Proliferation of aquatic education Aquaculture Nutrition From beginning to end fish farming

1. Fish Nutrition and FeedingFish Nutrition and Feeding
•• Energy requirements are lower for fishEnergy requirements are lower for fish ((For a fish, floating in the water consumes less energyFor a fish, floating in the water consumes less energy
than standing and walking on legs).than standing and walking on legs).
•• Fish are poikilothermic (coldFish are poikilothermic (cold--blooded) animalsblooded) animals (their body temperature is equal to that of its(their body temperature is equal to that of its
environment)environment) and thus they do not use feed to maintain body temperature asand thus they do not use feed to maintain body temperature as
warmwarm--blooded animals doblooded animals do (e.g. poultry, pigs and cows).(e.g. poultry, pigs and cows).
•• Fish require some lipids such as omegaFish require some lipids such as omega--33’’s that warms that warm--blooded animals do not.blooded animals do not.
•• Fish can absorb some minerals from water through the gills.Fish can absorb some minerals from water through the gills.
•• Lose less energy in protein catabolism and excretion of nitrogenLose less energy in protein catabolism and excretion of nitrogen
–– 1 ATP / N in Ammonia1 ATP / N in Ammonia
–– 4 ATP / molecule of Urea (2 Nitrogen)4 ATP / molecule of Urea (2 Nitrogen)
–– 10 ATP/4 N in Uric acid10 ATP/4 N in Uric acid
Conversion EfficiencyConversion Efficiency
(Fish vs. Warm(Fish vs. Warm--blooded Animals)blooded Animals)

2. Conversion EfficiencyConversion Efficiency
•• Fish require less energy for proteinFish require less energy for protein
synthesis.synthesis.
•• Fish poorly utilize carbohydrates forFish poorly utilize carbohydrates for
energy:energy:
-- Following glucose ingestion, blood glucose levels rise rapidly,Following glucose ingestion, blood glucose levels rise rapidly,
but may take hours to decrease.but may take hours to decrease.
-- Turnover of glucose in trout is 10X slower than in ratsTurnover of glucose in trout is 10X slower than in rats
Fish Have LowerFish Have Lower
Maintenance RequirementMaintenance Requirement
•• Lower Maintenance EnergyLower Maintenance Energy
–– Rainbow TroutRainbow Trout
•• Maintenance Energy = 57kcal/kg bwtMaintenance Energy = 57kcal/kg bwt
–– MammalsMammals
•• Maintenance Energy = 70Maintenance Energy = 70--83 kcal/kg83 kcal/kg
bwtbwt

3. HI
GE DE ME
FE
Net E
Digestion
Recovery ERecovery E
MaintenanceMaintenance
Temp. regulationTemp. regulation
Basic MetabolismBasic Metabolism
UE, GE
Metabolism
DE
ME
GE (Gross energy)GE (Gross energy) = the amount of heat that is released when a substance is
completely oxidised in a bomb calorimeterbomb calorimeter containing 25-30 atmospheres of oxygen.
1 cal (calorie) = 4.184 joules
1 kcal (kilocalorie) = 4 184 joules
CalorieCalorie = The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g water from 14.5 to 15.5◦C.

4. (Gross energy)

5. ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ ‫آﻠﻲ‬ ‫هﺎي‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮردﻩ‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي‬I =
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ‬M =
‫رﺷﺪ‬G =
‫دﻓﻊ‬E =
100 I = 44 M + 29 G + 27 E‫ﮔﻮﺷﺘﺨﻮار‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬
100 I = 37 M + 20 G + 43 E‫ﺧﻮار‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬
I = M + G + EI = M + G + E
Energy BudgetsEnergy Budgets
IntakeIntake (( II = Income)= Income)
•• MacronutrientsMacronutrients
–– CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
–– Fats/OilsFats/Oils
–– ProteinsProteins
•• MicronutrientsMicronutrients
–– VitaminsVitamins
–– EssentialEssential
•• Fatty AcidsFatty Acids
•• Amino AcidsAmino Acids
•• SugarsSugars
Energy UseEnergy Use ((EE = Expenditure)= Expenditure)
•• RespirationRespiration
•• OsmoregulationOsmoregulation
•• MovementMovement
•• FeedingFeeding
•• DigestionDigestion
•• ReproductionReproduction
I = E Growth = 0
I < E Growth = -
I > E Growth = +

6. Fish DiversityFish Diversity
•• Because there are so many fishBecause there are so many fish
species, extreme variation in fishspecies, extreme variation in fish
digestive systems exist amongdigestive systems exist among
the families.the families.

7. •• Carnivores: large stomach, short intestineCarnivores: large stomach, short intestine
hybrid striped bass salmonidshybrid striped bass salmonids
•• Omnivores: moderate size stomach & intestineOmnivores: moderate size stomach & intestine
channel catfishchannel catfish
•• Herbivores: small stomachs, long intestineHerbivores: small stomachs, long intestine
tilapia grass carptilapia grass carp
•• Trituration and digestion processes also varyTrituration and digestion processes also vary
Diversity of GI TractDiversity of GI Tract
Diversity of GI TractDiversity of GI Tract
trout
carnivore
catfish
omnivore
carp
omnivore
milkfish
planktivore

8. Gill RakersGill Rakers - SievingSieving

10. Feeding FrequencyFeeding Frequency
•• Types of GI TractsTypes of GI Tracts
–– Herbivores => Omnivores => CarnivoresHerbivores => Omnivores => Carnivores
•• Size of AnimalSize of Animal
–– Larvae => Juveniles => Adults =>Larvae => Juveniles => Adults =>
BroodstockBroodstock
-- Frequency => 1Frequency => 1--20 times per day20 times per day
Gross Energy ValuesGross Energy Values
•• Carbohydrates (Glucose)Carbohydrates (Glucose)
–– 3.77 kcal/g in fish 1.4 kcal/g3.77 kcal/g in fish 1.4 kcal/g
•• Proteins (Casein)Proteins (Casein)
–– 5.84 kcal/g5.84 kcal/g
•• Fat (Soybean oil)Fat (Soybean oil)
–– 9.28 kcal/g9.28 kcal/g

11. ThreonineThreonine ValineValine
LeucineLeucine IsoleucineIsoleucine
MethionineMethionine TryptophanTryptophan
LysineLysine HistidineHistidine
ArginineArginine PhenylalaninePhenylalanine
IndispensableIndispensable amino acidsamino acids
Vitamin classificationVitamin classification
WaterWater--soluble vitaminssoluble vitamins FatFat--soluble vitaminssoluble vitamins
Thiamine (vitamin B1)
Retinol (vitamin A1A1)
3-Dehydro Retinol (vitamin A2A2)
Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3D3)
Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2D2)
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) Tocopherol (vitamin E)
Pantothenic acid Phylloquinone (vitamin K)
Nicotinic acid (niacin)
Biotin
Folic acid
Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)
Inositol
Choline
A bi id ( it i C)

12. Nutrient RequirementsNutrient Requirements
•• Fish require some lipids such asFish require some lipids such as
omegaomega--33’’s that warms that warm--bloodedblooded
animals do not.animals do not.
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty AcidsSaturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
•• Saturated fatty acids (SFA)Saturated fatty acids (SFA): the SFA: the SFA’’s of a lipids of a lipid
havehave no double bondsno double bonds between carbons in chainbetween carbons in chain
•• Polyunsaturated fatty acids (Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA): more than onePUFA): more than one
double bond in the chain (double bond in the chain (ωω--33,, ωω--66,, ωω--77,, ωω--9)9)
Higher unsaturated fatty acids (Higher unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA): more than 4HUFA): more than 4
double bond in the chain (double bond in the chain (ωω--33,, ωω--66,, ωω--77,, ωω--9)9)
•• most common polyunsaturated fats contain themost common polyunsaturated fats contain the
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) oleicoleic,, linoleiclinoleic
andand linolenic acidlinolenic acid
•• unsaturated fats have lower melting pointsunsaturated fats have lower melting points

13. Common nameCommon name Lipid nameLipid name Chemical nameChemical name
AlphaAlpha--linolenic acid (ALA)linolenic acid (ALA) 18:3 (n18:3 (n--3)3) allall--ciscis--9,12,159,12,15--octadecatrienoic acidoctadecatrienoic acid
Stearidonic acid (STD)Stearidonic acid (STD) 18:4 (n18:4 (n--3)3) allall--ciscis--6,9,12,15,6,9,12,15,--octadecatetraenoic acidoctadecatetraenoic acid
Eicosatrienoic acid (ETE)Eicosatrienoic acid (ETE) 20:3 (n20:3 (n--3)3) allall--ciscis--11,14,1711,14,17--eicosatrienoic acideicosatrienoic acid
Eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA)Eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) 20:4 (n20:4 (n--3)3) allall--ciscis--8,11,14,178,11,14,17--eicosatetraenoic acideicosatetraenoic acid
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 20:5 (n20:5 (n--3)3) allall--ciscis--5,8,11,14,175,8,11,14,17--eicosapentaenoic acideicosapentaenoic acid
Docosapentaenoic acidDocosapentaenoic acid (DPA)(DPA) 22:5 (n22:5 (n--3)3) allall--ciscis--7,10,13,16,197,10,13,16,19--docosapentaenoic aciddocosapentaenoic acid
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 22:6 (n22:6 (n--3)3) allall--ciscis--4,7,10,13,16,194,7,10,13,16,19--docosahexaenoic aciddocosahexaenoic acid
Tetracosapentaenoic acidTetracosapentaenoic acid 24:5 (n24:5 (n--3)3) allall--ciscis--9,12,15,18,219,12,15,18,21--tetracosapentaenoic acidtetracosapentaenoic acid
Tetracosahexaenoic acid (Nisinic acid)Tetracosahexaenoic acid (Nisinic acid) 24:6 (n24:6 (n--3)3) allall--ciscis--6,9,12,15,18,216,9,12,15,18,21--tetracosahexaenoic acidtetracosahexaenoic acid
Stearidonic acid (STD) 18:44 (n-33)
3 fatty acids-ω
A fatty acid chemical formula
CH3 (CH2)n COOH‫ﻣﺘﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﮔﺮوﻩ‬
‫آﺮﺑﻮآﺴﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﮔﺮوﻩ‬

14. fatty acids3-ω
ω-6 fatty acids
ω-6 fatty acids
-‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎرف‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫دوران‬ ‫ودر‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮورﺷﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬
‫ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫وﺑﺎزارﭘﺴﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮدم‬ ‫ذاﺋﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬.
-‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫وﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ارزان‬ ‫ﻏﺬاﻳﯽ‬ ‫اﻗﻼم‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼوﻩ‬‫آﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬.
-‫ﺁن‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﯽ‬ ‫رژﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬‫ﺑﻮدﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوم‬
‫دهﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫وﺳﺎزﮔﺎرﯼ‬.
-‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوم‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫وﺑﻴﻤﺎرﯼ‬ ‫ودﺳﺘﻜﺎرﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﻮرآﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫در‬.
-‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮاآﻢ‬ ‫وﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮاآﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬ ‫در‬ ‫زﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬.
-‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﺒﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻣﻜﺎن‬.
-‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫ودﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻣﻜﺎن‬.
‫ﭘﺮورﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬ ‫هﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎر‬

15. ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫روﯼ‬ ‫ﮔﺬار‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫روﯼ‬ ‫ﮔﺬار‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬::
١١--‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬
٢٢--‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟﺜﻪ‬‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟﺜﻪ‬
٣٣--‫ﻧﻮر‬‫ﻧﻮر‬
۴۴--‫ﺣﺮارت‬ ‫درﺟﻪ‬‫ﺣﺮارت‬ ‫درﺟﻪ‬
۵۵--‫ﻏﺬاﻳﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ‬‫ﻏﺬاﻳﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ‬
‫اﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻏﺬاﯼ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬‫رﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻦ‬‫رﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻦ‬:
١١--‫ﻧﻮرس‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﯼ‬ ‫ﻳﯽ‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﻧﻮرس‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﯼ‬ ‫ﻳﯽ‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬
٢٢--‫رﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫وﻳﮋﻩ‬ ‫هﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫رﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫وﻳﮋﻩ‬ ‫هﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬
٣٣--‫رﺷﺪ‬ ‫دورﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫وﻳﮋﻩ‬ ‫هﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫رﺷﺪ‬ ‫دورﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫وﻳﮋﻩ‬ ‫هﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬

16. Feed FormulationFeed Formulation
•• Cost of ingredientsCost of ingredients
•• Nutrient content of ingredientsNutrient content of ingredients
•• Nutrient requirementsNutrient requirements
•• Nutrient availabilityNutrient availability
•• Min.Min.--Max. restrictions ofMax. restrictions of
ingredientsingredients

17. Types of Fish FeedTypes of Fish Feed
•• LiveLive
–– AlgaeAlgae
–– ZooplanktonZooplankton
–– ByBy--catch/trash fishcatch/trash fish
•• FormulatedFormulated
–– FloatingFloating
–– SinkingSinking
–– MixedMixed
Extruded
(Floating)
Press pelletPress pellet
(Sinking)(Sinking)
‫ﭘﺮوري‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺰي‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎي‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬‫ﭘﺮوري‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺰي‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎي‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬::١١--‫زﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎي‬‫زﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎي‬٢٢--‫زﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎي‬‫زﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎي‬
‫زﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎي‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬‫زﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎي‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬::
١-‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎﯼ‬:‫و‬ ‫اﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ‬ ‫هﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫زﻳﺎد‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫داراﯼ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮادﯼ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﺣﺪود‬۴۵‫ﺗﺎ‬٧۵
‫ﭼﺮخ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎزﻩ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻴﮑﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﺪ‬ ‫در‬‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬ ‫ﺧﻮراﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺮدﻩ‬.
‫ﻣ‬ ،‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﯽ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاﻳﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﻳﻨﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻼوﻩ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﮔﺮوﻩ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻮدﮔﯽ‬ ‫ﻮﺟﺐ‬.
٢٢--‫ﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎﯼ‬‫ﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎﯼ‬::‫ﺧﺸﮏ‬ ‫اﻗﻼم‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬)‫ﻏﻼت‬ ‫ﺁرد‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﺁرد‬(
‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬٢۵‫ﺗﺎ‬۴۵‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬.

18. ٣-‫ﺧﺸﮏ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎﯼ‬:‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﮏ‬ ‫اﻗﻼم‬ ‫ﺳﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫را‬
‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ،‫درﺁورﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺮم‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺒﺪﯼ‬ ‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮاﮐﻢ‬pellet)(‫ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬١٣‫ﺗﺎ‬١٧‫درﺻﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫رﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﯼ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاﻳﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬‫هﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺁﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻣﺮوزﻩ‬ ،‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراﮎ‬ ‫ﮔﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫راﺣﺖ‬ ‫ف‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫دهﻨﺪﮔﺎن‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬.‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫هﺎﯼ‬ ‫اﻧﺪازﻩ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﮑﯽ‬ ‫هﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﮐﻴﺴﻪ‬ ‫در‬٢۵‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻣﯽ‬.‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫دهﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺰ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاﻳﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﮏ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺗﻴﺌﻦ‬ ،‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرﯼ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاهﺎﯼ‬ ‫هﻤﻪ‬‫ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺗﻴﺌﻦ‬ ‫داراﯼ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي‬ ‫ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬.
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮر‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮر‬۵۵//١١‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬..
‫ورودﯼ‬ ‫دهﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮدﺁﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫در‬‫دهﺎن‬‫ﭼﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬ ‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻮر‬ ‫وﺑﺮاﯼ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺪن‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎ‬‫ي‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫زم‬.‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻃﯽ‬‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ام‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬‫ام‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬‫ﻃﻮل‬‫ﺑﺪن‬‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫اﻧﺪازﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫دﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﺪن‬ ‫اﮔﺮﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﯼ‬١٠‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺑﺪر‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫اﮔﺮﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ام‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷ‬،‫ﺪ‬‫ﺷﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫اﻧﺪازﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮﺧﻮاهﺪ‬.

20. ‫آﺎرﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎت‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻚ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫روﺷﻬﺎي‬:
١١--‫ﭘﺮس‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫روش‬‫ﭘﺮس‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫روش‬::
‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎهﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎهﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫روش‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬‫ﺑﺎﺷ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻮر‬ ‫و‬ ‫دام‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫آﻪ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاﺗﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫آﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮد‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫آﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫آﺎﻧﺪﻳﺸﻨﺮ‬.‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺷﺪن‬ ‫وهﺪاﻳﺖ‬ ‫اوﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﺷﺪن‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎهﻲ‬ ‫آﺎﻧﺪﻳﺸﻨﺮ‬‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫در‬ ،‫ﺁن‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫وارد‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺁوري‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﺻﻄﻼح‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪاري‬ ‫ﺣﺎوي‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎرج‬ ‫داي‬ ‫ﺳﻮراﺧﻬﺎي‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎرﺁب‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺳﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬‫از‬ ‫آﺎﻧﺪﻳﺸﻨﺮ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻩ‬٥‫درﺻﺪ‬
‫اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪي‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎوز‬"‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫زدﻩ‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻣﺮ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻠﻮخ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪاري‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺪود‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮاآﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮدد‬‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺰي‬
‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪن‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫آﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬.
‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪاآﺜﺮ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎهﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫دﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻜﺎرﺑﺮد‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫اوﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﭘﺨﺖ‬
٨٠‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺣﺪاآﺜﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬ ‫درﺟﻪ‬0.2‫ﺗﺎ‬0.4‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﮕﺎ‬.
‫از‬ ‫ﺳﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﮔﺬر‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫روش‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫داي‬‫ﻃﻮل‬‫ﺣﺪود‬١٠‫ﻋﺒﻮر‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺪود‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اوﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫رﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺳﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬٢‫ﺗﺎ‬٣‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬.
‫ﻳﺎدﺁوري‬:‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫آﺎراﻳﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﺣﺮارت‬ ‫درﺟﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫دﻣﺎي‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ‬‫از‬ ‫آﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬١٦‫ﺗﺎ‬١٧
‫از‬ ‫آﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫دﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬١٠٠‫و‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ژﻻﺗﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫درﺟﻪ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫آﻨﺘﺮل‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫آﺎهﺶ‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‬ ‫و‬ ‫هﻀﻢ‬‫هﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‬ ‫و‬.
‫ﭘﺮس‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫روش‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬)٢-۵/١(‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ذآﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴ‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬ ‫آﺎﻧﺪﻳﺸﻴﻨﮓ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫آﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﺟﺰاي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ذرات‬ ‫اﻧﺪازﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻢ‬
‫دارد‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫دهﻨﺪﻩ‬.

21. ٢٢--‫اآﺴﺘﺮوژن‬ ‫روش‬‫اآﺴﺘﺮوژن‬ ‫روش‬::
‫اي‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﭽﻪ‬ ‫داراي‬ ‫اآﺴﺘﺮودر‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬٤٠‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫دﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻟﻪ‬.‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫زﻳﺎدي‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫دهﻪ‬ ‫اواﺧﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اآﺴﺘﺮودر‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫از‬١٩٥٠‫دهﻪ‬ ‫اواﺋﻞ‬ ‫و‬١٩٦٠‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوع‬.‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮ‬،‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﻓﺰاﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫آﺎهﺶ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اوﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﺗﻼف‬ ‫آﺎهﺶ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮداري‬‫دارد‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬.
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﭘﺮدازش‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اآﺴﺘﺮوژن‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬‫آﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫دﻣﺎي‬‫آﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫دﻣﺎي‬‫ﺗﺮآﻴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي‬ ، ‫ﺣﺮارت‬ ، ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬.‫آﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫هﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫اآﺴﺘﺮودر‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬)‫ﺗﺎ‬٦‫ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﮕﺎ‬(‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺨﺘﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اآﺴﺘﺮود‬ ، ‫ﻓﺮﺁوري‬ ،
‫دﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻓﺖ‬‫ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻓﺖ‬‫آﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫و‬.‫اﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻴﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎن‬‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬.‫ﺷﻨﺎوري‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراآﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬،‫ﻓﺮو‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺁهﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫روﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮو‬
‫ﺧﻮاهﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫روﻧﺪﻩ‬‫داﺷﺖ‬.‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻩ‬ ‫داراي‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﺰاﻳﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼوﻩ‬ ‫اآﺴﺘﺮود‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬‫ﻋﺪم‬ ،
‫اﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ‬)‫ﺣﺪاآﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اوﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬٢٠٠‫آﺎﻧﺪﻳﺸﻨﺮهﺎي‬ ‫و‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫آﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮون‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮص‬(‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫هﻨﮕﺎم‬ ‫ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬ ‫آﺎهﺶ‬ ‫و‬ ‫راﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ، ‫ﺳﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري‬‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ،
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ذﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺰاﻳﺎي‬ ‫داراي‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫روﺷﻬﺎي‬:
١-‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اآﺴﺘﺮودر‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫دﻣﺎ‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ژﻻﺗﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫آﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬.
‫ﺁ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫داراي‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ژﻻﺗﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ‬،‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ب‬‫اوﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫در‬
)‫ﺧﺎم‬(‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫در‬.‫ﺗ‬ ‫هﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ‬ ‫هﻴﺪروﻟﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬‫ﺎ‬٩٠%
‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮد‬.
٢-‫داراي‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫آﺮد‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺮم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اآﺴﺘﺮودر‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎوري‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري‬.‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫رﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫هﺪر‬ ‫از‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫آﺎهﺶ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻮدﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬.
٣-‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻧﺮم‬ ‫اآﺴﺘﺮودر‬ ‫وﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮادي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‬ ‫و‬ ‫هﻀﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫آﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬.‫ﺗﺮآ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫روﻏﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎوي‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي‬ ‫اآﺴﺘﺮوژﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫در‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪن‬ ‫در‬ ‫هﻀﻢ‬ ‫راﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬.
‫دﻧﺎﺗﻮرﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ‬ ‫هﻀﻢ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺬي‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺷﺪن‬‫ﻲ‬
‫آﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺳﻮﻳﺎي‬ ‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫زﻳﺮا‬ ‫آﺎرﺑﺮد‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺧﺎم‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻳﺎي‬‫از‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎوي‬ ‫ﺧﺎم‬
‫ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫آﻴﻤﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ‬،‫و‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺮژﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬...‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬‫اآﺴﺘﺮوژن‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺳﻪ‬ ‫آﻪ‬٨٥%‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫از‬
‫اﻓﺰا‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫هﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫روﻏﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫دادﻩ‬ ‫آﺎهﺶ‬ ‫را‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراآﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮش‬ ‫ﻳﺶ‬.
٤-‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫اآﺴﺘﺮودر‬ ‫ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬"‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫هﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﻮآﺴﻴﻦ‬)‫هﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﻮآﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮزﻳﺪ‬ ، ‫ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ‬‫هﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺮژن‬ ، ‫ﻗﻠﻴﺎهﺎ‬(‫ﮔﺸﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺮ‬ ‫هﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎآﺘﻮرهﺎي‬ ‫و‬
‫و‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬‫در‬‫اﺳﺘﺮﻳﻠ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫دﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺰاﺳﻴﻮن‬.

22. ٥-‫ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬ ‫هﺎي‬ ‫داي‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﺁورد‬ ‫دﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫هﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻳﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﺷﻜﺎل‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﻴﻀﻮي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪري‬ ‫ﻞ‬.
٦-‫اﺻﻮﻻ‬"‫از‬ ‫ﺣﺮارت‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اوﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺬي‬ ‫رﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬‫روﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺳﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫رﻳﺰﻣﻐﺬﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫وﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫آﻠﻴﻪ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺳﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫رﻳﺰﻣﻐﺬﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫وﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫آﻠﻴﻪ‬‫هﻤﺮاﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﺷﺪن‬ ‫ﺳﺮد‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﺴﺘﺮود‬‫هﻤﺮاﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﺷﺪن‬ ‫ﺳﺮد‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﺴﺘﺮود‬
‫هﺎي‬ ‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﭙﺮي‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫روي‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫روﻏﻦ‬‫هﺎي‬ ‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﭙﺮي‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫روي‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫روﻏﻦ‬‫روﻏﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫رﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬‫روﻏﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫رﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬) .) .oil coatoil coat((‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺬي‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎري‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫و‬‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺬي‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎري‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫و‬..
٧-‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮح‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬،‫روﻏﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬‫ﺧﻮراك‬‫ﺗﺎ‬٣٥%
،‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻴﻜﻪ‬ ‫در‬١٠%‫آﻴﺴﻪ‬ ‫آﻒ‬ ‫در‬ ‫روﻏﻦ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫اﻓﺰودﻩ‬ ‫روﻏﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎور‬.
‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬)Total Ammonia NitrogenTotal Ammonia Nitrogen(TANTAN‫دﻗﻴﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬"‫ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺮﻩ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﺷﺘﺨﻮار‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎوي‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺰ‬٣٥‫ﺗﺎ‬٦٥‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬.‫آﺎهﺶ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬TAN‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ ‫آﺎهﺶ‬ ‫روش‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اآﺴﺘﺮود‬ ‫روش‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬.
‫ﺣﺪود‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫آﻴﻠﻮ‬ ‫هﺮ‬٣٠‫ﮔﺮم‬TAN‫آﺎهﺶ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﻲ‬ ‫آﻢ‬ ‫دﭼﺎر‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺰارﻋﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬TAN‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮي‬ ‫آﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫در‬‫ﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺰارع‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎ‬ ‫رﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺁب‬"‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺬار‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬.
‫ﭘﺮس‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫آﻴﻠﻮ‬ ‫هﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ ‫ازاء‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫در‬،‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﺣﺪود‬٢٥‫ﺗﺎ‬٣٠‫درﺻﺪ‬‫ﺁن‬‫ﺑﺼﻮرت‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫دﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻮﻻت‬،‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺪاآﺜﺮ‬ ‫اآﺴﺘﺮود‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻴﻜﻪ‬ ‫در‬١٢%‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬.‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫ﮔﺮد‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫دﭼﺎر‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎوري‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫اآﺴﺘﺮود‬ ‫ﺧﻮراك‬‫د‬.

23. FCRFCR = dry feed fed/body weight gain
(Economic Conversion Ratio) ECR(Economic Conversion Ratio) ECR = cost of diet= cost of diet ×× FCRFCR
Weight gainWeight gain (%)= [(final weight – initial weight)/ initial weight] × 100
Specific growth rate (SGR)Specific growth rate (SGR) (%)= [(final weight – initial weight ) / number of days] × 100
Protein efficiency ratio (Protein efficiency ratio (PERPER)) = net weight gain (wet weight)/ protein fed
PER in fish meal = 3.1PER in fish meal = 3.1 -- 3.7 PER in soybean meal = 1.63.7 PER in soybean meal = 1.6

24. Condition factorCondition factor also known as coefficient of conditioncoefficient of condition or lengthlength--weight factorweight factor
KK =
WW is the fish weigthfish weigth in grams, L is its lengthlength in cm.
Example: The fish is 15.5 cm15.5 cm long and weighs 50 g50 g. Then the condition factor is:
K = = 1, 34
Variations in a fish's condition factor primarily reflect state of sexual maturitysexual maturity and degreedegree
of nourishment.of nourishment. Condition values may also vary with fish ageage, and in some species, with
sexsex.
To assess the stoutness of the fish the condition factor may be calculated according
to the following formula:
))‫ﭼﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬‫ﭼﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬==‫رﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ‬‫رﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ‬((

26. ‫ﮐﭙﻮرﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬‫ﮐﭙﻮرﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬
‫ﮐﭙﻮرﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﻩ‬)Cyprinidae(‫ﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺎﯼ‬‫ه‬‫ﺎهﯽ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﯼ‬‫ه‬‫ﺎﻧﻮادﻩ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻳﮑﯽ‬
‫ﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬‫ه‬.‫ﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻮدﻩ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ه‬‫ﺎهﯽ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﻧﻮادﻩ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﺰرﮔﺘ‬ ‫ﺎﻧﻮادﻩ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫اﻳ‬٢٢٠‫و‬ ‫ﻨﺲ‬‫ﺟ‬٢۴٢٠‫ﻪ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧ‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫اﺳ‬.‫ﺪﮔﯽ‬ ‫زﻧ‬ ‫ﻮرت‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻮدﻩ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫ﻀﺎﯼ‬ ‫اﻋ‬ ‫ﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﻤ‬ ْ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬‫ﺁب‬ ‫در‬
‫ﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ورود‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﯼ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮر‬‫ﻟﺐ‬.‫ﯽ‬‫ﭘﺮورﺷ‬ ‫ﺎﯼ‬‫ه‬‫ﺎهﯽ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘ‬
‫ﮐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺮﮔﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻮر‬‫ﮐﭙ‬ ،‫ﻮر‬‫ﺁﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻮار‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻮر‬‫ﮐﭙ‬ ،‫ﻮﻟﯽ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤ‬ ‫ﻮر‬‫ﮐﭙ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﺁﺑ‬ ‫ﮔﺮم‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﯼ‬‫ﺮﻩ‬‫ﻧﻘ‬ ‫ﻮر‬‫ﭙ‬
‫هﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﻩ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ،‫ﻓﻴﺘﻮﻓﺎگ‬.‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺪود‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺪود‬‫ﺣ‬١١٠١١٠‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺎﯼ‬‫ه‬‫ﺎهﯽ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮوﻩ‬‫ﮔ‬ ‫ﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﺰرﮔﺘ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧ‬‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺎﯼ‬‫ه‬‫ﺎهﯽ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮوﻩ‬‫ﮔ‬ ‫ﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﺰرﮔﺘ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧ‬
‫ﺮان‬ ‫اﻳ‬ ‫ﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷ‬‫ﺮان‬ ‫اﻳ‬ ‫ﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷ‬‫ﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺷ‬‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﺮان‬ ‫اﻳ‬ ‫ﺎط‬ ‫ﻧﻘ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫اآﺜ‬ ‫در‬ ً‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬.‫ﺎﯼ‬ ‫ه‬‫ﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﭙﻮرﻣ‬ ‫از‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻴﺎﻩ‬‫ﺳ‬ ،‫ﮐﻮر‬‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺲ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﻳﺮان‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮوف‬،‫ﻔﻴﺪ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎهﯽ‬‫ﻣ‬ ،‫ﺎهﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺮد‬ ‫ﻧﺎم‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﮐﻮﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‬.
The high diversity and expansive distribution of cyprinids have contributed to a long
history of human use (of both cultured and wild-caught stocks) as food, bait, sport,
forage, and ornamentals. A few species are used to control nuisance plants or other
problem organisms (for example, disease-carrying snails).
Cyprinids exhibit considerable variation in morphology, diet, and habitat use. The largest
member of the family is the Giant Barb (Catlocarpio siamensis) of southeastern Asia,
which may reach almost 3 m total length3 m total length (TL) (Smith, 1945). In contrast, the miniature
translucent species Danionella translucidaDanionella translucida from Myanmar (formerly Burma) attains
only 12 mm standard length (SL), and is the smallest freshwater fish known (Roberts,
1986; Britz, 2003).
CyprinidaeCyprinidae

27. Danionella translucida
Catlocarpio siamensis
Trophic diversity is also great, and the family includes planktivoresplanktivores (Bighead Carp,
Hypophthalmichthys nobilisHypophthalmichthys nobilis, and Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrixHypophthalmichthys molitrix), herbivoresherbivores
(Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellaCtenopharyngodon idella), piscivorespiscivores (Colorado Pikeminnow,
Ptychocheilus lucius), and omnivoresomnivores (Common Carp, Cyprinus carpioCyprinus carpio).
Many species have specialized diets, which are reflected in particular morphological
adaptations (for example, the Black CarpBlack Carp, Mylopharyngodon piceusMylopharyngodon piceus, has pharyngealpharyngeal
teethteeth modified for crushing mollusks). Cyprinids live in a wide variety of habitats from
stagnant ponds and small streams to large lakes and swift-flowing rivers.

28. (Common carp) ‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﮐﭙﻮر‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﭘﺮورﺷﯽ‬ ‫ﻮﻟﯽ‬
‫ﭼﺮﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﭙﻮر‬ (Leather Carp)
‫اﯼ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﭙﻮر‬ (Mirror Carp)
‫ﮐﭙﻮر‬‫وﺣﺸﻲ‬ (Wild carp)
Black carp

29. Goldfish, 2.2 kg, from Kalvemose
Lake, Denmark
‫ﻏﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫هﺎي‬ ‫هﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻢ‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫از‬‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬ ‫وهﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﺬادهﻲ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ، ‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ، ‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬‫و‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺣﺮارت‬ ‫درﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻮاﻣﻞ‬‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫اﻧﺪازﻩ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬.‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫از‬‫وﮔﺮﻣﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺮداﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫وﻋﺎدات‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬‫وﮔﺮﻣﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺮداﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫وﻋﺎدات‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬،‫اي‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫دو‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬:
‫اﻟﻒ‬(‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬:
‫در‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫وﭼﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻮأم‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرت‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﺧﺎآﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮهﺎي‬.‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫زي‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎزهﺎي‬ ‫از‬‫ور‬‫ان‬‫ﮔ‬‫ﻴﺎ‬‫هﯽ‬‫اي‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎهﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﻔﺰﻳﺎن‬ ، ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮري‬ ‫و‬
‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬.‫آﭙﻮر‬‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫آﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫وزﻧﯽ‬ ‫داراﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺪ‬ ‫هﻨﮕﺎم‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬
‫ﮔﺮد‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺪ‬.
١‫ﻓﻴﺘﻮﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ـ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫گ‬‫اي‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺮﻩ‬ ‫آﭙﻮر‬:(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
‫ﻓﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﻧ‬‫ﮑ‬‫ﭘﻼﻧ‬ ‫واز‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮار‬ ‫ﺘﻮن‬‫ﮑ‬‫ﺣﺪود‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﺪازﻩ‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬٢٠‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮون‬.

30. ٢‫هﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﮓ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﮔﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ـ‬:(Aristichthys nobilis)
‫زﺋﻮﭘﻼﻧ‬‫ﮑ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮار‬ ‫ﺘﻮن‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫زي‬ ‫از‬‫ور‬‫اﻧﺪازﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮري‬ ‫ان‬٦٠‫از‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮون‬
‫ﺁ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬ ، ‫روﺗﻴﻔﺮهﺎ‬‫ﻟﮕ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫درﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻬﺎي‬.
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬:‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎزي‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮهﺎي‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻳﺎدﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫وﺑﺎر‬ ‫آﻮددهﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﺑﺎ‬‫ور‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎزي‬‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫هﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫دو‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮان‬.

31. ٣‫ﺁﻣﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ـ‬:(pharyngodon idella)
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎهﺎن‬ ‫از‬)‫ﺳﻮرﮔﻮم‬ ، ‫ﻳﻮﻧﺠﻪ‬ ، ‫ﺷﺒﺪر‬،...(‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﺎآﺮوﻓﻴﺖ‬.‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﺮ‬‫آﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫اي‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬ ‫ﮔﻮﺷﺖ‬٢٥‫ﺗﺎ‬٣٠‫آﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬‫دارد‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ‬.‫روزاﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬٤٥-٣٥‫ﻏﺬادهﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮر‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻮرت‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮد‬.
:(Cyprinus carpio)٤‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ـ‬
، ‫آﻔﺰي‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮران‬ ‫واز‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮار‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰ‬ ‫هﻤﻪ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﭘﻼﻧ‬ ‫وﻣﻮﺟﻮدات‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺮوﻧﻮﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬‫ﮑ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫درﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺘﻮﻧﻲ‬.‫ﺑﺪن‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬.‫ﻃﺮف‬ ‫دو‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﻮزﻩ‬ ‫روﯼ‬‫ﺳﺒﻴﻠﮏ‬ ‫ﺟﻔﺖ‬ ‫دو‬‫دارد‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬.
‫اﺧﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫دو‬ ‫رﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪن‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮر‬)‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮر‬(‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﮔﺰﻳﺮ‬ ‫دهﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬.
‫ﺳﺒﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﺒﺪروﻳﻮﻧﺠﻪ‬(‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬.‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮان‬ ‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫وﭘﻮدرﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫آﻨﺠﺎﻟﻪ‬ ، ‫ﻏﻼت‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫از‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫آﻨﺴﺎﻧﺘﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫از‬ ‫وﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻤﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫وﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﮔﻨﺪم‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬‫اﺑﺘﺪا‬‫ﻣﺪت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺁن‬٧‫ﺧﻴﺴﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬)‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫در‬‫آﻨﻔﻲ‬ ‫آﻴﺴﻪ‬)‫ﮔﻮﻧﻲ‬((‫و‬‫ﺟﻮاﻧﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬
‫آﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ ‫زدن‬.‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫درﺣﺪي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬٦٠-٧٠‫درﺻﺪ‬‫ﻏﺬاي‬‫از‬ ‫وﻣﺎﺑﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬.

32. ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫هﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫هﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬::
١١‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺗﻌﺪاد‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫هﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺖ‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬١٠١٠--۵۵‫هﻜﺘﺎر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬
‫اﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫وﻗﺎب‬٢٢××٢٢‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮوري‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬.
٢٢‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ودر‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫دﻳﻮارﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﺮف‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫هﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺖ‬‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻼف‬
‫ﺁﺧﻮر‬)‫ﭼﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎب‬(‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫دادﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬.
٣٣‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫از‬ ‫آﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬١٠٠‫ودر‬ ‫آﺮدﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮم‬
‫ﻗﺮارداد‬ ‫ﭼﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬.
٤٤‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺗﻐﺬ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫وﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺁﻣﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫آﻨﺴﺎﻧﺘﺮﻩ‬ ‫از‬‫ﺁﻣﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬١١--٢٢‫زودﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬‫زودﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫دادﻩ‬.‫ﻏﺬاﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻓﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻏ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫رﻋﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﺬاﯼ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬.
۵-‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫هﻤﻴﺸﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫دادﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻏﺬا‬‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫دادﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻏﺬا‬.
۶-‫رﻋﺎﻳﺖ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﮐﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﺪ‬ ‫در‬،‫اﻧﺪازﻩ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫در‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎهﺶ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻮدﮔﯽ‬ ‫ﮔﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬ ‫ﭘﻼﻧﮑﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬.
‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫اﻳﺮان‬ ‫در‬‫ﺳﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫دو‬‫ﺳﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫دو‬‫اﺳﺖ‬
-‫ﺳﺎل‬‫اول‬‫اول‬::
(1cm) (3cm)
(Yolk sac fry)(Yolk sac fry)
fingerling
fingerling (10-50 g)‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺮدﻩ‬ ‫زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮهﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
new hatched larvaelarvae
)٢-١‫ﻣﺎﻩ‬(
)۴-٢‫ﻣﺎﻩ‬(
)‫ﺗﺮاآﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬50‫هﮑﺘﺎر‬ ‫در‬ ‫هﺰار‬‫هﮑﺘﺎر‬ ‫در‬ ‫هﺰار‬
‫ﺑﺮدﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮورﺷﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬(
advanced fry )1-3 g(Egg
)٧٢-٢۴‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬(
Early fryfry
-‫ﺳﺎل‬‫دوم‬‫دوم‬::
(10-50 g) 1kg ?1kg ?
‫ﭘﺮوارﺑﻨﺪﯼ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮهﺎﯼ‬ ‫در‬
٢٨°°CC
)٧-٣‫روز‬(
)‫ﻣﺮغ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﺨﺘﻪ‬ ‫زردﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوع‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻪ‬‫ﻣﺮغ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﺨﺘﻪ‬ ‫زردﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوع‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻪ‬--‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ب‬ ّ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻢ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﺨﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮغ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻢ‬ ‫زردﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬١٠٠٠٠٠‫ﻣﺪت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮزاد‬١‫ﺗﺎ‬٢‫روز‬.‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫دادن‬ ‫ﻏﺬا‬(
‫زردﻩ‬ ‫آﻴﺴﻪ‬ ‫آﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬)٢‫ﺗﺎ‬٣‫آﺸﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫روز‬(‫ﻧﻮزادﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻻروهﺎ‬ ،
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮدﻩ‬)‫ﺗﺮاآﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬١۴٠٠‫ﺗﺎ‬١٨٠٠‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫هﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬(‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺪت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪا‬ ‫و‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫هﻔﺘﻪ‬‫روﺗﻴﻔﺮ‬‫روﺗﻴﻔﺮ‬‫ﻻرو‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫زﺋﻮﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬)advanced fry(‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬.
)‫ﻧﻮرس‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﭽﻪ‬(

33. RotiferRotifer
‫ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫روﺗﻴﻔﺮهﺎي‬ ‫اﻧﺪازﻩ‬۵٠٠-١٠٠‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮون‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬.
Daphnia

34. cyclops
‫آﭙﻮرﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻻرو‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮهﺎي‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮري‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎوران‬ ‫زي‬ ‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫آﭙﻮرﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻻرو‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮهﺎي‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮري‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎوران‬ ‫زي‬ ‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﭙﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫دﻳﭙﺘﺮآﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺎزوﺗﻦ‬ ،‫ﻓﻠﻴﺒﻮل‬ ،‫آﻠﺮوﻓﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮي‬‫دﻳﭙﺘﺮآﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺎزوﺗﻦ‬ ،‫ﻓﻠﻴﺒﻮل‬ ،‫آﻠﺮوﻓﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮي‬‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
0.5-1 PPM‫ﮔﻴﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬.‫آﻼدوﺳﺮهﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻮم‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬)‫داﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺘﻦ‬(‫و‬
‫ﭘﻮدهﺎ‬ ‫آﻮﭘﻪ‬)‫ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻮﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﺎروﭘﺎﻳﺎن‬(‫ﻣﺪت‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬٢۴-١۶‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ،‫آﺸﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮي‬ ‫روﺗﻴﻔﺮ‬.‫دﻣﺎي‬ ‫در‬ ‫روﺗﻴﻔﺮهﺎ‬ ،‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬٢۴-٢٠‫در‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬ ‫درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺮض‬۶-۵‫رﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاآﻢ‬ ‫اآﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫روز‬.‫رﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎد‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻮم‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫هﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬
)‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫دارﻣﺼﺮف‬ ‫ﻓﺴﻔﺮ‬ ‫اﻣﻼح‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺰي‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎهﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫و‬(‫ﺁﻧﺘﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﻼدوﺳﺮهﺎ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻇﺎهﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﻌﺐ‬.‫اﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺰرگ‬ ‫آﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻧﺪازﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﭽﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫آﻪ‬)‫آﻼدوﺳﺮهﺎ‬‫و‬‫ﭘﻮدهﺎ‬ ‫آﻮﭘﻪ‬(‫آﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬.
‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ،‫زردﻩ‬ ‫آﻴﺴﻪ‬ ‫آﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫هﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ،‫زردﻩ‬ ‫آﻴﺴﻪ‬ ‫آﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫هﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﻻرو‬ ‫اي‬‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﻻرو‬ ‫اي‬
‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬‫روﺗﻴﻔﺮ‬‫روﺗﻴﻔﺮ‬‫ﺑﻮد‬ ‫ﺧﻮاهﺪ‬‫ﺑﻮد‬ ‫ﺧﻮاهﺪ‬..‫آﻼدوﺳﺮهﺎ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫هﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬‫و‬‫ﭘﻮدهﺎ‬ ‫آﻮﭘﻪ‬
‫آﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬.
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬:‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬۴۴‫هﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮار‬ ‫زﺋﻮﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮن‬ ،‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﺮورﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫هﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮار‬ ‫زﺋﻮﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮن‬ ،‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﺮورﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬..

35. ‫ﺧﻮب‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﺧﻮب‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮب‬‫ﺧﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫در‬ ‫زﻧﺪﻩ‬‫در‬ ‫زﻧﺪﻩ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬
۵٠٠٠٠۵٠٠٠٠ ۴٠٠٠٠۴٠٠٠٠ ٣٠٠٠٠٣٠٠٠٠ ٢٠٠٠٠٢٠٠٠٠ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪاد‬‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪاد‬
))‫هﻜﺘﺎر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬‫هﻜﺘﺎر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬((
١۵٠٠٠١۵٠٠٠ ١٢٠٠٠١٢٠٠٠ ٩٠٠٠٩٠٠٠ ۶٠٠٠۶٠٠٠ ٣٠٣٠‫ﺗﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬‫ﺗﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬
))‫هﻜﺘﺎر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬‫هﻜﺘﺎر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬((
۶۵٠٠٠٠۶۵٠٠٠٠ ۵٢٠٠٠۵٢٠٠٠ ٣٩٠٠٠٣٩٠٠٠ ٢۶٠٠٠٢۶٠٠٠ ‫ذﺧﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاآﻢ‬‫ذﺧﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاآﻢ‬
‫آﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎزي‬‫آﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎزي‬
))‫هﻜﺘﺎر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬‫هﻜﺘﺎر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬((
‫آﻮدهﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬‫آﻮدهﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬::
١١--‫ﺁﻟﻲ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬‫ﺁﻟﻲ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬:(Organic fertilizer)
‫اﻟﻒ‬-‫ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﻲ‬ ‫آﻮد‬‫ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﻲ‬ ‫آﻮد‬)‫آﻮد‬‫آﻮد‬ ،‫ﻣﺮﻏﻲ‬،‫اردآﻲ‬‫آﻮد‬،‫ﮔﺎوي‬‫آﻮد‬،‫اﺳﺒﻲ‬‫آﻮد‬‫ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪي‬،(...
‫ب‬-‫ﺳﺒﺰ‬ ‫آﻮد‬‫ﺳﺒﺰ‬ ‫آﻮد‬
‫آﻮد‬‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اردك‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻏﻲ‬،‫ازت‬،‫ازت‬،‫ﻓﺴﻔﺮ‬،‫ﻓﺴﻔﺮ‬‫ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬‫ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫اﻓﺰودن‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫در‬ ‫وﻟﻲ‬ ‫داراﺳﺖ‬ ‫را‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫زﻳﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫دادن‬ ‫ﭼﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬ ‫زﻳﺎدي‬ ‫دﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬‫اآﺴﻴﮋن‬ ‫آﻤﺒﻮد‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ت‬
‫ﮔﺮدد‬‫ﻣﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺎهﻴ‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫اﻣﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫آﺎرﺑﺮد‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ذﻳﻞ‬ ‫دﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻣﺮوزﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﺎوي‬ ‫آﻮد‬‫داراﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺎن‬:
‫ﺧﺮد‬ ‫آﺎﻣﻼ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫آﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺨﻮار‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺎو‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﺋﻴﻜﻪ‬ ‫از‬‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎزد‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫هﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﺮدﻩ‬
‫آﻤ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫در‬ ‫اآﺴﻴﮋن‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺎوي‬ ‫آﻮد‬‫دهﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫آﺎهﺶ‬ ‫ﺘﺮ‬.‫ﻋﻼوﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺎوي‬ ‫آﻮد‬‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺎوي‬ ‫آﻮد‬
‫آﻮ‬ ‫وﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮدد‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬ ‫آﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫هﻮازي‬ ‫ﺑﺎآﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻖ‬‫آﻮ‬ ‫وﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮدد‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬ ‫آﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫هﻮازي‬ ‫ﺑﺎآﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻖ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫دﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫دهﺎي‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫دﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫دهﺎي‬‫و‬ ‫آﺮدﻩ‬ ‫رﺳﻮب‬‫و‬ ‫آﺮدﻩ‬ ‫رﺳﻮب‬
‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮاﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫آﻒ‬ ‫در‬‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮاﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫آﻒ‬ ‫در‬‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬‫ﻳﺪ‬‫ﻳﺪ‬..‫آﻮدهﺎي‬ ‫دادن‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﻲ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬:‫هﻨﮕﺎﻣﻴﻜﻪ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﻨﻴﻢ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺮاﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪاري‬٢٤‫آﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫وارد‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬.

36. ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﻲ‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ‫هﺮﺗﻦ‬ ‫در‬١٢٫۵‫ﺣﺸﺮات‬ ‫ﻻرو‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﺎآﺘﺮي‬ ‫ﮔﺮم‬ ‫آﻴﻠﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫زﺋﻮﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬.
‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺎوي‬ ‫آﻮد‬٢٠‫ﺗﻦ‬‫هﻜﺘﺎر‬ ‫هﺮ‬ ‫در‬‫ﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺨﺶ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫آﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫هﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﻮدﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫در‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎوران‬ ‫زي‬ ‫ﺗﻮدﻩ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ،‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺁهﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ‫از‬،‫ب‬ ّ‫ﺁ‬۴-٣‫آﺸﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫هﻔﺘﻪ‬.
‫ﮔﺎ‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اردآﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻏﻲ‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ،‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫ﻣﺰارع‬ ‫در‬‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ ‫وي‬:25- 50 kg/ha/ day
‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻏﻲ‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ،‫ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫ﻣﺰارع‬ ‫در‬80-100 kg/ha/day‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬
‫ﺗﻐ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫دﻳﺘﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎآﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻲ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاهﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫زﺋﻮﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺬﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺰ‬ ‫آﻮد‬:
‫اﺳ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫در‬ ‫هﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫وﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﺮدﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎهﺎن‬‫دهﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺮ‬.‫آﻮد‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﺮدﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎهﺎن‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻮد‬ ‫ﺧﻮاهﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬.‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﮕﻴﺮي‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺪر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻧﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎهﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫آﺎﺷﺖ‬ ‫هﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺰ‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ‫ن‬
‫آﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮاهﻢ‬.
٢٢--‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬:(Inorganic fertilizer):(Inorganic fertilizer)
‫اﻟﻒ‬-‫آﻮدازﺗﻪ‬‫آﻮدازﺗﻪ‬‫ب‬-‫ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻮد‬‫ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻮد‬
‫آﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫زﺋﻮﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪات‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﻲ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎي‬ ‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪات‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫دهﺎي‬
‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮﻧﺪ‬ ، ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﻮﻓﺎگ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬.‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬PH‫ﺣﺎﻟ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻲ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪود‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﻴﻜﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻗﺪ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬‫زي‬ ‫رﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻲ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﻮام‬ ‫ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ‬ ،‫هﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬‫دهﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎوران‬.
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﺰاﻳﺎي‬:
١-‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬٥٠-٤٠‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫را‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﺮآﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬.
٢-‫آﺮد‬ ‫ﭘﺨﺶ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫راﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.
٣-‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬PH‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻤﺘﺮي‬ ‫اآﺴﻴﮋن‬ ‫و‬.
۴-‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﻣﻜﺎﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫راﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮهﺎ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺨﺶ‬.
۵-‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬.
۶-‫ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫در‬‫ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫در‬٣٦٣٦--٢٤٢٤‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ازﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻧﺤﻼل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ازﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻧﺤﻼل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫اي‬‫ﻟﺤﻈﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫اي‬‫ﻟﺤﻈﻪ‬..

37. ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬‫ازﺗﻪ‬:
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ازﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬٣‫ﺻﻮرت‬‫ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮات‬‫ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮات‬(NH4)2NO3‫اورﻩ‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ،‫اورﻩ‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ،CO(NH2)2CO(NH2)2‫ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت‬ ‫و‬‫ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت‬ ‫و‬
(NH4)2SO4‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬.
-‫داراي‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮات‬٣٥-٣٤‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ازت‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬.
--‫اورﻩ‬ ‫آﻮد‬‫اورﻩ‬ ‫آﻮد‬‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬.‫آﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺰ‬ ‫ﺷﺪت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫رﻧﮓ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﺸﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺁزاد‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌ‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﺪهﺎي‬.
--‫ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت‬‫ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت‬‫هﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬‫ﺁوردن‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬P H‫رود‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫آﺎر‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬
.
‫ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬:
‫دارد‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫اﻋﺼﺎب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻼت‬ ، ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮهﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ‬ ‫زﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻓﺴﻔﺮ‬.‫ﻓﺴﻔﺎت‬‫ﺳﻮﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺴﻔﺮدار‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬
))Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O)Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O)‫ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻓﺴﻔﺎت‬ ‫و‬(NH4)2PO4‫ﮔﻴﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬‫ﻧ‬‫آﻪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫در‬ ‫راﺣﺘﻲ‬‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫در‬ ‫راﺣﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺪ‬..
‫ﺣﻮﺿ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺮورﺷﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮهﺎي‬ ‫ﺷﺪن‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎآﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎروري‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬‫آﻮد‬ ‫ﺁوري‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻌﺒﻲ‬ ‫هﺎي‬‫ﭽﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬.‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫روزاﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫هﻮاي‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻣﺮ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬١٠٠-٥٠، ‫ﮔﺎوي‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ‫آﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬٢-١‫آﻮد‬ ‫آﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺗﻪ‬٥٠٠‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط‬ ‫ﺑﺎهﻢ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ازﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ‫ﮔﺮم‬٢٤ً‫ﻼ‬‫آﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬‫آﺮد‬ ‫اﻗﺪام‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬.
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻮدهﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ازﺗﻪ‬ ‫هﺎي‬ ‫آﻮد‬١‫ﺑﻪ‬۴‫داد‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬

38. ‫آﻮددهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬:
١-‫آﻮددهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺣﺮارت‬ ‫درﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬٢٧-٢٢‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬ ‫درﺟﻪ‬.
٢-‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫اآﺴﻴﮋن‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬٨-٧‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺮم‬‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬.
٣-PH‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻨﺜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.
۴-‫ﮔ‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫و‬ ‫زﻳﺎد‬ ‫دﻓﻌﺎت‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻮددهﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬‫ﻴﺮد‬.
۵-‫در‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ‫اﻋﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫اﻳﻨﺼﻮرت‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻮذ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫آﻒ‬‫ﻧﻔﻮذ‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺮدد‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎرج‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺁب‬.
۶-‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫زﻳﺮا‬ ‫آﺮد‬ ‫ﭘﺮهﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎراﻧﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺑﺮي‬ ‫روزهﺎي‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻮددهﻲ‬ ‫از‬‫ﻣﻮرد‬
‫ﻓﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬‫ﮔﺮدد‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬.
٧-‫ﺣﺪود‬ ‫ﮔﺎوي‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬١٠٠-٨٠‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ، ‫ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫روز‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬
‫ازﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻮد‬١٠-۶‫در‬ ‫آﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬‫ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫روز‬٥-٣
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫روز‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬.‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت‬ ‫آﻮد‬‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮم‬٥-٢
‫آﺎهﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫هﻜﺘﺎر‬ ‫در‬ ‫آﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬P H‫ﺑﺮد‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬‫ﻣﻲ‬.

40. ‫دهﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫دﻓﻌﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت‬
‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬SFCSFC--11SFCSFC--22SFCSFC--33FFCFFCGFCGFC--11GFCGFC--22GFCGFC--33BFCBFC--11BFCBFC--22
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺧﻮراك‬‫ﺁ‬‫ﺁ‬‫ردي‬‫ردي‬‫ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل‬‫ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬
‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫داﻧﻪ‬
)mm(
0.25-0.60.6-11-22.53.54.86-81010
‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫وزن‬)‫ﮔﺮم‬(0-0.50.5-22-55-2020-5050-100100-300300-10001000>
‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬
)‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬(
3.5<3.5-55-7.57.5-1010-13.513.5-17.517.5-2424-3333>
‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫دﻓﻌﺎت‬
‫دهﻲ‬
)‫روزاﻧﻪ‬(
1086321
‫آﻨﺴﺎﻧﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬(Press PelletePress Pellete)‫ﺁﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬:
•‫ﺁﻏﺎزﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬)SFTSFT= Starter Food TroutStarter Food Trout(‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮاز‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬)٥٠-٤٥(
،‫درﺻﺪ‬‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫وزن‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬۵‫ﮔﺮم‬
•‫رﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬)FFTFFT= Fingerling Food TroutFingerling Food Trout(‫ﺑﻄﻮرﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻣﻴﺰان‬)٤٥-٤٠(
،‫درﺻﺪ‬‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬٣٠-٥‫ﮔﺮم‬
•‫ﭘﺮواري‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬)Grower Food TroutGrower Food Trout=GFTGFT(‫ﺣﺪود‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬)٤٠-٣٥(
‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫،ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬٣٥٠-٣٠‫ﮔﺮم‬
•‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬)BFTBFT= Brooder Food TroutBrooder Food Trout(‫ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬)٤٥-٤٠(،‫درﺻﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬)‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬٣٥٠‫ﮔﺮم‬(

42. ‫وﻳ‬‫دهﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫دﻓﻌﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي‬
،‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫هﺎدرزﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻢ‬ ‫وآﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫آﻤﻲ‬ ‫ارﺗﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬،‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫هﺎدرزﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻢ‬ ‫وآﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫آﻤﻲ‬ ‫ارﺗﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫رﻳﺰي‬ ‫وﺗﺨﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎروري‬‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫رﻳﺰي‬ ‫وﺗﺨﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎروري‬
‫ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮاز‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬‫ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮاز‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬‫ﺧﻮراك‬‫ﺧﻮراك‬BFTBFT--11‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬..
‫ﻧﻮع‬‫ﻧﻮع‬‫ﺧﻮراك‬‫ﺧﻮراك‬SFTSFT--0000SFTSFT--0101SFTSFT--11SFTSFT--22SFTSFT--33FFTFFTGFTGFT--11GFTGFT--22BFTBFT--11BFTBFT--22
‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬‫ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل‬‫ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل‬‫ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل‬‫ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل‬‫ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل‬‫ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل‬‫ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل‬‫ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل‬‫ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل‬‫ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬‫ﭘﻠﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫داﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮراك‬)mm(
٤/٠-٢/٠٦/٠-٤/٠١-٦/٠٥/١-١٢-٥/١٥/٢٥/٣٨/٤٨٨
‫وزن‬
‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬)‫ﮔﺮم‬(
٢٥/٠-٥/٠٤/٠-٢٥/٠١-٤/٠٢-١٥-٢٣٠-٥٨٠-٣٠٨٠›
٤٠٠٠-
١٠٠٠
٤٠٠٠-
١٠٠٠
‫ﻃﻮل‬
‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬)cm(
٢‹٥/٣-٢٥/٤-٥/٣٦-٥/٤٥/٧-٦
٥/١٣-
٥/٧
٥/١٨-
٥/١٣
٣٣-٥/١٨٧٢-٤٠٧٢-٤٠
‫ﺧﻮراك‬ ‫دﻓﻌﺎت‬
‫دهﻲ‬)‫روزاﻧﻪ‬(
٣٠٣٠١٠١٠١٠٥٤٣١١
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫و‬‫ﻏﺬادهﻲ‬:
‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫دﺳﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺬادهﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ‬ ‫در‬‫ﺁﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬،‫رﻳﺨﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻞ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺨﺶ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫آﺎرﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫دﻳﻮارﻩ‬ ‫روي‬ ‫واز‬.
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ‬.
‫درﺻﺪﻏﺬادهﻲ‬‫درﺻﺪﻏﺬادهﻲ‬××‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻣﺎس‬‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻣﺎس‬==‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫آﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬‫ﻏﺬا‬ ‫آﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﻣﺎ‬‫س‬‫ﺿﺮب‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪاد‬‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪاد‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫وزن‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬‫وزن‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬.‫آﺮدن‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫وزﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ‬
٠٫۵‫ﺗﺎ‬١‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬.
.‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻏﺬادهﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪول‬‫ﻏﺬادهﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪول‬ ‫وﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ودﻣﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫اﻧﺪازﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺬادهﻲ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬
‫آﻤﺎن‬ ‫رﻧﮕﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻻي‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫روزاﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺪول‬)‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬(‫درﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫وﺑﺰرﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺣﺮارت‬)‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻚ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫از‬ ‫هﻨﮕﺎﻣﻴﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬(‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬.‫اﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬
‫ودرﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﮔﺮم‬ ٥ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬ ‫هﺰار‬ ‫دﻩ‬‫هﺰار‬ ‫دﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪاد‬ ‫ﺁﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫در‬
‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫روش‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪول‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬ ‫روزاﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﻏﺬاي‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬ ‫درﺟﻪ‬ ١۵ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬.
5×10000 = 50000 g = 50 kg fish biomassfish biomass
50 kg × 4.4% = 2.2 kg Total foodTotal food
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬::

43. ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫وزن‬
‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬
)‫ﮔﺮم‬(
‫ﺗﺎ‬٢/٠
٢/٠
٥/١
٥/١
٥
٥
١٢
١٢
٢٥
٢٥
٤٠
٤٠
٦٠
٦٠
٩٠
٩٠
١٣٠
١٣٠
١٨٠
١٨٠
‫ﮐﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬
)‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬(
‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ﺗﺎ‬٥٥//٢٢
٥٥//١١
٥٥
٥٥
٥٥//٧٧
٥٥//٧٧
١٠١٠
١٠١٠
٥٥//١٢١٢
٥٥//١٢١٢
١٥١٥
١٥١٥
٥٥//١٧١٧
٥٥//١٧١٧
٢٠٢٠
٢٠٢٠
٥٥//٢٢٢٢
٥٥//٢٢٢٢
٢٥٢٥
٢٥٢٥
‫دﻣﺎﯼ‬‫ﺁب‬
٦٣/٤٦/٣٩/٢٢/٢٦/١٣/١١/١٩/٠٨/٠٧/٠٧/٠
٧٦/٤٩/٣١/٣٣/٢٧/١٤/١٢/١١٩/٠٨/٠٧/٠
٨٩/٤٢/٤٣/٣٥/٢٨/١٥/١٣/١١/١٩/٠٨/٠٧/٠
٠٤/٥٥/٤٦/٣٧/٢٢٦/١٤/١٢/١١٩/٠٨/٠
١٠٩/٥٩/٤٩/٣٩/٢٢/٢٧/١٥/١٣/١١/١١٩/٠
١١٤/٦٣/٥٣/٤٢/٣٤/٢٨/١٦/١٤/١٢/١١/١١
١٢٧٧/٥٧/٤٥/٣٦/٢٢٧/١٥/١٣/١١/١١/١
١٣٥/٧١/٦٥٨/٣٨/٢٢/٢٨/١٦/١٤/١٢/١١/١
١٤٨٦/٦٤/٥١/٤٣٤/٢٢٨/١٥/١٣/١٢/١
١٥١٥٧/٨٢/٧٨/٥٤/٤٢/٣٦/٢٢/٢٢٦/١٤/١٣/١
١٦٤/٩٨/٧٣/٦٨/٤٤/٣٨/٢٤/٢٢/٢٧/١٥/١٤/١
١٧١٠٣/٨٨/٦٢/٥٦/٣٣٥/٢٣/٢٨/١٦/١٥/١
١٨٥/١٠٧/٨٢/٧٥/٥٨/٣٢/٣٦/٢٤/٢٩/١٧/١٦/١
١٩٨/١٠٩٥/٧٧/٥٩/٣٣/٣٧/٢٥/٢٢٨/١٧/١
٢٠١١٢/٢٧/٧٩/٥٤٤/٣٨/٢٦/٢٢٨/١٧/١
‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺬادهﻲ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪول‬‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺬادهﻲ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪول‬
‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫وﻃﻦ‬‫اﻣﺮﻳﮑﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻟﻴﻔﺮﻧﻴﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺎن‬ ‫رﻧﮕﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻻﯼ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺁﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﮑﺜﻴﺮوﭘﺮورش‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎل‬ ‫دهﻬﺎ‬ ‫درواﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوع‬ ‫درﺟﻬﺎن‬.‫اﻣﺎ‬‫دراﻳﺮان‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺁﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫ﮐﺮج‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺎر‬ ‫روﺳﺘﺎﯼ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎردهﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺰدﻳﮏ‬‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻗﺎﯼ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬‫واﻣﺮوزﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوع‬ ‫داﻧﻤﺎرﮐﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎس‬ ‫هﺲ‬ ‫ﺁﻗﺎﯼ‬ ‫هﻤﮑﺎرﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺻﺪهﺎ‬‫ﺗﮑﺜﻴﺮو‬ ‫وﺑﺰرگ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‬‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﺮوش‬‫ي‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﮐﺸﻮر‬ ‫ﺟﺎﯼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫از‬ ‫اﻃﻼع‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻮهﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻣﺎ‬‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻮهﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻣﺎ‬‫ﮐﻤﮏ‬‫ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻟﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫وﺳﺎﻟﻢ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬.
‫رهﺎﺳﺎزﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ‬‫رهﺎﺳﺎزﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ‬::
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫رهﺎﺳﺎزﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ‬‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫دوﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫دوﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬..‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان‬١٠‫ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺁن‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﯼ‬‫ﻣﮑﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺴﺖ‬‫ﻣﮑﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺴﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬.‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻳﺎاﮔﺮﻃﻮل‬٢٧‫ﺁن‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪت‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬۵۴
‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬۴‫ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬٨‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫درﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﮐﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬.
‫هﺎ‬ ‫درﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬‫هﺎ‬ ‫درﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬::
‫هﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬:‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬١٢‫ﺁب‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬٣۶‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬٣٠‫ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬٩٠‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬.
‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬::
‫ﻣﻮردﻧ‬ ‫اﮐﺴﻴﮋن‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرهﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫وﻓﻀﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﻴﺎز؛ﮔﺎزهﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺧﺎرج‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫از‬ ‫را‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺪن‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺋﻴﺪ‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺪن‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺋﻴﺪ‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان‬١٠‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫دﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺁب‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬ ‫ﺘﻪ‬
‫دارد‬ ‫هﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ‬ ‫اﺣﺪاث‬.
‫ﮐﻤﺎن‬ ‫رﻧﮕﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻻﯼ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﮑﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻮهﺎﯼ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﯽ‬‫ﮐﻤﺎن‬ ‫رﻧﮕﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻻﯼ‬ ‫ﻗﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺎهﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﺮورش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﮑﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻮهﺎﯼ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﯽ‬