koronoios_eurostat.pdf

Preliminary harmonised
estimates for life expectancy
in 2022 based on weekly
deaths data
2023 edition
STATISTICAL
WORKING PAPERS

Preliminary harmonised estimates
for life expectancy in 2022
based on weekly deaths data 2023 edition

Manuscript completed in October 2023
The Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse of this publication.
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2023
© European Union, 2023
The reuse policy of European Commission documents is implemented based on Commission Decision
2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p.
39). Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This
means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.
For any use or reproduction of elements that are not owned by the European Union, permission may
need to be sought directly from the respective rightholders. The European Union does not own the
copyright in relation to the following elements:
Copyright for the photographs: Cover © Monkey Business Images /Shutterstock
Theme: Population and social conditions
Collection: Statistical working papers
PDF: ISBN 978-92-68-08169-3 ISSN 2315-0807 doi: 10.2785/655566 KS-TC-23-005-EN-N

3
Preliminary harmonised estimates for life expectancy in 2022 based on weekly deaths data
Contents
Executive summary ....................................................................................................6
1. Introduction........................................................................................................7
2. Preparation of the input data ............................................................................8
2.1 Weekly deaths....................................................................................................8
2.2 Population and exposure to the risk of dying................................................15
3. Methodology for the life table.........................................................................16
4. Results .............................................................................................................19
5. Accuracy of the previous exercise.................................................................29
6. Conclusions.....................................................................................................31

4
List of tables
Table 1: Correction for under-coverage of weekly death counts in 2022 .............10
Table 2: First and last ISO week per calendar year ................................................11
Table 3: Relative difference (in %) of the sum of weekly deaths of both sexes
from the annual deaths data by country and year (negative values in red)..........12
Table 4: Relative difference (in %) of the sum of weekly deaths of women from
the annual deaths data by country and year (negative values in red) ..................13
Table 5: Relative difference (in %) of the sum of weekly deaths of men from the
annual deaths data by country and year (negative values in red).........................14
Table 6: Estimated mean number of person-years lived in the age interval 0-4 by
those..........................................................................................................................17
Table 7: Preliminary estimates of life expectancy at birth in 2022........................20
Table 8: Preliminary estimates of life expectancy at age 65 in 2022.....................21
Table 9: Differences between preliminary estimates and final values for life
expectancies at birth (e0) and at age 65 (e65) in 2021 (negative values in red,
positive values in blue) ............................................................................................30

5
List of figures
Figure 1: Distribution of countries by extent of change from 2021 to 2022 in life
expectancies at selected ages (left panel: at birth; right panel: at age 65)...........22
expectancies at selected ages (left panel: at birth; right panel: at age 65)...........23
Figure 3: Countries sorted by extent of change in life expectancy at birth from
2021 to 2022 (both sexes).........................................................................................24
Figure 4: Countries sorted by extent of change in life expectancy at age 65 from
2021 to 2022 (both sexes).........................................................................................24
2019 to 2022 (both sexes).........................................................................................25
2019 to 2022 (both sexes).........................................................................................25
Figure 7: Shift back in time to reach a past value in selected life expectancies
lower than in 2022 (left panel: at birth; right panel: at age 65) ..............................26
Figure 8: Countries sorted by extent of difference in the change in life
expectancy at birth from 2021 to 2022 between females and males.....................27
Figure 9: Countries sorted by extent of difference in the change in life
expectancy at birth from 2019 to 2022 between females and males.....................28

6
Executive summary
Having timely estimates of life expectancy has proven crucial during the COVID-19
pandemic. For this reason, since 2020 Eurostat has been providing early estimates of
life expectancy using weekly deaths data before annual deaths data become available.
This paper discusses the methodological approach used by Eurostat, the results obtained
for the year 2022 and the accuracy of the previous exercise.
The working paper is divided into six chapters.
• Chapter 1 illustrates this paper’s objectives.
• Chapter 2 shows how weekly deaths data are processed to estimate the annual
deaths data by sex and 5-year age groups in each country, and how the
population exposed to the risk of dying by sex and 5-year age groups in each
country is estimated.
• Chapter 3 presents the standard methodology used to estimate life expectancy.
• Chapter 4 presents the results of this exercise, focusing particularly on the
changes from 2021 to 2022 and from 2019 (the last pre-pandemic year) to 2022.
• Chapter 5 shows the accuracy of the previous early estimates for 2021 carried
out in 2022 for each country compared to the final estimates obtained in 2023
using the annual deaths data.
• Chapter 6 examines the main conclusions to be drawn from this publication.
Executive summary

7
1.Introduction
Since April 2020, Eurostat has disseminated timely data on weekly death counts. These
data give an initial measure of the change in mortality before the final annual deaths
data become available.
This publication describes the basic methodology applied to compute, using weekly
deaths data, a preliminary measure of life expectancy at birth and at age 65 in 2022 as
comparable as possible to the usual measures for previous years computed using annual
deaths data. In addition, it illustrates the main changes in life expectancy at birth and at
age 65 that occurred from 2021 to 2022 and from the last pre-pandemic year 2019 to
2022. Furthermore, it discusses the accuracy of these estimates by comparing the
difference between the provisional and the final estimates for 2021.
The provisional estimates for 2022 will be replaced by the usual estimates of life
expectancy as soon as the final annual deaths data are available to Eurostat. This work
builds upon the previous exercises carried out for 2020 and 2021 and documented in the
technical notes “Preliminary estimate of life expectancies in 2020 using weekly deaths
data” of 5 April 2021 and “Preliminary estimate of life expectancies in 2021 using
weekly deaths data” of 4 May 2022.
1Introduction

2
Preparation of the input data
8
2.Preparation of the input data
2.1 Weekly deaths
Weekly deaths data are available broken down by sex and 5-year age groups up to
age 90+. The week is defined according to the ISO 8601 standard, i.e. from Monday to
Sunday and starts from the week with the first Thursday of the year in it. The countries
concerned also inform Eurostat about the estimated under-coverage of the weekly
counts, which is usually dependent upon the lag from the latest weekly data transmitted1
(under-coverage is more likely for more recent data). The 31 territories covered in this
exercise are the EU as a whole and 30 EU and EFTA Member States2
: Belgium (BE),
Bulgaria (BG), Czechia (CZ), Denmark (DK), Germany (DE), Estonia (EE), Greece
(EL), Spain (ES), France (FR), Croatia (HR), Italy (IT), Cyprus (CY), Latvia (LV),
Lithuania (LT), Luxembourg (LU), Hungary (HU), Malta (MT), the Netherlands (NL),
Austria (AT), Poland (PL), Portugal (PT), Romania (RO), Slovenia (SI), Slovakia (SK),
Finland (FI), Sweden (SE), Iceland (IS), Liechtenstein (LI), Norway (NO), and
Switzerland (CH). Of the EU Member States, only Ireland has not provided weekly
deaths counts with the necessary age and sex detail, while Germany provides data
without a breakdown by sex and with the data by 10-year age groups (instead of 5-year)
for ages under 40 years old. Therefore, Ireland is excluded, whereas for Germany an
estimated breakdown by 5-year age groups is applied for the total, while it is excluded
from the estimates by sex. Estimates for the EU have therefore been computed without
Ireland for the total life expectancy, and without Germany and Ireland for life
expectancy broken down by sex. Although, as explained further below, a correction has
been performed to correct for the average difference between the provisional and the
regular Eurostat annual estimates of life expectancy, particular caution must be
exercised when using the EU provisional life expectancy estimates, particularly those
broken down by sex.
For this paper, only weekly data from 2015 onwards have been taken into account. The
latest week of reference differs across countries, but for all of them data are available
for all weeks until the end of 2022. At the time of this exercise, official Eurostat
mortality data by sex and 5-year age groups for 2022 were not yet available.
1
See the Eurostat Technical Note on “Timeliness of weekly death counts disseminated by Eurostat”,
Rev.1 of 18 October 2020. See also the metadata on weekly deaths, available on the Eurostat
database at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/demomwk_esms.htm.
2
Listed in protocol order.
2Preparation of the input data

2
9
Before being used for life table computations, the weekly deaths data had undergone
several transformations:
1. breakdown by 5-year age group of data for Germany (only for ages under 40);
2. aggregation of death counts for ages 85 and over;
3. redistribution of deaths of unknown age;
4. redistribution of deaths when the week of occurrence is unknown; and
5. correction for under-coverage of death counts.
The 10-year age groups of weekly deaths have been broken down by applying the
average proportion of the 5-year age groups (within that same 10-year age group) as
from the reported annual deaths in the years 2015-2021:
𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥
𝑊𝑊
5
𝑡𝑡
= 𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥
𝑊𝑊
10
𝑡𝑡
∙
𝐷𝐷
�
5 𝑥𝑥
𝐴𝐴
𝐷𝐷
�
10 𝑥𝑥
𝐴𝐴
; 𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥+5
𝑊𝑊
5
𝑡𝑡
= 𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥
𝑊𝑊
10
𝑡𝑡
∙
𝐷𝐷
�
5 𝑥𝑥+5
𝐴𝐴
𝐷𝐷
�
10 𝑥𝑥
𝐴𝐴
= 𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥
𝑊𝑊
10
𝑡𝑡
∙ �1 −
𝐷𝐷
�
5 𝑥𝑥
𝐴𝐴
𝐷𝐷
�
10 𝑥𝑥
𝐴𝐴
�
where 𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥
𝑊𝑊
𝑛𝑛
𝑡𝑡
is the deaths count in the age group [𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑛𝑛) in the week W of reference
(therefore indicating weekly data as well) of the year t, and 𝐷𝐷
�
𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥
𝐴𝐴
is the average 2015-
2021 of death counts as from annual data.
Because the methodology that Eurostat currently applies closes the life table at age 853
,
to get provisional estimates as close as possible to the regular Eurostat estimates of life
expectancies, the death counts within the age groups 85-89 and 90+ have been merged
in a single age group 85+.
The redistribution of the sex-specific deaths of unknown age has been implemented
proportionally over the sex-specific deaths occurring in the same week. Likewise, the
redistribution of the sex-specific deaths where the week of occurrence is unknown has
been implemented proportionally over the sex- and age-specific deaths occurring in the
same year.
To correct for under-coverage, the actual numbers are inflated by a factor k, derived as
the reciprocal value of the estimated share of coverage 𝐶𝐶
̂𝑐𝑐,𝑤𝑤 ∈ [0, 1] in the country c for
the week w being considered:
𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐,𝑤𝑤 =
1
𝐶𝐶
̂𝑐𝑐,𝑤𝑤
from which the weekly death count corrected for under-coverage is:
𝐷𝐷
�𝑐𝑐,𝑤𝑤 = 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐,𝑤𝑤 ∙ 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐,𝑤𝑤
However, as several months have already passed since 2022 ended, the impact of such
corrections is only noticeable for a few countries (see Table 1).
3
See the Technical Note on ‘Description of the Eurostat method for the calculation of the life
expectancies at all ages’, available as an annex to the metadata on mortality in the Eurostat database:
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/Annexes/demo_mor_esms_an1.pdf.

2
10
Table 1: Correction for under-coverage of weekly death counts in 2022
Deaths
Corrected
counts
Difference
Relative
difference (%)
Belgium 116 138 116 138 0 0.00
Bulgaria 118 249 118 271 22 0.02
Czechia 119 877 119 877 0 0.00
Denmark 59 274 59 274 0 0.00
Germany 1 064 220 1 064 220 0 0.00
Estonia 17 201 17 201 0 0.00
Greece 140 292 140 817 525 0.37
Spain 462 757 462 757 0 0.00
France 672 937 672 937 0 0.00
Croatia 56 941 56 941 0 0.00
Italy 711 238 711 238 0 0.00
Cyprus 7 208 7 261 53 0.74
Latvia 30 278 30 278 0 0.00
Lithuania 42 380 42 575 195 0.46
Luxembourg 4 443 4 444 1 0.02
Hungary 135 952 135 952 0 0.00
Malta 4 190 4 190 0 0.00
Netherlands 168 869 168 869 0 0.00
Austria 91 582 93 400 1 818 1.99
Poland 447 053 447 053 0 0.00
Portugal 124 007 124 007 0 0.00
Romania 270 189 270 189 0 0.00
Slovenia 22 441 22 445 4 0.02
Slovakia 59 106 59 133 27 0.05
Finland 63 046 63 046 0 0.00
Sweden 94 486 94 486 0 0.00
Iceland 2 687 2 687 0 0.00
Liechtenstein 274 274 0 0.00
Norway 45 578 45 578 0 0.00
Switzerland 74 095 75 341 1 246 1.68
Source: Metadata on weekly deaths, available on the Eurostat website at:
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/demomwk_esms.htm
On the contrary, no correction has been made to match the time period covered by the
ISO weeks with the calendar year. In fact, the ‘year’ as defined by compiling weekly
data may overlap by a few days with the previous and/or the next calendar year (see
Table 2).

2
11
Table 2: First and last ISO week per calendar year
Calendar year
Number of ISO
weeks
First ISO week Last ISO week
2015 53
Monday 29.12.2014 –
Sunday 04.01.2015
Monday 28.12.2015 –
Sunday 03.01.2016
2016 52
Monday 04.01.2016 –
Sunday 10.01.2016
Monday 26.12.2016 –
Sunday 01.01.2017
2017 52
Monday 02.01.2017 –
Sunday 08.01.2017
Monday 25.12.2017 –
Sunday 31.12.2017
2018 52
Monday 01.01.2018 –
Sunday 07.01.2018
Monday 24.12.2018 –
Sunday 30.12.2018
2019 52
Monday 31.12.2018 –
Sunday 06.01.2019
Monday 23.12.2019 –
Sunday 29.12.2019
2020 53
Monday 30.12.2019 –
Sunday 05.01.2020
Monday 28.12.2020 –
Sunday 03.01.2021
2021 52
Monday 04.01.2021 –
Sunday 10.01.2021
Monday 27.12.2021 –
Sunday 02.01.2022
2022 52
Monday 03.01.2022 –
Sunday 09.01.2022
Monday 26.12.2022 –
Sunday 01.01.2023
In addition to the mismatch of the annual time period due to the way ISO weeks fall,
there may be further differences between the sum of weekly deaths for a selected year
and the corresponding reported annual count due to alternative data sources being used
and / or different statistical production processes for weekly deaths. Table 3 shows the
relative percentage difference between the sum of weekly deaths and annual deaths for
both sexes, while Table 4 shows this for women and Table 5 for men. At country level,
the higher deviations in these tables are mostly for the years that have 53 ISO weeks
instead of 52, i.e. in 2015 and in 2020. The deviations in the EU as a whole are much
larger than those at country level, but in addition to the cumulative effect, it must be
taken into account that EU weekly deaths do not include Ireland in Table 3, and
Germany and Ireland in Table 4 and Table 5. In particular, as shown in the latter two
tables, the missing sex-specific data from Germany and Ireland means disregarding
about one fifth of EU annual deaths. Therefore, provisional estimates of life expectancy
for the EU as a whole must be taken with particular caution, although a correction
explained below has been applied.

2
12
Table 3: Relative difference (in %) of the sum of weekly deaths of both sexes from the
annual deaths data by country and year (negative values in red)
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
EU* 1.3 -0.9 -0.8 -0.9 -0.8 0.9 -0.9 -0.8
Belgium 1.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.2 -0.3 -0.2
Bulgaria 1.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 0.9 -0.2 -0.5
Czechia 1.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.7 -0.5 -0.3
Denmark 1.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 1.5 -0.2 -0.3
Germany 1.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 1.6 -0.5 -0.2
Estonia 1.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 1.6 -0.9 -0.7
Greece 1.8 -0.6 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 1.5 -0.2 0.6
Spain 1.8 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 1.3 -0.3 0.0
France 1.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.5 -0.4 0.9
Croatia 1.7 -0.6 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 1.6 -0.1 -0.1
Italy 3.2 1.4 1.2 0.9 1.3 2.2 0.7 -0.3
Cyprus 2.1 -0.4 0.2 0.5 -0.3 3.6 0.2 0.1
Latvia 1.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 1.7 -0.4 -1.5
Lithuania 1.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.8 -0.6 -0.7
Luxembourg 1.6 -0.6 -0.3 -0.4 0.1 1.3 0.0 -0.1
Hungary 1.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.5 -0.5 1.4 -0.7 -0.6
Malta 2.3 -1.0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.1 1.5 -0.7 -0.9
Netherlands 1.8 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 1.5 -0.5 -0.7
Austria -0.1 -2.3 -2.4 -2.3 -2.2 -0.4 -2.6 0.1
Poland 1.8 -0.3 -0.1 -0.7 -0.5 1.7 -0.2 -0.3
Portugal 2.0 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.6 -0.5 -0.2
Romania 1.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.7 0.1 1.1 -0.4 -0.7
Slovenia 1.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 1.6 -0.7 -0.2
Slovakia 1.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 2.0 -0.7 -0.8
Finland 1.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.4 1.3 -0.1 -0.3
Sweden 1.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 1.5 -0.5 -0.3
Iceland 2.1 -0.6 -0.3 -0.2 -0.5 1.8 0.2 -0.2
Liechtenstein 2.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -1.1 1.9 -1.5 -1.8
Norway 2.1 -0.7 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 1.5 -0.2 -0.4
Switzerland 1.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 1.3 -0.8 1.2
(*): Ireland not included.
Source: Eurostat (online data codes: demo_r_mwk_05 and demo_gind)

2
13
Table 4: Relative difference (in %) of the sum of weekly deaths of women from the annual
deaths data by country and year (negative values in red)
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
EU* -19.5 -21.2 -20.9 -21.4 -21.0 -18.5 -20.2
Belgium 1.6 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 1.2 -0.3
Bulgaria 1.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 1.0 -0.2
Czechia 1.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.6 -0.5
Denmark 1.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 1.5 -0.2
Estonia 1.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5 1.7 -1.0
Greece 1.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.5 -0.2
Spain 1.8 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 1.3 -0.3
France 1.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 1.5 -0.4
Croatia 1.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 1.5 -0.2
Italy 2.9 1.1 1.0 0.6 1.1 2.0 0.3
Cyprus 2.2 -0.5 0.3 0.6 -0.6 3.2 0.2
Latvia 1.6 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 1.6 -0.3
Lithuania 1.8 -0.6 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 1.8 -0.5
Luxembourg 1.4 -0.5 -0.3 -0.5 0.2 1.1 0.1
Hungary 1.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.5 -0.4 1.4 -0.7
Malta 2.3 -1.1 -0.4 -0.4 -0.1 1.7 -0.9
Netherlands 1.8 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 1.5 -0.5
Austria 0.5 -1.6 -1.6 -1.7 -1.5 0.2 -2.0
Poland 1.7 -0.3 -0.1 -0.7 -0.4 1.6 -0.1
Portugal 2.0 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 1.6 -0.5
Romania 1.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.6 0.0 1.1 -0.3
Slovenia 1.7 -0.6 -0.3 -0.3 -0.1 1.6 -0.8
Slovakia 1.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 1.9 -0.6
Finland 1.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.3 -0.4 1.4 -0.2
Sweden 1.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 1.6 -0.5
Iceland 1.3 -0.4 -0.3 0.2 -0.5 1.2 0.3
Liechtenstein 3.1 -0.8 NA -0.8 -1.5 1.9 -0.8
Norway 2.0 -0.6 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 1.4 -0.3
Switzerland 1.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 1.4 -0.8
(*): Germany and Ireland not included.

2
14
Table 5: Relative difference (in %) of the sum of weekly deaths of men from the annual
deaths data by country and year (negative values in red)
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
EU* -18.7 -20.7 -20.5 -21.0 -20.8 -18.3 -20.1
Belgium 1.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 1.2 -0.3
Bulgaria 1.9 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 0.9 -0.3
Czechia 1.8 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.8 -0.6
Denmark 1.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 1.5 -0.2
Estonia 1.6 -0.6 -0.4 -0.5 -0.4 1.4 -0.9
Greece 1.8 -0.6 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 1.5 -0.2
Spain 1.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.3 -0.3
France 1.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.4 -0.4
Croatia 1.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 1.7 0.0
Italy 3.4 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.6 2.5 1.2
Cyprus 2.1 -0.4 0.2 0.4 -0.1 3.8 0.3
Latvia 1.9 -0.6 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 1.8 -0.4
Lithuania 1.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.4 -0.2 1.7 -0.7
Luxembourg 1.8 -0.7 -0.3 -0.4 0.0 1.4 0.0
Hungary 1.9 -0.7 -0.5 -0.5 -0.6 1.3 -0.7
Malta 2.3 -0.9 -0.4 -0.4 -0.1 1.3 -0.6
Netherlands 1.9 -0.6 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 1.5 -0.6
Austria -0.8 -3.0 -3.1 -2.9 -2.9 -1.1 -3.2
Poland 1.8 -0.3 -0.1 -0.7 -0.6 1.8 -0.2
Portugal 1.9 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.6 -0.5
Romania 1.9 -0.5 -0.4 -0.7 0.2 1.0 -0.5
Slovenia 1.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.7 -0.7
Slovakia 1.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 2.0 -0.7
Finland 1.4 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.5 1.3 -0.1
Sweden 1.8 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.5 -0.5
Iceland 2.8 -0.8 -0.4 -0.5 -0.5 2.3 0.2
Liechtenstein 1.6 NA -0.8 NA -0.8 1.8 -2.2
Norway 2.2 -0.8 -0.3 -0.2 -0.6 1.5 0.0
Switzerland 1.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 1.3 -0.8
(*): Germany and Ireland not included.

2
15
2.2 Population and exposure to the risk of
dying
In addition to the death counts, it is also necessary to have estimates of the sex- and age-
specific person-years of exposure to the risk of dying. This is usually done by averaging
the population sizes at the beginning and end of the year concerned. For all 31
territories4
considered here, the population size on 1 January 2022 is available from the
Eurostat database. An estimate of the population size on 1 January 2023 is instead
available from the baseline population projections of the Eurostat population projections
2023-based5
. The only country among those analysed for which the Eurostat population
projections 2023-based are not available is Liechtenstein, for which the World
Population Prospects 20226
medium scenario7
for the year 2023 has been used. For all
these territories, the sex- and age-specific person-years of exposure to the risk of dying
are computed as:
𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
2022
5
𝑠𝑠
= 0.5 ∙ � 𝑃𝑃
𝑥𝑥
1.1.2022
5
𝑠𝑠
+ 𝑃𝑃
�𝑥𝑥
1.1.2023
5
𝑠𝑠
�
where 𝑷𝑷
�𝒙𝒙
𝟏𝟏.𝟏𝟏.𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟓𝟓
𝒔𝒔
is the projected population of sex s and age [𝒙𝒙, 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒏𝒏) on 1 January
2023.
At this point, it is possible to estimate the mortality rates in 2022 as:
𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥
2022
5
𝑠𝑠
=
𝐷𝐷
�𝑥𝑥
2022
5
𝑠𝑠
𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
2022
5
𝑠𝑠
The estimation of the person-years of exposure to the risk of dying is one of the critical
features of this method for estimating life expectancies. Firstly, it should be noted that,
when 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
2022
5
𝑠𝑠
is computed for the entire year, there is a slight mismatch between the
calendar year and the time covered by weekly deaths (see Table 2). As a result, the
numerator and denominator in the mortality occurrence-exposure rate above refer to
(marginally) different periods in time. Annex 1 compares the sex-specific mortality
rates across the years, while Annex 2 shows the same rates for each year, in order to
compare them by sex. These mortality rates are the input into the life table computation.
4
The EU as a whole, the EU Member States but Ireland (26), and the EFTA countries (4).
5
For more information, see Population projections in the EU - methodology - Statistics Explained
(europa.eu).
6
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World
Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition.
7
For more information, see the methodological report ‘Methodology of the United Nations population
estimates and projections’ available at World Population Prospects 2022: Methodology of the
United Nations population estimates and projections.

3
Methodology for the life table
16
3.Methodology for the life table
The computation of the provisional life table for the year 2022 is based on the standard
methodology for an abridged life table, i.e. a life table by n-year age groups. The first
step is the conversion from mortality rates to sex-specific probabilities 𝒒𝒒𝒙𝒙
𝟓𝟓
𝒔𝒔
of dying
between ages 𝒙𝒙 and 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒏𝒏, with n = 5:
𝑞𝑞
5
𝑠𝑠
𝑥𝑥 = �
5 ∙ 𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥
5
𝑠𝑠
1 + (5 − 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥
5
𝑠𝑠 ) ∙ 𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥
5
𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 ∈ {0, 5, . . ,80}
1 𝑥𝑥 = 85 +
The parameter 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥
5
𝑠𝑠
is the sex- and age-specific average time spent living by those dying
in the time interval. In the methodology that Eurostat currently applied, the (single age)
values for this parameter are:
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥
1
𝑠𝑠
= �
0.2 𝑥𝑥 = 0
0.5 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥[1, … ,84]
∀𝑠𝑠
The different value for 𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟏
𝒔𝒔
is meant to capture the higher mortality in the first weeks of
life, which leads to a shorter average time lived by those dying at age zero. For abridged
life tables, it is common practice to keep the mortality at age zero separated from the
other age groups, because of its particularity. In the current exercise, the available data
do not allow such a distinction and, therefore, there is no specific treatment for the age
zero. However, Eurostat has applied a value for 𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎
𝟓𝟓
𝒔𝒔
that aims to take into account the
higher mortality at age zero. The latter is estimated here as an average of the 𝒂𝒂𝒙𝒙
𝟏𝟏
𝒔𝒔
of the
age group 0-4, weighted with the corresponding synthetic deaths 𝒅𝒅𝒙𝒙
𝟏𝟏
𝒔𝒔
from the complete
life table. This approach aims to i) preserve the total person-years lived by those
children from age 0 to 4 dying in the time interval and ii) be consistent with the estimate
from the current Eurostat methodology for the life table. This method, extended to all
the age groups, has been applied by sex and in each of the countries for the 2015-2021
period:
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥
𝑡𝑡
5
𝑠𝑠
= 𝑛𝑛 ∙
∑ ( 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖
𝑡𝑡
1
𝑠𝑠
∙ 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥
𝑡𝑡
1
𝑠𝑠 )
𝑥𝑥+4
𝑖𝑖=𝑥𝑥
∑ 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖
𝑡𝑡
1
𝑠𝑠
𝑥𝑥+4
𝑖𝑖=𝑥𝑥
= �
5 ∙
∑ ( 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖
𝑡𝑡
1
𝑠𝑠
∙ 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥
𝑡𝑡
1
𝑠𝑠 )
4
𝑖𝑖=0
∑ 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖
𝑡𝑡
1
𝑠𝑠
4
𝑖𝑖=0
𝑥𝑥 = 0
5 ∙ 0.5 = 2.5 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥[5,10, … ,80]
∀𝑠𝑠
where t is the year and 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟓𝟓 the width of the age interval. The annual estimates have
then been averaged, from which (see Table 6 for the estimates):
𝑎𝑎
�𝑥𝑥
5
𝑠𝑠
= �
∑ 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥
𝑡𝑡
5
𝑠𝑠
2021
𝑡𝑡=2015
5
𝑥𝑥 = 0
2.5 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥[5,10, … ,80]
∀𝑠𝑠
3Methodology for the life
table

3
17
Table 6: Estimated mean number of person-years lived in the age interval 0-4 by those
dying in the interval ( 𝒂𝒂
�𝟎𝟎
𝟓𝟓
𝒔𝒔
), by country and sex
Total Males Females
EU* 1.23 1.23 1.23
Belgium 1.23 1.21 1.26
Bulgaria 1.25 1.23 1.28
Czechia 1.28 1.26 1.30
Denmark 1.18 1.20 1.17
Germany 1.23 1.23 1.24
Estonia 1.40 1.42 1.38
Greece 1.22 1.21 1.22
Spain 1.24 1.25 1.23
France 1.22 1.22 1.22
Croatia 1.23 1.23 1.23
Italy 1.23 1.24 1.23
Cyprus 1.28 1.23 1.32
Latvia 1.29 1.30 1.28
Lithuania 1.26 1.25 1.27
Luxembourg 1.18 1.14 1.20
Hungary 1.26 1.25 1.28
Malta 1.17 1.21 1.14
Netherlands 1.19 1.20 1.19
Austria 1.25 1.27 1.22
Poland 1.21 1.21 1.20
Portugal 1.28 1.28 1.28
Romania 1.26 1.26 1.28
Slovenia 1.29 1.27 1.32
Slovakia 1.25 1.26 1.24
Finland 1.29 1.31 1.27
Sweden 1.27 1.26 1.29
Iceland 1.39 1.38 1.35
Liechtenstein 1.00 1.00 1.00
Norway 1.24 1.25 1.22
Switzerland 1.19 1.19 1.19
(*): Excluding Ireland for total, and Germany and Ireland for males and females.
Source: Eurostat (online data code: demo_mlifetable)
Once the 𝑎𝑎
�𝑥𝑥
5
𝑠𝑠
and subsequently the 𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥
5
𝑠𝑠
are estimates, the remaining computations are
made according to the standard methodology (the superscript s is removed for
simplicity):
a) compute the probabilities of surviving:
𝑝𝑝
5 𝑥𝑥 = �1 − 𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥
5 𝑥𝑥 ∈ {0, 5, . . ,80}
0 𝑥𝑥 = 85 +
b) given a radix 𝑙𝑙0 = 100,000, calculate the number of survivors at exact age x:

3
18
𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥+5 = 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑝𝑝𝑥𝑥
5
c) compute the synthetic deaths:
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
5 = 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 − 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥+5 = 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥
5
d) derive the person-years lived between exact ages:
𝐿𝐿
5 𝑥𝑥 = �
𝑛𝑛 ∙ 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥+5 + 𝑎𝑎
�𝑥𝑥
5 ∙ 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
5 𝑥𝑥 ∈ {0, 5, . . ,80}
𝑙𝑙85+ 𝑀𝑀85+
⁄ 𝑥𝑥 = 85 +
e) calculate the person-years lived above age x:
𝑇𝑇𝑥𝑥 = � 𝐿𝐿
5 𝑖𝑖
∞
𝑖𝑖=𝑥𝑥
f) derive the life expectancy at exact age x:
𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 =
𝑇𝑇𝑥𝑥
𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥
The results for life expectancy at birth (𝑒𝑒0) and at age 65 (𝑒𝑒65) are shown in Annex 3
and Annex 4 respectively. The circles along solid lines in the graphs are the life
expectancies estimated using the method presented here, while those along dashed lines
are from the regular Eurostat life tables using annual deaths data, available for the years
2015-2021. A very good approximation to regular estimates is obtained with the current
method, except for a few countries where the discrepancies in input data described
above may play a role. To take such discrepancies into account, the estimated life
expectancies have been shifted by a value equal to the average difference in 2015-20218
between these estimates and the regular Eurostat estimates. Annex 5 and Annex 6 show
respectively the estimates of life expectancy at birth and at age 65 shifted by this
average value and they provide the provisional estimates of these life expectancies for
2022. The graphs in both of these Annexes (5 and 6) are depicted in the same way as
the previous ones and when a dashed line with the regular Eurostat estimates is not
visible for the years 2015-2021, this indicates a full overlap by the solid line with the
estimates of the life expectancies by the current method.
8
An option here could be a shift by the difference between preliminary estimates and final values in
2021, to obtain a direct estimate of the change from the latest year available from regular Eurostat
life expectancies (2021). However, by doing so, only the discrepancies in the data for 2021 would be
taken into account, while a certain variability in the mismatches has been observed in recent years
(see Table 3).

4
Results
19
4.Results
The preliminary estimates of life expectancy at birth and at age 65 for the year 2022 are
reported in Table 7 and Table 8, respectively. For the EU, the values are obtained with
partial data, particularly for the breakdown by sex, which suggests a higher level of
caution, even though the results have been shifted by a value equal to the difference
between these estimates and the regular Eurostat estimates for the years 2015-2021.
4Results

4
Results
20
Table 7: Preliminary estimates of life expectancy at birth in 2022
Total Males Females
EU* 80.7 78.0 83.4
Belgium 81.8 79.6 83.9
Bulgaria 74.3 70.8 78.1
Czechia 79.1 76.2 82.0
Denmark 81.3 79.5 83.2
Germany 80.7 NA NA
Estonia 78.2 73.7 82.4
Greece 80.7 78.1 83.3
Spain 83.2 80.4 85.9
France 82.3 79.4 85.2
Croatia 77.7 74.6 80.8
Italy 83.0 80.9 85.0
Cyprus 81.7 79.9 83.6
Latvia 74.8 69.8 79.6
Lithuania 76.0 71.5 80.3
Hungary 76.2 72.7 79.5
Malta 82.7 80.7 84.8
Austria 81.1 78.8 83.5
Poland 77.4 73.5 81.3
Portugal 81.7 78.8 84.5
Romania 75.3 71.5 79.3
Slovenia 81.3 78.6 84.1
Slovakia 77.2 73.7 80.6
Finland 81.2 78.7 83.8
Sweden 83.1 81.5 84.8
Iceland 82.1 81.0 83.4
Norway 82.6 81.0 84.2
Source: Eurostat (online data code: demo_mlexpec)

4
Results
21
Table 8: Preliminary estimates of life expectancy at age 65 in 2022
Total Males Females
EU* 19.6 17.8 21.2
Belgium 20.2 18.6 21.6
Bulgaria 15.4 13.2 17.3
Czechia 18.1 16.1 19.8
Denmark 19.5 18.2 20.7
Germany 19.2 NA NA
Estonia 18.4 15.3 20.5
Greece 19.3 17.8 20.8
Spain 21.3 19.2 23.2
France 21.3 19.3 23.1
Croatia 17.1 15.3 18.6
Italy 20.7 19.2 22.1
Cyprus 19.6 18.4 20.8
Latvia 16.7 13.8 18.7
Lithuania 17.0 14.1 19.0
Hungary 16.5 14.3 18.3
Malta 20.9 19.4 22.2
Austria 19.4 17.8 20.9
Poland 17.8 15.5 19.7
Portugal 20.5 18.6 22.1
Romania 16.3 14.1 18.2
Slovenia 19.8 17.8 21.5
Slovakia 17.2 15.1 18.9
Finland 19.7 18.0 21.3
Sweden 20.8 19.6 22.0
Iceland 20.1 19.4 20.7
Norway 20.3 19.2 21.4
Source: Eurostat (online data code: demo_mlexpec)

4
Results
22
Compared with the regular Eurostat estimates for 2021, in several countries there were
very noticeable upward changes in 2022 in life expectancy at birth and at age 65,
although there are also noticeable downward changes in some countries. Of the 30
countries, 18 are estimated to have had a higher life expectancy at birth and at age 65 in
2022 than in 20219
, and 12 are estimated to have had a lower life expectancy at birth
and at age 65 in 2022 than in 2021 (see Figure 1). However, only one country showed a
decrease of at least 1 year in life expectancy at birth and at age 65, while eight countries
showed an increase of at least 1 year in life expectancy at birth and six countries mark
an increase of at least 1 year in life expectancy at age 65. All of this is also reflected in
the estimates for the EU as a whole, which show a 0.6 increase in life expectancy at
birth and a 0.4 increase in life expectancy at age 65 from 2021 to 2022.
expectancies at selected ages (left panel: at birth; right panel: at age 65)
It is appropriate to also look at the change from the pre-pandemic period, that is from
the year 2019 (see Figure 2). The distributions indicate that, since the beginning of the
COVID-19 pandemic, in most of the countries (29 out of 30 for life expectancy at birth
and 28 out of 30 for life expectancy at age 65) there is still a negative net effect on life
expectancies including in 2022. However, the negative net effect is higher than 1 year
lost in life expectancy at birth in only two countries, and the negative net effect is
higher than 1 year lost in life expectancy at age 65 in only one country.
9
The comparison is made here against the values in 2021 of the life expectancies disseminated in the
Eurostat database, and not against the 2021 values estimated with the current method (see also
footnote 8). However, in the large majority of cases, there is no difference between these 2021
values. An option could be to directly apply the change from 2021 to 2022 estimated with the current
method to the regular estimate for 2021, but again this would lead to similar results.

4
Results
23
expectancies at selected ages (left panel: at birth; right panel: at age 65)
Looking at the change in life expectancy at birth and at age 65 from 2021 to 2022 for
each country (see Figure 3 and Figure 4), the countries with the largest increases are
those in Central and Eastern Europe that have been heavily affected by the COVID-19
pandemic in 2021. In particular, Bulgaria, Slovakia and Romania had an increase of
more than 2 years in life expectancy at birth, and Poland, Hungary, Czechia, Lithuania
and Latvia had an increase of more than 1 year in life expectancy at birth. At the other
end of the scale, it is estimated that the largest decreases in life expectancy at birth in
2022 occurred in some of the countries previously less affected by the COVID-19
pandemic, although only Iceland recorded a decrease of more than 1 year in life
expectancy at birth. However, a noticeable decrease is also recorded for Finland,
Norway and Switzerland. Therefore, the combination of having previously been less
affected by the COVID-19 pandemic than other countries and the relaxation of COVID-
19 protective measures in 2022 could eventually explain this negative change.
Nevertheless, a slight decrease in life expectancy at birth from 2021 to 2022 can also be
seen in some countries that had previously been largely affected by the COVID-19
pandemic, such as Belgium and Spain. Besides reasons that may be linked to the
COVID-19 pandemic, a possible factor could be the heat wave during the summer of
2022. As for the changes in life expectancy at age 65, the results are similar, although
the changes are often slightly smaller than those for life expectancy at birth. However,
they are highly relevant, since the expected average (additional) life span for those who
have reached age 65 is much lower than at birth.
Compared to the pre-pandemic period (see Figure 5 and Figure 6), the overall effect on
life expectancies is still negative for all countries except Luxembourg (both at birth and
at age 65) and Liechtenstein (only at age 65). However, there is variability between
countries in the decrease in life expectancy from 2019 to 2022, with some countries
showing a decrease of only a few months while others show a decrease close to 1 year
of life expectancy.

4
Results
24
2021 to 2022 (both sexes)

4
Results
25
Figure 7 shows the number of years needed to go back in time to find a value lower than
that estimated for the year 2022. The countries where only 1 year is needed are those for
which the selected life expectancy is estimated to have increased or remained equal (i.e.
not worsened) compared to 2021. As low values recorded in 2020 and 2021 are part of
the time series, the shift back in time could be limited to 1 or 2 years even if the regular
levels of life expectancies in pre-pandemic time were higher. We can observe that the
only countries for which we need to go back to the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period to
find a value lower than in 2022 are some of the countries that have previously been less

4
Results
26
affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: Austria, Finland, Iceland, Germany, Norway and
Denmark. All the other countries had a lower life expectancy at birth in 2020 or 2021
than in 2022.
Figure 7: Shift back in time to reach a past value in selected life expectancies lower
than in 2022 (left panel: at birth; right panel: at age 65)
However, it should be kept in mind that life expectancy is a period indicator of
mortality, indicating the average life span in a population subject to the mortality rates
of the selected period of time. This means that the values estimated above for the life
expectancies in the year 2022 would apply if the mortality conditions experienced in
2022 (including the COVID-19 pandemic) would last for all the following years until
the extinction of the cohort born in 2022. Furthermore, while being a period indicator,
the values of the life expectancy are also influenced by cohort and heterogeneity effects,

4
Results
27
such as the ‘harvesting effect’: a higher number of deaths due to an exogenous event
(‘harvesting’ among frailest individuals) may be followed by a lower-than-expected
number of deaths because of the larger proportion of stronger survivors, which might
lead to a rebound in life expectancies some time later. This is what may have occurred
in many countries heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 and where we
observed substantial improvements from 2021 to 2022.
Furthermore, although there was an increase in life expectancy at birth and at age 65
from 2021 to 2022 in the EU as a whole for both males and females, the increase was
larger among males. Indeed, the increase in life expectancy at birth from 2021 to 2022
was 0.8 among males and 0.5 among females. This phenomenon occurred in most
countries, as the figure below shows (see Figure 8). Indeed, in 20 out of 29 countries the
difference in life expectancy at birth between females and males decreased, while in
only five countries it increased and in four countries it did not change.
Figure 8: Countries sorted by extent of difference in the change in life expectancy
at birth from 2021 to 2022 between females and males
However, when the comparison is made with the pre-pandemic values, the difference
between females and males is less substantial. In fact, life expectancy at birth decreased
from 2019 to 2022 by 0.5 among males and of 0.6 among females, a difference of only
0.1. In addition, from 2019 to 2022, in 15 countries the difference in life expectancy at
birth between women and men has narrowed, while in 10 countries it has increased and
in four countries it remained the same (see Figure 9). Therefore, we conclude that it is
too early to draw conclusions and we should wait to determine whether or not this is a
trend that will continue in the following years.

4
Results
28
Figure 9: Countries sorted by extent of difference in the change in life expectancy
at birth from 2019 to 2022 between females and males

5
Accuracy of the previous exercise
29
5.Accuracy of the previous exercise
The life expectancies preliminary estimates for the year 2022 build upon a similar
exercise also carried out in 2022 for the life expectancies in 2021. To gain a better
understanding of the potential accuracy of these latest preliminary estimates, Table 9
presents the differences in the life expectancies in 2021 of the preliminary estimates
produced in 2022 from the official final values computed in 2023. The largest
differences are observed for Cyprus (preliminary estimate of life expectancy at birth is
bigger than the final valuer by 0.5 years) and for Malta (preliminary estimate of life
expectancy at birth is bigger than the final value by 0.4 years), but for most of the
countries the preliminary estimates were very close to the final official values. In fact,
the average difference was 0.1 for both life expectancy at birth and at age 65, for males,
females and the overall total. Data revisions that occur after the production of the
preliminary estimates may play an important role here in explaining the biggest
differences.
5Accuracy of the previous
exercise

5
30
Table 9: Differences between preliminary estimates and final values for life
expectancies at birth (e0) and at age 65 (e65) in 2021 (negative values in red, positive
values in blue)
e0 e65
Total Males Females Total Males Females
EU* 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.1
Belgium 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Bulgaria 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Czechia 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Denmark -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Germany 0.1 NA NA 0.1 NA NA
Estonia -0.3 -0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1
Ireland NA NA NA NA NA NA
Greece 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Spain 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0
France 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Croatia 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
Italy 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2
Cyprus 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3
Latvia 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
Lithuania 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1
Luxembourg 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Hungary 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Malta 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Netherlands 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0
Austria 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
Poland 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0
Portugal -0.3 -0.5 -0.1 -0.4 -0.5 -0.3
Romania 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Slovenia 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1
Slovakia 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2
Finland 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Sweden 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1
Iceland 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Liechtenstein 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Norway 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Switzerland 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Average 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

5
31
6.Conclusions
Early estimates of life expectancy using weekly deaths data began to be computed
during the COVID-19 pandemic to provide preliminary estimates before the final
annual deaths data become available. This paper shows the benefits of using weekly
deaths data to provide early estimates of life expectancy at birth and at age 65. These
early estimates have been of great interest to users and the results have been accurate.
For this reason, Eurostat plans to continue with this publication in the coming years.
Regarding the results for 2022, we find significant upward changes in several countries
compared to 2021, but also some downward changes, particularly in some countries
previously less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, the upward changes
are much bigger than the negative changes. Furthermore, for most EU and EFTA
countries, life expectancy at birth and at age 65 is still lower in 2022 than in the pre-
pandemic period, although the differences are not very large, with only two countries
recording a loss in life expectancy at birth of more than a year. Therefore, there seems
to be a trend of most EU and EFTA countries returning to life expectancy levels closer
to pre-pandemic levels. It will be of great interest to see whether this trend continues at
the end of the year 2023.
In conclusion, this paper shows the value of this exercise to have timely and robust
estimates of life expectancy before annual deaths data become available.
6Conclusions

A1
Annex 1: Mortality age patterns by year
32
Figure 10: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in the European
Union for both sexes
Union for females

A1
33
Union for males
Figure 13: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Belgium for both
sexes

A1
34
Figure 14: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Belgium for
females
Figure 15: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Belgium for males

A1
35
Figure 16: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Bulgaria for both
sexes
Figure 17: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Bulgaria for
females

A1
36
Figure 18: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Bulgaria for males
Figure 19: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Czechia for both
sexes

A1
37
Figure 20: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Czechia for
females
Figure 21: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Czechia for males

A1
38
Figure 22: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Denmark for both
sexes
Figure 23: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Denmark for
females

A1
39
Figure 24: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Denmark for
males
Figure 25: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Germany for both
sexes

A1
40
Figure 26: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Estonia for both
sexes
Figure 27: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Estonia for
females

A1
41
Figure 28: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Estonia for males
Figure 29: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Greece for both
sexes

A1
42
Figure 30: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Greece for
females
Figure 31: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Greece for males

A1
43
Figure 32: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Spain for both
sexes
Figure 33: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Spain for females

A1
44
Figure 34: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Spain for males
Figure 35: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in France for both
sexes

A1
45
Figure 36: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in France for
females
Figure 37: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in France for males

A1
46
Figure 38: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Croatia for both
sexes
Figure 39: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Croatia for
females

A1
47
Figure 40: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Croatia for males
Figure 41: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Italy for both
sexes

A1
48
Figure 42: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Italy for females
Figure 43: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Italy for males

A1
49
Figure 44: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Cyprus for both
sexes
Figure 45: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Cyprus for
females

A1
50
Figure 46: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Cyprus for males
Figure 47: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Latvia for both
sexes

A1
51
Figure 48: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Latvia for females
Figure 49: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Latvia for males

A1
52
Figure 50: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Lithuania for both
sexes
Figure 51: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Lithuania for
females

A1
53
Figure 52: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Lithuania for
males
Figure 53: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Luxembourg for
both sexes

A1
54
females
males

A1
55
Figure 56: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Hungary for both
sexes
Figure 57: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Hungary for
females

A1
56
Figure 58: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Hungary for
males
Figure 59: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Malta for both
sexes

A1
57
Figure 60: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Malta for females
Figure 61: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Malta for males

A1
58
Figure 62: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in the Netherlands
for both sexes
for females

A1
59
for males
Figure 65: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Austria for both
sexes

A1
60
Figure 66: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Austria for
females
Figure 67: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Austria for males

A1
61
Figure 68: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Poland for both
sexes
Figure 69: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Poland for
females

A1
62
Figure 70: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Poland for males
Figure 71: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Portugal for both
sexes

A1
63
Figure 72: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Portugal for
females
Figure 73: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Portugal for males

A1
64
Figure 74: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Romania for both
sexes
Figure 75: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Romania for
females

A1
65
Figure 76: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Romania for
males
Figure 77: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Slovenia for both
sexes

A1
66
Figure 78: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Slovenia for
females
Figure 79: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Slovenia for males

A1
67
Figure 80: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Slovakia for both
sexes
Figure 81: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Slovakia for
females

A1
68
Figure 82: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Slovakia for males
Figure 83: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Finland for both
sexes

A1
69
Figure 84: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Finland for
females
Figure 85: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Finland for males

A1
70
Figure 86: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Sweden for both
sexes
Figure 87: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Sweden for
females

A1
71
Figure 88: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Sweden for males
Figure 89: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Iceland for both
sexes

A1
72
Figure 90: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Iceland for
females
Figure 91: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Iceland for males

A1
73
Figure 92: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Liechtenstein for
both sexes
females

A1
74
males
Figure 95: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Norway for both
sexes

A1
75
Figure 96: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Norway for
females
Figure 97: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Norway for males

A1
76
Figure 98: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and year in Switzerland for
both sexes
females

A1
77
males

A2
Annex 2: Mortality age patterns by sex
78
Figure 101: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in the European
Union in the year 2015

A2
79

A2
80

A2
81

A2
82
Figure 109: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Belgium in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
83
year 2017
year 2018

A2
84
year 2019
year 2020

A2
85
year 2021
year 2022

A2
86
Figure 117: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Bulgaria in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
87
year 2017
year 2018

A2
88
year 2019
year 2020

A2
89
year 2021
year 2022

A2
90
Figure 125: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Czechia in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
91
year 2017
year 2018

A2
92
year 2019
year 2020

A2
93
year 2021
year 2022

A2
94
Figure 133: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Denmark in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
95
year 2017
year 2018

A2
96
year 2019
year 2020

A2
97
year 2021
year 2022

A2
98
Figure 141: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Germany in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
99
year 2017
year 2018

A2
100
year 2019
year 2020

A2
101
year 2021
year 2022

A2
102
Figure 149: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Estonia in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
103
year 2017
year 2018

A2
104
year 2019
year 2020

A2
105
year 2021
year 2022

A2
106
Figure 157: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Greece in the year
2015
2016

A2
107
2017
2018

A2
108
2019
2020

A2
109
2021
2022

A2
110
Figure 165: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Spain in the year
2015
2016

A2
111
2017
2018

A2
112
2019
2020

A2
113
2021
2022

A2
114
Figure 173: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in France in the year
2015
2016

A2
115
2017
2018

A2
116
2019
2020

A2
117
2021
2022

A2
118
Figure 181: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Croatia in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
119
year 2017
year 2018

A2
120
year 2019
year 2020

A2
121
year 2021
year 2022

A2
122
Figure 189: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Italy in the year
2015
2016

A2
123
2017
2018

A2
124
2019
2020

A2
125
2021
2022

A2
126
Figure 197: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Cyprus in the year
2015
2016

A2
127
2017
2018

A2
128
2019
2020

A2
129
2021
2022

A2
130
Figure 205: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Latvia in the year
2015
2016

A2
131
2017
2018

A2
132
2019
2020

A2
133
2021
2022

A2
134
Figure 213: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Lithuania in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
135
year 2017
year 2018

A2
136
year 2019
year 2020

A2
137
year 2021
year 2022

A2
138
Figure 221: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Luxembourg in
the year 2015
the year 2016

A2
139
the year 2017
the year 2018

A2
140
the year 2019
the year 2020

A2
141
the year 2021
the year 2022

A2
142
Figure 229: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Hungary in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
143
year 2017
year 2018

A2
144
year 2019
year 2020

A2
145
year 2021
year 2022

A2
146
Figure 237: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Malta in the year
2015
2016

A2
147
2017
2018

A2
148
2019
2020

A2
149
2021
2022

A2
150
Figure 245: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in the Netherlands in
the year 2015
the year 2016

A2
151
the year 2017
the year 2018

A2
152
the year 2019
the year 2020

A2
153
the year 2021
the year 2022

A2
154
Figure 253: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Austria in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
155
year 2017
year 2018

A2
156
year 2019
year 2020

A2
157
year 2021
year 2022

A2
158
Figure 261: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Poland in the year
2015
2016

A2
159
2017
2018

A2
160
2019
2020

A2
161
2021
2022

A2
162
Figure 269: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Portugal in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
163
year 2017
year 2018

A2
164
year 2019
year 2020

A2
165
year 2021
year 2022

A2
166
Figure 277: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Romania in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
167
year 2017
year 2018

A2
168
year 2019
year 2020

A2
169
year 2021
year 2022

A2
170
Figure 285: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Slovenia in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
171
year 2017
year 2018

A2
172
year 2019
year 2020

A2
173
year 2021
year 2022

A2
174
Figure 293: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Slovakia in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
175
year 2017
year 2018

A2
176
year 2019
year 2020

A2
177
year 2021
year 2022

A2
178
Figure 301: Log mortality rates by 5-year age groups and sex in Finland in the
year 2015
year 2016

A2
179
year 2017
year 2018

A2
180
year 2019
year 2020

A2
181
year 2021
year 2022

koronoios_eurostat.pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to koronoios_eurostat.pdf

Similar to koronoios_eurostat.pdf (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

koronoios_eurostat.pdf