift) and forceps which is like bird mouth”
‫ا‬‫السابع‬‫لبند‬
‫الزهراوي‬‫عند‬ ‫األسنان‬‫جذور‬‫قلع‬
‫اجلذور‬‫لقلع‬‫املتبعة‬‫اإلجراءات‬‫الزهراوي‬‫شرح‬:‫بق‬‫اذا‬‫األضراس‬‫قلع‬‫عند‬‫ي‬
‫انكسر‬‫قد‬‫ضرس‬.‫ال‬‫والكالليب‬‫اجلفت‬‫اليه‬‫تدخل‬‫فم‬‫أطرافها‬‫تشبه‬‫يت‬
‫الطائر‬.
‫االلتقاط‬‫أو‬‫للنزع‬‫تستخدم‬‫جراحية‬‫آلة‬‫هي‬‫الوسيط‬‫املعجم‬‫حبسب‬‫اجلفت‬
‫اجلذور‬‫لقلع‬‫كالبة‬
‫لقل‬‫املستقيمة‬‫الرافعة‬‫ع‬
‫اجلذور‬
‫اس‬ ‫الزهراوي‬‫عليها‬‫أطلق‬‫م‬
‫اجلفت‬

20. “If the root does not react using the mentioned machines, you should drill around the
root, and reflect all the meat using knife, then insert the machine which is like small
lever, this is its image, it has short end and a little thick, it cannot be saturated so as not
to be broken”
‫تابع‬‫السابع‬‫للبند‬
‫الزهراوي‬‫عند‬ ‫األسنان‬‫جذور‬‫قلع‬
‫اجلذور‬‫لقلع‬‫املتبعة‬‫اإلجراءات‬‫شرح‬ ‫الزهراوي‬‫يتابع‬:‫اخلروج‬‫جيبك‬‫مل‬‫ان‬‫حتفر‬‫أن‬‫فينبغي‬‫الكالليب‬‫بهذه‬
‫ص‬‫علبة‬‫تشبه‬‫اليت‬‫اآللة‬‫تدخل‬‫ثم‬‫باملبضع‬‫كله‬‫اللحم‬‫وتكشف‬‫األصل‬‫على‬‫الطرف‬‫قصرية‬‫وتكون‬‫غرية‬
‫تنكسر‬‫لئال‬‫قليال‬‫غليظة‬،‫ف‬‫الطرف‬‫مثلثة‬‫وهي‬‫اآلالت‬‫بهذه‬‫فاستعن‬‫واال‬‫الغلظ‬‫بعض‬‫يها‬.

21. ‫النتيجة‬
Arab Islamic civilization left undeniable fingerprints in all medical specialties including oral
surgery, and had a larger role in transforming medicine of magic and superstition to scientific
ideas, and thus engage in the birth of medical schools and the rise of the current academic
medicine. Treatise "Al-Tasrif" is an example of the medical treasure left by the Arab Doctors.
Through the study of traditional texts, we can say that the description of the Zahrawi of tooth
extraction process corresponds to a very high rate with modern methods adopted in the
present era.
‫التخصصا‬‫مجيع‬‫يف‬‫نكرانها‬‫ميكن‬‫ال‬‫بصمات‬‫االسالمية‬‫العربية‬‫احلضارة‬‫تركت‬،‫الفم‬‫جراحة‬‫ومنها‬‫الطبية‬‫ت‬
‫العل‬‫األفكار‬‫إىل‬‫واخلرافة‬‫السحر‬‫من‬‫الطب‬‫حتويل‬‫يف‬‫األكرب‬‫الدور‬‫هلا‬‫وكان‬‫والدة‬‫يف‬‫الدخول‬‫وبالتالي‬،‫مية‬
‫احلالي‬‫األكادميي‬‫الطب‬‫وصعود‬‫الطبية‬‫املدارس‬.‫وكتاب‬"‫ع‬‫عجز‬‫ملن‬‫التصريف‬‫التأليف‬‫ن‬"‫يعترب‬‫للزهراوي‬
‫العرب‬‫األطباء‬‫تركه‬‫الذي‬‫الطيب‬‫الكنز‬‫على‬‫مثاال‬.‫ا‬‫النصوص‬‫دراسة‬‫خالل‬‫من‬‫بأن‬‫القول‬‫ميكننا‬‫لرتاثية‬
‫احلدي‬‫الطرق‬‫مع‬‫جدا‬‫عالية‬‫بنسبة‬‫يتطابق‬‫األسنان‬‫قلع‬‫لعملية‬‫الزهراوي‬‫وصف‬‫عصرنا‬‫يف‬‫املعتمدة‬‫ثة‬
‫احلالي‬.

22. Selected References
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[2] Turgut M. Surgical scalpel used in the treatment of infantile hydrocephalus by Al Zahrawi (936-1013 A.D.). Child’s Nervous System 2009;25:1043–44.
[3] Nabri IA. El Zahrawi (936-1013 AD), the father of operative surgery. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 1983;65:132–34.
[4] Agerholm D. Reasons for extraction by dental practitioners in England and Wales: a comparison with 1986 and variations between regions. J Dent 2001;29:237-241
[5] McCaul LK, Jenkins WM, Kay EJ. The reasons for extraction of permanent teeth in Scotland: a 15-year follow-up study. Br Dent J 2001;190:658-62.
[6] De Jongh A. Clinical characteristics of somatization in dental practice. Br Dent J 2003;195:151-154.
[7] Misch CE, Perez HM. Atraumatic extractions: a biomechanical rationale. Dent Today 2008;27:100–101.
[8] Venkateshwar GP, Padhye MN, Khosla AR, Kakkar ST. Complications of exodontia: a retrospective study. Indian J Dent Res 2011;22:633–638.
[9] Levitt D. Atraumatic extraction and root retrieval using the periotome: a precursor to immediate placement of dental implants. Dent Today 2001;20:53–57.
[10] Findlay IA. The classification of dental elevators. Br Dent J 1960;109:219–23.
[11] Suzanne Gigandet: Al-Risāla al-Hārūniyya de Masīḥ b. Ḥakam al-Dimašqī, médecin. Délégation Française de Damas, Damas 2002. ISBN 2-901315-71-2.
[12] Al-Benna S. Albucasis, a tenth century scholar, physician and surgeon: His role in the history of plastic and reconstructive surgery. Euro J Plastic Surg 2012;35:379–
87.
[13] Abou Shady EA, Farrag HE, el-damarawy NA, Mohammed FA, Kamel AM, Massoud AA. In vitro effects of trace elements on blood clotting and platelet function. B-
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[14]‫المعلوف‬ ‫إسكندر‬ ‫عيسى‬:‫والحديثة‬ ‫القديمة‬ ‫األمم‬ ‫عند‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫تاريخ‬.‫مصر‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ،‫والثقافة‬ ‫للتعليم‬ ‫هنداوي‬ ‫مؤسسة‬2012.
[15]‫أصيبعة‬ ‫أبي‬ ‫ابن‬:‫د‬ ‫وتحقيق‬ ‫مراجعة‬ ،‫األطباء‬ ‫تاريخ‬ ‫في‬ ‫األنباء‬ ‫عيون‬.‫لبنان‬ ،‫بيروت‬ ،‫الحياة‬ ‫مكتبة‬ ‫دار‬ ،‫نزار‬ ‫رضا‬1965.
[16]‫حربي‬ ‫حسنين‬ ‫أحمد‬ ‫خالد‬:‫حكم‬ ‫بن‬ ‫عيسى‬.‫مصر‬ ‫االسكندرية‬ ،‫والنشر‬ ‫الطباعة‬ ‫لدنيا‬ ‫الوفاء‬ ‫دار‬،2011.
]17[‫الكشكري‬ ‫يعقوب‬:‫شيري‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحقيق‬ ،‫الطب‬ ‫في‬ ‫كناش‬.‫لبنان‬ ‫بيروت‬ ،‫الدين‬ ‫عز‬ ‫مؤسسة‬1994.
[18]‫الطبري‬ ‫ربن‬ ‫سهل‬ ‫بن‬ ‫علي‬ ،‫الطبري‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫بن‬ ‫أحمد‬ ‫الحسن‬ ‫ابو‬:‫كتابي‬ ‫من‬ ‫ومعالجاتها‬ ‫العين‬ ‫أمراض‬" :‫البقراطية‬ ‫المعالجات‬"‫و‬"‫الحكمة‬ ‫فردوس‬"،‫قلعه‬ ‫رواس‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫وتعليق‬ ‫وتحقيق‬ ‫وترتيب‬ ‫جمع‬‫ظافر‬ ‫محمد‬ ،‫جي‬
‫الوفائي‬.‫الرياض‬ ،‫الوطنية‬ ‫فهد‬ ‫الملك‬ ‫مكتبة‬1998.