Presentation of a paper carried out by medical students in HUCOM at 2016

1. The Prevalence and Forms of Child
Abuse Among Hadhramout
University Students in Al-Mukalla
District
Prepared By : Group ( 4 ) – Year ( 3 )
Presented by:
Mohamed A. Badheeb

2. Introduction
➢Child abuse is any action by another person adult or child, that causes
significant harm to a child.
➢Child abuse includes all forms of physical and emotional ill-treatment,
sexual abuse, neglect, and exploitation which may be harmful to the
child’s health, development or dignity.
➢Child abuse is a big global problem. Recently, the World Health
Organization (WHO) estimated that about 40 millions children aged 0-14
years around the world suffer from abuse and neglect that require health
and social care

3. Introduction (CONT`D…)
➢Children in the Arab Peninsula are subjected to all forms of
child abuse and neglect.
➢However, the problem is ignored or may even be tolerated
and accepted.
➢So, abused children continue to suffer and most abusers go
free, unpunished and untreated.

4. Rational
The deficiency of research in this issue. The
exacerbated trend of child abuse occurrence
without focusing in the consequences to the child
health. And the harm to the children is reflected on
the community future.

5. Aim of the Study
To determine the prevalence, forms and outcomes
of child abuse among Hadhramout University
students.

6. Research Objectives

7. Research Objectives
1. To estimate the prevalence rate of child abuse among Hadhramout
University students.
2. To determine the frequency of different forms of child abuse exposure
among Hadhramout University students.
3. To determine common offenders (perpetrators) of different forms of
child abuse among Hadhramout University students.
4. To find out the association between child abuse and students' socio-
demographic and familial conditions factors.
5. To identify the outcomes associated with child abuse among
Hadhramout University students.

8. Methodology

9. Methodology
❑ Study Design:
A cross-sectional analytical study
❑ Study area:
The study was carried out among the colleges of Hadhramout University.
❑ Study population:
The study population included students of Hadhramout University aged (18-
24) years and who were available in the academic year 2015-2016 during the
study period with the total population size of (6390) students.

10. Methodology (CON’D…)
❑ Study sample Size
A total of 434 students were included in this study.
❑ Sampling Method
A two stages random sampling method was used for the selection of the
participants.
❑ Data Collection and tools
Data was collected by using standardized, pre-tested self-administered
questionnaire.
The questionnaire developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality (AHRQ) and translated into many languages. ISPCAN

11. Results

12. Table (1): Personal, Socio-demographic and Familial Characteristics of
Hadhramout University Students (N= 410)
Percentage (%)
Frequency
Variables
60
40
246
164
Sex of the student
Male
Female
6.3
61
32.7
26
250
134
Age group (in years)
18-<20
20-<22
22-24
20
12.4
4.2
18.5
44.9
82
51
17
76
184
College name
Arts
Girls
Nursing
Medicine
Engineering
64.9
35.1
266
144
Living place before 18 year-old
Urban
Rural
36.6
57.1
6.3
150
234
26
Educational level of father
University and above
Less than university
Illiterate
8.3
62.9
28.8
34
258
118
Educational level of mother
University and above
Less than university
Illiterate

13. (CON’D…) Table (1): Personal, Socio-demographic and Familial
Characteristics of Hadhramout University Students (N= 410)
Percentage (%)
Frequency
Variables
46.1
48.8
5.1
189
200
21
Father’s occupation
Government worker
Private worker
Non worker
10.0
3.4
86.6
41
14
355
Mother’s occupation
Government worker
Private worker
Housewife
22.2
35.9
42.0
91
147
172
Family income in Y/R*
<50000
50000-80000
> 80000
8.8
62.2
29.0
36
255
119
Crowding index
One person/room
2-3 persons/room
More than three
83.4
5.1
11.5
342
21
47
Parental relation
Married
Divorced
One dead

14. Table (1): Personal, Socio-demographic and Familial Characteristics of
Hadhramout University Students (N= 410) (CON’D…)
Percentage (%)
Frequency
Variables
14.1
85.9
58
352
Smoking, chewing Qat, used drugs and/ or alcohol among adults in
home
Yes
No
45.9
54.1
188
222
Adults in home arguing on each other
Yes
No
21.0
79.0
86
324
Adults in home hit, kick, slap or punch each other inside home
Yes
No
10.7
89.3
44
366
Adults in home use guns, knives to hurt or scare someone else
inside home
Yes
No
100
410
Total

15. Table (2): Prevalence and Frequency of Exposure to Different Forms of Child
Abuse Reported by University Students (N= 410)
Type of abuse
Frequency
Total population
91.0
17.3
41.0
32.7
9.0
373
71
168
134
37
Exposure to child abuse
Exposure at over all
Exposed to 1 or more:
One form
Two forms
Three forms
Not exposed
Type of abuse
83.9
80.8
70.4
20.6
19.2
14.8
344
278
242
71
66
51
Emotional abuse:
1-Exposed
2-History of being
Screamed or called with bad names
Made victim feel ashamed or embarrassed
Rejected: wished that he/she was never born
Threatened to be abandoned
Threatened to be killed

16. Table (2): Prevalence and Frequency of Exposure to Different Forms of Child
Abuse Reported by University Students (N= 410) (CON’D…)
Type of abuse
74.9
67.4
72.3
59.0
60.6
16.6
12.4
3.9
307
207
222
181
186
51
38
12
Physical abuse
1-Exposed
2-History of being:
Pushed or kicked
Pulled hair or pinched ear
Slapped face
Hit with object (stick, rope, belt)
Shacked or tried to drown you
Burned or scalded (Put chili in any part of body)
Stabbed with a knife
38.5
81.0
20.3
26.6
20.9
1.3
20.3
158
128
32
42
33
2
32
Sexual abuse
1-Exposed
2- History of being
Spoken in a sexual way by abuser
Forced to look at sexual picture
Forced to view victim’s private parts
Forced to touch abuser’s private parts
Photographed the victim, in the nude
Forced for contact sexual assault

17. Table (3): Reported Offenders of Different Forms of Child Abuse among
Exposed Hadhramout University Students
Extra
familial
person
)%(
n
Teachers
)%(
n
Relatives
)%(
n
Siblings
)%(
n
Parents
%)
)
n
Offenders
Type of abuse
Emotional abuse: history of being (N=344)
154(44.8)
62(18)
64(18.6)
71(20.6)
94(27.3)
Screamed or called with bad names
126(36.6)
65(18.9)
63(18.3)
26(7.6)
48(14)
Made abuser feel ashamed
35(10.2)
5(1.5)
14(4.1)
17(4.9)
20(5.8)
Rejected: wished that he/she was never
born
43(12.5)
1(.3)
7(2.0)
6(1.7)
19(5.5)
Threatened to be abandoned
Physical abuse: history of being (N= 307)
88(28.7)
18(5.9)
33(10.8)
80(26.1)
64(20.8)
Pushed or kicked
59(19.2)
46(15)
44(14.3)
61(20)
112(36.5)
Pulled hair or pinched ear
60(19.5)
15(4.9)
29(9.4)
47(15.3)
67(21.8)
Slapped face
26(8.5)
40(13.0)
25(8.1)
27(8.8)
123(40.1)
Hit with object (stick, rope, belt)
30(9.8)
3(1)
9(2.9)
12(3.9)
2(0.7)
Shacked or tried to drown you
13(4.2)
1(0.3)
9(2.9)
4(1.3)
19(6.2)
Burned or scalded (Put chili in any
part of body)
9(2.9)
0(0)
1(0.3)
2(0.7)
0(0)
Stabbed with a knife

18. Extra
familial
person
)%(
n
Teachers
)%(
n
Relatives
)%(
n
Siblings
)%(
n
Parents
%)
)
n
Offenders
Type of abuse
Sexual abuse: history of being (N=158)
111(70.3)
6(3.8)
17(10.8)
3(1.9)
3(1.9)
Spoken in a sexual way by abuser
27(17.1)
0(0)
4(2.5)
1(.6)
0(0)
Forced to look at sexual picture
33(20.9)
0(0)
8(5.1)
1(.6)
0(0)
Forced to view abuser’s private parts
24(15.2)
1(0.6)
10(6.3)
2(1.3)
0(0)
Forced to touch abuser's private
parts
2(1.3)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
Photographed the abuser in the nude
20(12.7)
1(0.6)
12(7.6)
2(1.3)
0(0)
Forced for contact sexual assault
Table (3): Reported Offenders of Different Forms of Child Abuse among
Exposed Hadhramout University Students (CON’D…)

19. Table (4): Association between child abuse and Students' Socio-demographic
and Familial Conditions
P value*
Test
value
X2
value
Exposure to abuse
Socio-Demographics
Characteristics and Familial
conditions
NO
n= 37 ( 9.0%)
Yes
n=373 (91.0%)
Sex
0.260
1.268
19 ( 7.7 )
227 ( 92.3 )
Male
18 ( 11.0)
146( 89.0 )
Female
Crowding index
0.509
0.436
28 (9.6)
263 (90.4)
1-3 persons
9 (7.9)
110 (92.4)
>3 persons
Family income
0.855
0.033
22 (9.2)
216 (90.8)
<80000
15 (8.7)
157 (91.3)
>80000
Place of living before 18 years old
0.717
0.132
23 (8.6)
243 (91.4)
Urban
14 (9.9)
130 (90.3)
Rural

20. Table (4): Association between child abuse and Students' Socio-demographic
and Familial Conditions (CON’D…)
P value*
Test value
X2 value
Exposure to abuse
Socio-Demographics
Characteristics and Familial
conditions
NO
n= 37 ( 9.0%)
Yes
n=373 (91.0%)
Father's educational level
0.341
0.907
36 (9.4)
348 (90.6)
Educated
1 (3.8)
25 (96.2)
Non educated
Mother's educational level
0.313
1.017
29 (9.9)
263 (90.1)
Educated
8 (6.8)
110 (93.2)
Non educated
Father's occupation
0.876
0.024
35 (9.0)
355 (91.0)
Worker
2 (10.0)
18 (90.0)
Not working
Mother's occupation
0.597
0.280
4 (7.1)
52 (92.9)
Worker
33 (9.3)
321 (90.7)
Not working

21. Cont’d Table (4): Association between child abuse and Students' Socio-
demographic and Familial Conditions (CON’D…)
P value*
Test value
X2 value
Exposure to abuse
Socio-Demographics
Characteristics and Familial
conditions
NO
n= 37 ( 9.0%)
Yes
n=373 (91.0%)
Parents' relation
0.692
0.157
30 (9.1)
300 (90.9)
Live together
5 (7.6)
61 (92.4)
Do not live together or one dead
Adults in home smoking , chewing Qat , used drugs and/ or alcohol
0.079
2.559
2 (3.4)
56 (96.6)
Yes
35 (9,9)
317 (90.1)
No
Adults in home arguing on each other
0.000
17.132
5 (2.7)
183 (97.3)
Yes
32 (14.4
19 (85.6)
No
Adults in home hit , kick or hurt each other
0.004
8.192
1 (1.2 )
85 (98.8)
Yes
36 (11.1)
288 (88.9)
No
Adults in home use guns, knives to hurt or scare someone else inside home
0.098
2.737
1 (2.3)
43 (97.7)
Yes
36 (9.8)
330 (90.2)
No

22. Table (5): Association between exposure to different form of
child abuse and the resulting outcomes
Outcomes Emotional Physical Sexual
1- Poor educational
performance
Yes Yes Yes
2- Become violent: Yes Yes Yes
3- Anxiousness &
nightmares
Yes Yes No
4- Pain of unknown origin Yes Yes Yes
5- Fear of other sex Yes Yes No
6- Suicidal thoughts or
attempts
Yes Yes Yes
7- Wishing revenge Yes No Yes
8- Use drugs such as
painkillers or
antidepressant
Yes No No
9- Resorted to smoking No No No
10 - Thought to go to
psychiatrist
Yes Yes Yes

23. Conclusion and
Recommendations

24. Conclusion
Child abuse is a significant public health problem. Both
emotional and physical abuse are the most prevailing types.
Extra familial persons are the masters of offenders in both
emotional and sexual abuse, while the majority of perpetrators
in physical abuse are the parents.
Child abuse associated with students’ familial conditions
such as existence of parents or adults in home arguing on each
other, and parents or adults in home who hit one another.
Child abuse has long-term negative impacts as low
educational performance, increasing anxiousness, becoming
more suicidal prone, having symptomatic pain of unknown
cause, fear of other sex, acquiring violent behavior and
wishing revenge of abusers.

25. Recommendations
• Applying this study in different community levels.
• Community education upon this problem.
• Punishments for the offenders.
• Establishment of rehabilitation centers for the victims of
child abuse.
• Proper psychological treatment to prevent any outcomes.
• Elevate children awareness.

26. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

27. Thanks for Listening